Daily Archives: February 26, 2017

Space lovers around the country should start marking their calendars now in preparation for the 50th anniversary of the 1969 moon landing, because they might have the opportunity to see artifacts from the historic Apollo 11 mission at a city museum near them.

The Smithsonian Institution announced on Wednesday that it will send its Apollo 11 Columbia command module, normally housed in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., on a four-city tour in December as part of its new Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission traveling exhibition.

Scheduled to culminate in Seattle, Wash., in 2019, the exhibit will celebrate the historical significance and technological achievement of the Apollo 11 mission while prompting visitors to also contemplate the future of space exploration.

The Apollo programis one of the greatest American achievements, Smithsonian Secretary David J. Skorton told a crowd of press and staff gathered in the restoration hanger at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly. When Apollo 11 landed on the moon and humans first stepped on another celestial body, it changed the way we saw ourselves.

The Columbia command module and the other objects featured in Destination Moon will first go to Space Center Houston in Texas, on Dec. 14. The exhibition will then move to the St. Louis Science Center in Missouri in April 2018 before going to Pittsburgh, Pa., where it will be housed at the Senator John Heinz History Center.

The exhibition will make its final stop in March 2019 at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, where it will be for the Apollo 11 missions 50th anniversary in July of that year.

Because the command module and other artifacts need to be in a well-regulated environment for conservation purposes, technical requirements, such as room temperature and security measures, as well as the amount of available space dictated which cities would get the exhibition, according to Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) director Myriam Springuel.

SITES has been organizing traveling tours for Smithsonian collections since 1952 and was responsible for arranging Destination Moon.

In addition to ensuring that they would be able to accommodate the exhibition, Springuel and her team wanted to focus on the 215 Smithsonian affiliate museums around the country.

According to its website, the Smithsonian works with affiliate organizations in more than 45 states to share exhibits and collections, collaborate on research projects, and develop educational strategies.

It really meant that we were looking at some of our leading science centers and history museums across the country, Springuel said of selecting the museums that would get the Apollo exhibition.

Houston stood out as a fitting location to launch the tour, since it is home to the Johnson Space Center, where the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) trains astronauts and conducts flight control.

For the exhibitions conclusion, SITES chose a city that Springuel calls the home of space exploration today.

Seattle has emerged as a hub for the commercial space industry, boasting the headquarters of companies like Blue Origin and SpaceX, and the city hosted the first-ever NewSpace conference in June 2016 to highlight the role of aerospace technology in the regions economy.

Its a huge honor for us, and weve been partners with the Smithsonian for a long time, so we really appreciate them deciding that, Museum of Flight president and CEO Douglas King said. Its an incredible historic opportunity to share with people who werent alive what was probably one of the great events [of the 20th century].

Launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida on July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 spacecraft transported astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin Buzz Aldrin on a journey to the moon that lasted a total of eight days and traversed nearly 1 million miles.

The astronauts landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, and an estimated 530 million people watched Armstrong become the first person to stand on the lunar surface, according to NASAs website.

Vaguely resembling a rusty lamp shade, the Columbia command module weighs 13,000 pounds, including its display mount. The capsule that served as the astronauts living quarters is more than 10 feet tall and 13 feet in diameter.

In addition to seeing the module itself unobscured by the plastic that normally encloses it at the National Air and Space Museum, attendees of the Destination Moon exhibit will be able to explore an interactive, three-dimensional model of the Columbia that offers a closer look at its cockpit.

The exhibition will also feature Aldrins helmet and the gloves he wore during the first moon walk, a box that contained the first lunar rock samples ever collected, an ejector plate from one of Apollo 11s engines, and medical and survival kits that were onboard the spacecraft.

National Air and Space Museum senior curator Michael Neufeld was responsible for creating the text that will accompany the exhibits artifacts. He included a timeline of NASAs space program, including the original Mercury and Gemini missions, as well as background on the Cold War and the space race between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

My co-curator [Alan] Needell and I felt it was necessary to set up the context for why America went to the moon in the first place, Neufeld said.

After the traveling tour concludes in September 2019, the Columbia and the other artifacts will return to the National Air and Space Museum for a permanent Destination Moon gallery scheduled to open in 2020.

Smithsonian staff have been organizing that permanent exhibit since 2010, but they decided to launch a traveling exhibition first when they realized that the permanent version would not be ready in time for the Apollo 11 missions 50th anniversary.

While the region will not be involved in the traveling exhibition, residents and visitors in the Washington, D.C., area can instead get a behind-the-scenes look at the conservation work that goes into maintaining the Air and Space Museums collections.

The restoration hanger at the Udvar-Hazy Center, normally closed off to the public, will have an open house on Mar. 4 from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., allowing visitors to meet conservation staff and see some of the objects that will be in the Destination Moon exhibition.

Apollo fundamentally has the appeal that this is a great American accomplishment, Neufeld said. [But] space in general has been a subject associated with the futureIt remains fascinating to a large number of people, and theyre still looking for us to keep going into space and doing something new.

