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Monthly Archives: August 2016
Brief History of American Eugenics – Ferris State
Posted: August 12, 2016 at 2:41 pm
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Houston Robotics
Posted: at 2:40 pm
Worksheets Don't Grow Dendrites
20 Instructional Strategies that Engage the Brain
Robotics Does!
Dr. Marcia L. Tate
Visualize the following two scenarios. Mrs. Martin teaches 11th grade British literature at George Washington High School. Lecture is her primary method for delivering instruction. Oftentimes the lectures last for more than half the period. Today the lecture is about Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet. Some of the higher achieving students are paying close attention since they know that much of the information will appear on the next exam. Other students are looking at Mrs. Martin while thinking about everything except the play.
Mr. Abraham teaches the very same course at Northside High School. He is the favorite teacher of most of the students in his class. He has very few, if any, behavior problems. Mr. Abraham must cover the same curriculum as Mrs. Martin; however, the two classrooms bear little resemblance to one another. Mr. Abraham is also teaching Romeo and Juliet. Last week, he completed a graphic organizer on the board that accompanied his seven-minute minilecture, comparing and contrasting the traits of several of the main characters. His students began working in cooperative groups rewriting five different scenes from the play into dramatic presentations. Students have been assigned parts and today they will grade one anothers presentations according to a rubric which they developed themselves.
Which teacher would you rather have? Which teacher would you rather be? Over the last 15 years, I have studied the research of learning style theorists (Gardner, 1983; Sternberg, 2000) and examined brain research (Jensen, 2008, 2009; Sousa, 2006) and synthesized it into 20 strategies (Tate, 2003) that appear more effective for understanding and long-term retention of information than do worksheets or long lectures. The 20 strategies are summarized in the paragraphs which follow. As you peruse them, determine which ones you consistently use during instruction and which ones you would do well to add to your repertoire.
(1) Brainstorming and Discussion
(2) Reciprocal Teaching
In many classrooms students are discouraged from talking with one another at any time and yet, the brain research is telling us that students learn 90% of what they say or discuss as they complete an activity and 90% of what they teach to others.
(3) Drawing and Artwork
(4) Writing
The strategy of drawing and artwork serves students well in the real world as they become artists, architects, sculptures, and engineers but is often discounted in classrooms. Yet, many students, particularly boys, are off task during class drawing superheroes, cars, and people. Teachers should put the visual-spatial intelligence to work by allowing students to draw what they are learning in class. The brain also remembers what it writes down which is why people who make lists have a better chance of remembering.
(5) Field Trips
(6) Project-based and Problem-based Instruction
(7) Work Study
Brains grow better in the real world than in artificial learning environments. The more relevant a teacher can make instruction to the world of students, the easier it is for them to understand and retain content. When students are traveling to places in the real world to achieve a content objective, the brain remembers the trek. When they are solving a real-world problem or completing a real-world interdisciplinary project, the learning sticks to the brain. The strategy of work-study or apprenticeships enables students to apply what they have learned to the context of the real world while learning under a professional who has already mastered the content.
(8) Graphic Organizers
(9) Visuals
The saying, A picture is worth a thousand words, is true. In fact, in this age of television, video games, and computers, the visual modality is a strong modality for most students. Therefore, pictures on the walls that reinforce the learning, videos, SMART boards, and writing on the board all reinforce the learning. Graphic organizers are effective visuals for addressing both the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The left hemisphere can read the words while the right hemisphere takes in the pictures.
(10) Humor
(11) Games
When students are laughing with each other, they are not laughing at each other. Laughter not only produces T-cells which strengthen the immune system and improve the quality of ones health but it puts students brains in a state for optimal learning. One way to get students laughing is to play games. Students not only learn more when playing a game but their participation in class and their motivation for learning increases.
(12) Manipulatives
(13) Technology
Many students possess visual-spatial intelligence which serves them well in the real world of work. They become architects, engineers, artists, and surgeons. However, that same intelligence does not always serve them well in school. When teachers allow students to use manipulatives in math, conduct experiments and labs in science, and build models across the curriculum, understanding and retention of content occur.
The strategy of technology also enables students to use their hands in combination with their brains to actively engage with content. While technology is listed as one of the eight competencies that every graduating senior needs (SCANS, 1991), it is just one of 20 strategies and should not be viewed as the ultimate way of delivering instruction.
(14) Movement
(15) Role play
When the body is engaged during learning, the information can be put in one of the strongest memory systems - procedural or muscle memory. That is why people tend not to forget how to drive a car, ride a bike, or play the piano, even if they have not done so in a while. Rather than having students sit while their teachers do all the work, having them up and actively engaged in the content not only goes a long way toward ensuring that they pass any tests but that they will remember the information long after the test is over.
(16) Metaphor, Analogy and Simile
(17) Mnemonic Devices
Since the brain thinks in connections, any strategy that assists students in connecting content together is meaningful to memory. Metaphors, analogies, and similes should be used to connect concepts that are unfamiliar to students to those that are familiar. For example, A main idea is like a text message or The brain is like a chain since it has many links are two similes that help students understand. Mnemonic devices also assist memory since they connect content together using acronyms (HOMES, ROY G. BIV) or acrostics (My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas or Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally).
(18) Music
Over 50% of behavior problems can be reduced by creating a classroom environment with appropriate music, lighting, color, aroma, and seating. When they say that Music soothes the savage beast, they are not kidding. Musical performance also appears to strongly correlate with improved academic achievement, particularly in math and foreign language and with a persons ability to retain information.
(19) Storytelling
(20) Visualization
When a speaker, minister, or teacher tells a story, everybody listens. Why? Stories use the auditory modality with the frontal lobes of the brain to follow the storys plot. After a period of intense learning, storytelling enables the brain to relax and facilitates the retention of newly-acquired material. Stories have a beginning, a middle, and an end, therefore, the content is connected together and this helps the brain remember. Many students have had no practice in visualization since the toys they play with (such as video games and computers) provide vivid visuals. Therefore, they assume that reading is too difficult. Good readers have to visualize the action in a story as they read. Visualization enhances learning and retention of information since during mental imagery, the same sections of the brains visual cortex are activated than when the eyes are actually processing input from the real world.
Well, there you have it! Those are the strategies. There are three major reasons why these 20 strategies work. They increase achievement for all students, they decrease behavior problems in the classroom, and they make teaching and learning fun! Only 20 strategies but consider the thousands of possibilities for delivering instruction! Make each day in your classroom one to remember!
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Index [www.susanblackmore.co.uk]
Posted: at 2:39 pm
"Should Blackmore's theory turn out to be true, there's little doubt she will be remembered as one of the great thinkers of the 20th century." Barry Lyons reviewing The Meme Machine
Je suis Charlie and why
New
AI is already evolving beyond our control - the implications of a third replicator in CommentisFree September 2015
"Genes, Memes and Tremes" on TV in Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman, May 2015
Twitterbrain - how analyses of viral memes is helping track information spreading in the brain.
and a must-watch video 'This video will make you angry' is a brilliant rant about 'thought germs'. What a shame it mentions the word 'meme' only once.
The Eye of the Tremes Watch our New Video. This is based on the idea that the phones, computers and servers we are building are becoming interconnected like neurons in a brain. But this treme machine has no eyes. Or does it? With the advent of drones we may have found the eye of the tremes.
Tremes v temes
I have had such trouble with the term 'temes' that I am trying 'tremes' instead. I am sorry if this is confusing but I hope it might help.
100 walked out of my lecture on memes. On the RDF website with hundreds of comments. Aug 2014
Practical Memetics: A huge new website by Martin Farncombe devoted to understanding memes in business and organisations, includes extracts from my work.
Paper on memes in science Kuhn et al 2014 Inheritance patterns in citation networks reveal scientific memes
A fun article on Internet memes in the Virgin Australia Inflight Mag -refers to 'the burgeoning field of memetics'!