Read more:

The history of space travel encapsulated - Fairfaxtimes.com

Launching things into space is expensive really expensive. A rocket costs more than a commercial jet. But unlike jets that make thousands of trips before being retired, rockets are used only once because of the extreme stress and temperatures involved in leaving and re-entering the atmosphere.

SpaceX wants to change that. Founder Elon Musk believes that reusable rockets will eliminate the prohibitive cost of space travel and allow space travel to become commonplace.

Most modern rockets are multi-stage, built of multiple parts that each have their own engines and fuel. When each stage runs out of fuel, it falls back to Earth, and the next stage begins burning its propellant. The lighter mass makes it easier to accelerate the payload to escape velocity. This system works well for getting things into space, but isnt very efficient or cost-effective. The jettisoned rocket stages essentially become trash, cluttering Earths orbit or polluting its oceans. New rockets are then constructed for tens of millions of dollars.

SpaceXs rockets dont operate this way. After separating from the payload, instead of falling back to Earth, the first stage rocket decelerates itself with bursts of fuel and uses fins to steer onto a landing platform. When reusable rockets become commonplace and are more widely adopted, according to Musk, these landing platforms will be autonomous pods floating in the ocean. The first successful landing of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket was in December 2015. However, the first successful rocket water landing was in April 2016. This week, a Falcon rocket was the first private rocket to launch from the historic NASA launch pad at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The idea behind reusable rockets seems simple enough, so why is this concept just now being tested? Traditional launch systems are designed to maximize performance and reliability. Government designers and engineers prioritize the safe completion of the intended mission on the first try over sustainability or efficiency. As former NASA administrator Alan Stern explains, [The Department of Defense] doesnt care whether it costs $100 million or $300 million ... what they want is a guarantee its going to work. And these systems do work. The Atlas V launch vehicle, sometimes called the worlds most reliable rocket, uses a different type of rocket for each stage, with up to three different kinds of propellant. This made the rockets extremely powerful and precise, but largely expensive to manufacture and fuel.

The Falcon rocket is designed to minimize cost a liberty SpaceX can take as a private company. All its engines are the same kind, running on liquid oxygen and RP1, a fuel made from refined kerosene.

The Falcons two stages are the same diameter and made from an aluminum-lithium alloy. The use of the same material for each stage reduces manufacturing costs. SpaceX also keeps costs down by manufacturing its own engines in-house. The Merlin engines designed for the Falcon use a needle-like device called a pintle to inject propellant to the combustion chamber.

According to Tom Mueller, SpaceX propulsion chief, its cheaper than typical rocket engines, which use a spray instead, and also less likely to cause explosions or other combustion-related accidents. The company also developed its own reusable, cost-effective heat shield technology, PICA-X, with help from NASA.

PICA-X, Merlin engines, and every other component of the Falcon rockets are designed to be as durable as possible to withstand reuse for trips back to Earth, journeys to the moon, and travel beyond. Musks ultimate goal is to use his rockets to settle humans on Mars by 2030. This will only be a possibility with quick innovation.

View post:

SpaceX's reusable rockets make space travel much cheaper - CMU The Tartan Online

Cape Town - A movie featuring the action hero likes of Taraji P Henson, Octavia Spencer and Kevin Costner might not immediately strike one as being of inspiration to young maths and science boffs.

However, a film about black female scientists who put the first astronauts into space is another matter.

Last Sunday, the computer training institute, Africa Teen Geeks, and City Press co-hosted students from Soweto and Belfast, Mpumalanga, at a screening of the film blockbuster (and Oscar awards contender), Hidden Figures.

Hidden Figures tells the story of three black women who had to overcome massive racial and gender prejudice in their quest to be recognised as scientists.

As a result of these womens ground-breaking engineering and mathematical skills, Nasa was able to send the first astronaut, John Glenn, into orbit around the earth in 1962 and bring him back safely to earth.

The young audience really got emotionally involved in the movie, with spontaneous cheering and clapping breaking out every time these women scientists broke down another cultural barrier.

The screening took place at The Zone @ Rosebank. Prior to screening, a panel discussion of experts tackled various aspects that would be addressed by the film.

The panel consisted of: Thabo Molekoa, CEO Thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions (Sub-Saharan Africa); Toby Chance, DA shadow minister for small business development; Dr Ntombi Khumalo, Johannesburg mayoral committee member (MCM) for corporate and shared services; and Dr Mpho Phalatse, Joburg MCM for health and social development.

The facilitator was Mitchell Hughes, Wits departmental head of Information Systems. The young students were encouraged by all the panellists to think positively and to chase their dreams.

I think its important for young girls to believe in themselves, said Khumalo.

We must be comfortable with who we are, commented Phalatse.

Molekoa urged men to play their part in inspiring young girls to choose Stem (science, technology, engineering and maths) careers.

The panel, all high achievers in their own right, agreed that their physical and biological features had never affected their career choices or their performances.

Thando Chabula, who brought his son along, said: I would like to see more township kids seeing such movies.

Go here to read the rest:

The black women who pioneered space travel - Channel 24