The third replicator -
To find out more about temes, watch my TED talk now podcast in English and with a choice of subtitles in 21 other languages! or short lecture at the Hay Festival 2011 "Genes, Memes and Temes" read a book chapter a blog from Hassners on my lecture or read the Feature article in New Scientist .
Podcast interview with Sue on US Public Radio To the best of our knowledge about memes and temes. 29 July 2012
Jonnie Hughes article in The Independent 14 July 2012 on his new book On the Origin of Tepees.
Alan Winfield's 5 minute lecture on dancing robots, from his Artificial Culture Project at UWE Bristol. Interview on dancing robots in BBC News Technology June 2012
Q&A with Sue for Know Your Meme, April 2012
Art experiments with copying and Chinese Whispers by Rachel Cohen
Richard Dawkins on memetically engineering the word "bright" in "Atheist - the Dirty Word" YouTube
Edge Question 2009 What will change everything? Read my response - Artificial, self replicating meme machines.
How to get rid of religion - a memetic view by Floris van den Berg
Imitation makes us human Extract.
The Loo Roll meme !
More criticisms from Mary Midgley
Virus of the mind Jolyon Troscianko
Memetics UK
This site began with the Bristol based memelab. I hope to provide a simple, but useful, resource for finding out what is happening in the world of memes and memetics.
About memes
Links to other memes
People
Publications
Sue's publications on memes.
To watch or listen ...
Interview on memes with Karol Jalochowski, with subtitles in Polish, Jan 2012
Internet memes on The Pod Delusion 2010
C-Realm podcast - Sue talks to KMO about memes, drugs and Zen. 28 Jan 2009
Genes, memes and temes. Lecture at TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) Monterey, CA, 28 Feb 2008
Is God a dangerous delusion? A debate with Alister McGrath at Bristol University, 13.11.2007
Darwin Day Lecture "Darwin's Meme: On the origin of culture by means of natural selection" , , University of Central Lancashire, 12.02.07 Abstract
The Sci Phi Show - Outcast #8, Interview on Memes, 21 August 2006
The Future of Memetics audio of a lecture given at Pop!Tech 2005
To read ....
my blog at CiF is about Internet memes April 2011
The Edge Question 2010. How is the Internet changing the way you think? See my response on Self and the Third Replicator as well as previous answers.
Articles in New Humanist - Natural selection applies to everything, in Aesthetica - Memes, Creativity and Consciousness, and follow up to Massimo Pigliucci's objections to memetics in Skeptical Inquirer 2008.
Art and memes article
Interview for NextModernity Library.
Review of Richerson and Boyd's new book Not by Genes Alone.
Interview for GEO magazine (German), December 2003 Die Tyrannei der Meme.
Interview with Pascal Jouxtel for the la Socit Francophone de Mmtique, inboth French and English
Memes in Japan
... and Old (1997)! Interview with Andrew Brown for Salon Magazine
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Life Extension – Page 1 – Health Food Emporium
Posted: at 2:38 pm
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New law review article: The Original Fourth Amendment by …
Posted: at 2:34 pm
ABA Journal's Blawg 100 (2015)
by John Wesley Hall Criminal Defense Lawyer and Search and seizure law consultant Little Rock, Arkansas Contact / The Book http://www.johnwesleyhall.com
2003-16, online since Feb. 24, 2003
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links
Latest Slip Opinions: U.S. Supreme Court (Home) Federal Appellate Courts Opinions First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit D.C. Circuit Federal Circuit Foreign Intell.Surv.Ct. FDsys, many district courts, other federal courts, other Military Courts: C.A.A.F., Army, AF, N-M, CG State courts (and some USDC opinions)
Google Scholar Advanced Google Scholar Google search tips LexisWeb LII State Appellate Courts LexisONE free caselaw Findlaw Free Opinions To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $
Research Links: Supreme Court: SCOTUSBlog S. Ct. Docket Solicitor General's site SCOTUSreport Briefs online (but no amicus briefs) Curiae (Yale Law) Oyez Project (NWU) "On the Docket"Medill S.Ct. Monitor: Law.com S.Ct. Com't'ry: Law.com
General (many free): LexisWeb Google Scholar | Google LexisOne Legal Website Directory Crimelynx Lexis.com $ Lexis.com (criminal law/ 4th Amd) $ Findlaw.com Findlaw.com (4th Amd) Westlaw.com $ F.R.Crim.P. 41 http://www.fd.org FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf) DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download) DOJ Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf) Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
Congressional Research Service: --Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012) --Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012) --Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012) --Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012) --Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012) ACLU on privacy Privacy Foundation Electronic Frontier Foundation NACDLs Domestic Drone Information Center Electronic Privacy Information Center Criminal Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.) Section 1983 Blog
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." Me
I still learn something new every day. Pete Townshend, The Who 50th Anniversary Tour, "The Who Live at Hyde Park" (Showtime 2015)
"I can't talk about my singing. I'm inside it. How can you describe something you're inside of?" Janis Joplin
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government." Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment." Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has notto put it mildlyrun smooth." Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Governments purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding. United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
Libertythe freedom from unwarranted intrusion by governmentis as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark. United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." Mick Jagger & Keith Richards
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for meand by that time there was nobody left to speak up." Martin Niemller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men! ---Pep Le Pew
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New law review article: The Original Fourth Amendment by ...
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FOURTH AMENDMENT | American Civil Liberties Union
Posted: at 2:34 pm
In Arizona v. Evans, 63 U.S.L.W. 4179 (March 1, 1995)(7-2), the Court held that the exclusionary rule does not apply to evidence seized by the police on the basis of a mistaken computer entry generated by court employees (rather than the police them- selves). In a combination of concurring and dissenting opinions, however, five members of the Court expressed great concern about the proliferation of computerized criminal justice records and their potential impact on personal privacy. Accordingly, the decision stops far short of creating a general good faith excep- tion to the exclusionary rule for any Fourth Amendment violation based on a computer mistake. The ACLU submitted an amicus brief supporting the defendant's claim that the evidence was properly excluded in this case regardless of which agency bore responsibi- lity for the underlying computer error. Summary of Argument in ACLU amicus brief
In Wilson v. Arkansas, 63 U.S.L.W. 4456 (May 22, 1995)(9-0), the Court ruled that the "reasonableness" requirement of the Fourth Amendment generally requires the police to "knock and announce" their presence when executing a search warrant. The Court acknowledged that this presumption may be overcome in exigent circumstances. However, the Court did not give law enforcement officials a carte blanche to ignore the "knock and announce" rule in all cases. The ACLU submitted an amicus brief arguing in favor of the "knock and announce" rule. Summary of Argument in ACLU amicus brief
In Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 63 U.S.L.W. 4653 (June 26, 1995)(6-3), the Court upheld a program of random, suspicionless drug testing for middle or high school athletes. The majority opinion, written by Justice Scalia, acknowledged that drug testing constitutes a search for Fourth Amendment purposes. The Court nevertheless concluded that students have diminished Fourth Amendment rights that are outweighed by the state's interest in addressing the problem of drugs in schools. In a strongly worded dissent, Justice O'Connor criticized the majority for "dispens[ing] with the requirement of individualized suspicion . . ." Id. at 4659. The ACLU represented the student plaintiff in this case. Summary of Argument in ACLU amicus brief
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Deconstructing the Second Amendment – cnn.com
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A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
And yet, for years, those 27 brief words have been the source of contentious debate -- seen by some as an inalienable protection against tyranny; by others as a dangerous anachronism.
Here's a look at the Second Amendment, its phrases parsed and placed in legal and historical context.
Our guides will be Constitutional experts Jeffrey Rosen and Jack Rakove.
What is a militia?
At the time of the American Revolutionary War, militias were groups of able-bodied men who protected their towns, colonies, and eventually states. "[When the Constitution was drafted], the militia was a state-based institution," says Rakove. "States were responsible for organizing this."
What did it mean to be well regulated?
One of the biggest challenges in interpreting a centuries-old document is that the meanings of words change or diverge.
"Well-regulated in the 18th century tended to be something like well-organized, well-armed, well-disciplined," says Rakove. "It didn't mean 'regulation' in the sense that we use it now, in that it's not about the regulatory state. There's been nuance there. It means the militia was in an effective shape to fight."
In other words, it didn't mean the state was controlling the militia in a certain way, but rather that the militia was prepared to do its duty.
What type of security was referred to here?
To get to that, consider the climate of the United States at the time. The country had just fought a war, won its independence and was expanding west. There were plenty of reasons to feel unsafe, and so "security" had a very palpable meaning.
"You have an expanding country, and the principle defense use of the militia would be to protect local residents from attack and invasion," Rakove says.
It also meant physical protection from government overreach.
"The idea of a state militia would also be attractive because it serves as a deterrent against national tyranny," says Rakove. "At the time, if government forces tried to take over land or overstep their boundaries, you'd have an institution in place -- the militia -- that would outnumber any army."
Of course, with the size and scope of the modern United States military, and the fact that militias as we know it no longer exist, that notion is hard to imagine today.
In the debate over the Second Amendment, this phrase, "a well regulated militia," remains one of the most cited and argued parts of the sentence.
What did a free state mean?
It may seem obvious, but Rosen and Rakove agree the Constitution bore a lot of contemporary moralism and not every word is well-defined.
In this case, the meaning of "state" is what it appears to be.
"This is referring immediately to 'state' as in one of the states of the original colonies," Rosen says. "James Madison had the 1777 Virginia Declaration of Rights by his side when he wrote the Bill of Rights and he essentially copied and pasted language from it."
But it could also speak to a larger understanding of liberty.
"So here," Rosen continues, "George Mason (the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights) is talking about not only the free state of Virginia." He is also talking about a broader state of freedom.
What kind of rights?
This is another highly-contested area where it helps to know more about how the framers of the Constitution thought about complex ideas like "rights."
"When we think about 'rights,' we think of them as regulations and exemptions," Rakove says. "Back at the birth of our nation, they had a different quality. They were more moralistic."
Rosen says this viewpoint is reflected in the Declaration of Independence:
"The framers definitely believed in natural rights -- that they are endowed by a creator," Rosen says. "They believed we are born into a state of nature before we form governments, and that we are endowed with certain fundamental rights."
These natural rights included the right to religious expression, free speech, property and more. But they did not, Rosen says, specifically include the tenets of the Second Amendment.
"The framers did not talk about the right to bear arms as one of the set of natural rights," he says. "But it is fair to say that the right to alter and abolish government -- to the degree that modern people claim they have that right -- the framers certainly believe it."
"In that sense, it is historically accurate to say that the framers did recognize a natural right of self-defense."
Who are the people?
Even the term "people" -- the most basic catch-all -- has limitations.
"You say people, you mean individual persons," says Rakove. "But, if you go to Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, it says the House of Representatives will be chosen by the people -- who are the persons? Who are entitled to exercise that suffrage? You see, you can use the term 'people' to imply a collective mass, but there are some categories of people that can be excluded."
After all, when the Constitution was written, slaves were considered property and women were not allowed to vote.
In addition, there is a more basic question of semantics: By "the people," is the Second Amendment referring to people as private entities, or as participants in the militia?
The legal consensus is that the Second Amendment applies to individual rights, within reasonable regulations. More on that below.
What are Arms in this context, and what is the scope of bearing Arms?
The decision struck down the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, which heavily regulated owning and keeping firearms in the District of Columbia.
In the above excerpt, we can see the Court considered the awkward phrasing of the Amendment. The Justices divided the Amendment into an operative clause: "right of the people to keep and bear arms," and a prefatory clause: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State." The court determined the relationship between these phrases, as well as the historical context of the Constutition's creation, clearly provided an individual right.
The term "arms" is also an ever-changing one, and there are ongoing debates about assault weapons and emerging firearm technologies.
"One thing people disagree about is whether assault weapons bans are constitutional," says Rosen. "They also disagree about how we should interpret the constitution in terms of history or in light of new technologies."
What does it all mean?
"It's really striking that since these Supreme Court decisions... lower courts have upheld almost all of the gun regulations they have asked to review," he says.
Rakove thinks the framers of the Constitution would be surprised at the conversations we are having today.
"While there is a common law right to self-defense, most historians think that it would be remarkable news to the framers of the Second Amendment that they were actually constitutionalizing a personal right to self-defense as opposed to trying to say something significant about the militia," he says.
Words like "militia" and "rights" are loaded with historical context and nuance that can act as a Rorschach test, leading even the best-intentioned interpreters to different conclusions. If there were any clear answers, these 27 words wouldn't be so incendiary.
Jack Rakove is the William Robertson Coe Professor of History at Stanford University. His book "Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution" won a Pulitzer Prize in History.
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Futurism | ATKINSON+CO
Posted: at 2:29 pm
Inspired by the drawings of Antonio SantElia, these visualisations were created to show hisvast imaginary monolithic structures placed in a London setting 100 years later. Below are a few lines from the Wikipedia article describing his life and career.
Antonio SantElia was born inComo,Lombardy. A builder by training, he opened adesignoffice inMilanin 1912 and became involved with theFuturistmovement. Between 1912 and 1914, influenced by industrial cities of theUnited Statesand the architectsRenzo Picasso,Otto WagnerandAdolf Loos, he began a series of design drawings for a futuristCitt Nuova(New City) that was conceived as a symbol of a new age.
Many of these drawings were displayed at the only exhibition of theNuove Tendenzegroup (of which he was a member) exhibition in May/June 1914 at the Famiglia Artistica gallery. Today, some of these drawings are on permanent display at Comos art gallery (Pinacoteca).
ThemanifestoFuturist Architecturewas published in August 1914, supposedly by SantElia, though this is subject to debate. In it the author stated that the decorative value of Futurist architecture depends solely on the use and original arrangement of raw or bare or violently colored materials.His vision was for a highly industrialised andmechanizedcity of the future, which he saw not as a mass of individual buildings but a vast, multi-level, interconnected and integrated urbanconurbationdesigned around the life of the city. His extremely influential designs featured vast monolithicskyscraperbuildings with terraces, bridges and aerial walkways that embodied the sheer excitement of modern architecture and technology. Even in this excitement for technology and modernity, in SantElias monumentalism, however, can be found elements ofArt NouveauarchitectGiuseppe Sommaruga.
Anationalistas well as anirredentist, SantElia joined the Italian army as Italy enteredWorld War Iin 1915. He was killed during theEighth Battle of the Isonzo, nearGorizia. Most of his designs were never built, but his futurist vision has influenced many architects, artists and designers.
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Let Libertarian Gary Johnson debate Clinton and Trump …
Posted: August 10, 2016 at 9:22 pm
For many Americans, this presidential race is a train wreck in progress.
CNN's latest poll says Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are viewed unfavorably by a majority of voters. A majority! Clinton's negative number is bad 55 percent but Trump's is catastrophic: 70 percent have an unfavorable opinion of him. The Pew Research Center says 4 in 10 voters find it hard to choose; they think neither would make a good president.
But if many Americans see their options as casting a hold-your-nose vote or staying home, others wonder about a third-party candidate. We saw that interest spike after a July 7 editorialexploring potential alternatives, as readers found their way to our website to learn about Gov. Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party and Jill Stein of the Green Party.
By July 19 when Johnson, the leading third-party candidate, met with the Tribune Editorial Board, his CNN poll numbers had climbed to 13 percent. That visit, again, led to a bump in web traffic, social media "shares" and reader feedback. Voters want to know more.
Stein and Johnson won their parties' nominations in 2012, but that November neither broke the 1 percent threshold. This year, Stein has polled as high as 7 percent. Johnson's ventures into double digits make him, especially, more than a fringe player. He could become the escape-hatch choice for a lot of people Nov. 8 if he's included in the autumn presidential debates. The first is scheduled for Sept. 26. The decision on who is included rests with the private, nonpartisan Commission on Presidential Debates. The group says eligible candidates must appear on enough state ballots to have a mathematical shot at winning the Electoral College vote.
Johnson expects to be on the ballot in every state. To meet a second requirement, though, he'll need to stretch: Candidates must hit an average 15 percent support level in five national polls. A new Fox News poll has Johnson at 12 percent, but in the latest CNN poll he fell from 13 percent to 9 percent amid the hoopla of the Republican and Democratic conventions. A RealClearPolitics average has him at 7 percent. He has time to raise his game. The commission won't start looking at numbers until after Labor Day.
There's no way to wish magic on a candidate. It happens or it doesn't. But there's a practical side to the equation. Johnson tells us his biggest hurdle to reaching 15 percent is that many pollsters focus on the Clinton-Trump matchup and exclude Johnson or include him in a secondary question that gets ignored by the media and public. If the polls acknowledged that 2016 is a not a two-way race, he says, "I'd be at 20 percent overnight."
Johnson, in other words, is caught in an election cycle Catch-22: To get acknowledged by pollsters, he needs higher numbers, but he won't get higher numbers until the pollsters acknowledge him. Something needs to give, and we think it should be the pollsters, who can see better than anyone the dissatisfaction with the major party candidates.
The last third-party candidate to participate in the debates was Ross Perot, who in 1992 won 19 percent of the popular vote against Bill Clinton and George Bush. Perot made a splash criticizing NAFTA, describing the "giant sucking sound" of jobs going to Mexico. Trump and Hillary Clinton both play to jobs fears, going after trade deals while hammering each other over fitness for office.
We have no illusions about Johnson's chances to break through the clutter of ugliness and negativity. Third-party candidates don't get a lot of traction for a reason: They don't win elections. But in a year when the public is sick of politics as usual, Johnson would bring a set of ideas to the debate stage a lot of people may like.
A former Republican governor of New Mexico, he's a moderate Libertarian with an agenda that is more or less socially liberal and economically conservative. He is a free marketeer and skeptic of government power, but not an extremist. Where his views are outside the mainstream, most are not radical, just different. He would, for example, abolish the IRS, replacing corporate and personal income taxes and the capital gains tax with a consumption tax.
Another pet idea: bringing down health care costs by spurring competition (his favorite example is a theoretical business called X-Rays R Us). That would be a different answer to the Obamacare question than what voters will hear in the debates from Clinton and Trump.
You'd think this race couldn't get any more, um, interesting. It can if voters hear directly from Johnson on the debate stage. To make that happen, pollsters should recognize reality: 2016 is a year like no other for presidential politics.
Join the discussion on Twitter @Trib_Ed_Boardand onFacebook.
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Libertarian ticket eyes post-convention opening and debate …
Posted: at 9:22 pm
The Libertarian Party ticket, facing what polls show are two of the most unpopular presidential candidates in modern American history, is seeing a bump in support as the general election race moves into full swing and a surge in interest that could carry nominee Gary Johnson onto the prized debate stage this fall.
Despite Donald Trump and Hillary Clintons popularity issues and trust gap with voters, few expect the Libertarian ticket to pose a Ross Perot-style threat this year.
But the party is far more than a political curiosity in 2016. Rumors are swirling in the wake of the major-party conventions that high-profile Republicans are now considering backing the ticket; a recent video from Johnson and running mate William Weld generated considerable buzz; and the polls show Johnson getting close to 15 percent the threshold he needs to reach to land him on the debate stage with Trump and Clinton this fall.
The RealClearPolitics average has Johnson at 8.4 percent in a four-way race with Trump, Clinton and Green Party candidate Jill Stein, up from 4.5 percent in June. The latest Fox News poll released Wednesday, after the conventions, put Johnson at 12 percent.
An NBC poll taken toward the end of the Democratic convention put Johnson at 9 percent, roughly where he was in prior polling.
Party officials said the unpopularity of the Republican and Democratic candidates gives the party an unprecedented opportunity.
It goes from week to week and day to day watching for what new thing [Clinton and Trump are] going to do to become more unpopular with the American people, and frighten people, Nicholas Sarwark, chairman of the Libertarian National Committee, told FoxNews.com. Those candidates are the gift that keeps on giving. Were running as the qualified adult in the room.
Sarwark pointed to Johnsons record as a two-term New Mexico governor, re-elected as a Republican in a Democratic state, in touting his credentials and appeal.
Unclear is whether the support in the polls will translate into support at the ballot box. In 2012, Johnson won just 0.99 percent of all votes cast -- making him the most successful White House candidate in Libertarian history, but not making much of a dent in the race as a whole.
But this year, there are plenty of signs more voters are seeking an alternative candidate. At the Democratic convention last week, many Bernie Sanders supporters were getting on board with the Green Partys Stein. But so far, Johnson is polling the best among third-party candidates.
He and his running mate, former Massachusetts Gov. Weld, generated some buzz before the conventions with a slick video ad listing their accomplishments.
Weve been there ... And done that! the candidates say.
Johnson said in an interview Monday with the Los Angeles Times that he believes in addition to appealing to disenfranchised Republicans on issues like free trade, low taxes and smaller government, the Libertarian stance on social issues and foreign policy could bring Sanders voters on board.
Sarwark said the party is banking that while Trump and Clinton are about as well-known as they are going to be, Johnson still can introduce himself to voters not familiar with his story especially if he is able to get on the debate stage.
This is far from a foregone conclusion.
So far, while Johnsons support is higher than in past years, an 8.4 percent average is still a distance from the 15 percent hed need to make the debates.
And he would need to get there by Aug. 15 to qualify, hitting 15 percent in not just one poll but an average of five recent polls chosen by the Commission on Presidential Debates.
Politically, where we stand, is we have to get into those presidential debates to really stand a chance, Weld told The Wall Street Journal last week. If we catch a break or two, we may get there.
Even then, the record for third-party or independent candidates is not strong.
In recent political history, the one who came closest to the presidency was businessman Perot in 1992 who was an independent, not technically a third-party candidate. At one point, Perot was leading in some polls against then-President George H. W. Bush and Democratic challenger Bill Clinton. However, after dropping out of the race before re-entering, he lost support. He eventually garnered 19 percent of the vote, with some Republicans arguing he split the GOP vote and handed the election to Clinton.
Republicans, meanwhile, were arguably given a boost by Green Party candidate Ralph Nader in 2000, when Nader picked up 2.7 percent of the vote against Democrat Al Gore and Republican George W. Bush.
Johnsons potential impact is hard to gauge. The latest Fox News poll found Johnson siphoning support about equally from the Democratic and GOP candidates.
But he could get a boost in the coming weeks as some Republicans reportedly consider backing him.
Most notably, 2012 Republican nominee Mitt Romney and former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush reportedly are mulling endorsements for Johnson. Marvin Bush, youngest brother of Jeb and George W., also endorsed Johnson last week.
From what Ive heard from the Bush and Romney camps, theyre still considering it, Sarwark claimed.
Asked if the party is looking just to make a strong showing, or go all the way, Sarward was bullish: Theres a path to the presidency. The ground is there.
Adam Shaw is a Politics Reporter and occasional Opinion writer for FoxNews.com. He can be reached here or on Twitter: @AdamShawNY.
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