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Free euthanasia Essays and Papers – 123helpme

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Title Length Color Rating The Case for Euthanasia - In order to provide a framework for my thesis statement on the morality of euthanasia, it is first necessary to define what euthanasia is and the different types of euthanasia. The term Euthanasia originates from the Greek term eu, meaning happy or good and thanatos, which means death, so the literal definition of the word Euthanasia can be translated to mean good or happy death. The different types of Euthanasia are active or passive euthanasia and voluntary or involuntary euthanasia. Passive Euthanasia generally refers to the ending of a persons life by removing the person from a life-sustaining machine, such as a respirator.... [tags: Pro Euthanasia Essays] :: 5 Works Cited 2340 words (6.7 pages) Term Papers [preview] Euthanasia in Australia - Although euthanasia is a complex and controversial subject, under certain conditions people should have the right to decide to end their own lives. Is euthanasia murder or mercy. We need to understand what Mercy, Murder and Euthanasia are before we can form any opinion. (Oxford dictionary) Mercy / (say mersee) Compassionate or kindly forbearance shown towards: an offender, an enemy, or other person in one's power; compassion, pity, or benevolence. Murder / (say merduh) Unlawful killing of a human being by an act done: with intention to kill or to inflict grievous bodily harm.... [tags: Argument for Euthanasia] 1842 words (5.3 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia: A law meant to be broken? - Euthanasia: A law meant to be broken? The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only legitimate object of good government . (Thomas Jefferson.) Advancements in contemporary medical technologies have served to deny individuals the right to die. However, it may be argued euthanasia has emerged with the purpose of reclaiming that right. The expression euthanasia derives from the Greek words, eu meaning well and thanatos translating to death. According to Webster dictionary, the term euthanasia is defined as an act of killing or permitting death on, incurable sick persons in a painless way, for reasons of mercy .... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1228 words (3.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Exploring the Different Types of Euthanasia - Life is held dear by many, and cherished by most. Many of us can take life for granted when we are healthy and happy. In the same token; one should consider a terminally ill patient, and where such a person may fit in; when it comes to their quality of life. When dealing with unforeseen special circumstance that present themselves, could logic and reasoning be set aside. One could argue that the element of life forms a different comparison; when applied to the average healthy person. This is where the controversy begins, and morals become touchy issues for most people.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1258 words (3.6 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Examining the Different Types of Euthanasia - Euthanasia also called mercy killing is defined as the act of putting someone to die painlessly or allowing them to die. It is a power of life and death. A doctors method of ending a life to prevent intolerable suffering. For example a person suffering from an incurable disease being taken off life support and allowed to pass away. Murder on the other hand can be defined as the act of violence against another human being. For example a man being shot and killed. The victim dies at a time which is forced by the killer whose sole purpose is to harm.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 673 words (1.9 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia = Murder - Did you ever think about what you would do once you were no longer able to take care of yourself. The pain and the suffering that you may go through, and without your consent a doctor decides to pull the plug on you. Although that may be what you want, that would be known as human euthanasia. Why would someone want to legalize such a thing. Dont you value your life enough to hope to stay alive. If euthanasia were legal, how would people think of doctors who practiced this form of homicide. Doctors are supposed to be our healers and protectors of the sick and disabled.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1102 words (3.1 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The Pros and Cons of Euthanasia - Euthanasia is defined as a deliberate act undertaken by one person with the intention of ending life of another person to relieve that person's suffering and where the act is the cause of death.(Gupta, Bhatnagar and Mishra) Some define it as mercy killing. Euthanasia may be voluntary, non voluntary and involuntary. When terminally ill patient consented to end his or her life, it is called voluntary euthanasia. Non voluntary euthanasia occurs when the suffering person never consented nor requested to end a life.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 5 Works Cited 1265 words (3.6 pages) FREE Essays [view] Ethics of Euthanasia - As patients come closer to the end of their lives, certain organs stop performing as well as they use to. People are unable to do simple tasks like putting on clothes, going to the restroom without assistance, eat on our own, and sometimes even breathe without the help of a machine. Needing to depend on someone for everything suddenly brings feelings of helplessness much like an infant feels. It is easy to see why some patients with terminal illnesses would seek any type of relief from this hardship, even if that relief is suicide.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 5 Works Cited 1466 words (4.2 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia Should Not Be Legalized - Euthanasia is a Greek word which means gentle and easy death. However, it is the other way around. It is not a gentle or easy death because there is not a type of death which called gentle in the world. According to writer Prof. Ian Dowbiggin, in Ancient Greece people used euthanasia without the patient's permission. It means that in Ancient Greece they did not care about the voluntariness. Also, there are just few doctors who obey the rules of the Hippocratic Oath. (250) After Christianity, the church found out how evil suicide was and they told people killing another person or themselves was a brutal behavior.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 15 Works Cited 1276 words (3.6 pages) Unrated Essays [preview] Euthanasia Should Not Be Legal - Euthanasia is a word that comes from anc
ient Greece and it refers to good death. In the modern societies euthanasia is defined as taking away peoples lives who suffer from an incurable disease. They usually go through this process by painlessness ways to avoid the greatest pains that occurs from the disease. A huge number of countries in the World are against euthanasia and any specific type of it. One of the most important things being discussed nowadays is whether euthanasia should be legalized or not.... [tags: Euthanasia is Murder] :: 5 Works Cited 1065 words (3 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia Should Be Legal - Euthanasia has been an ongoing debate for many years. Everyone has an opinion on why euthanasia should or should not be allowed but, it is as simple as having the choice to die with dignity. If a patient wishes to end his or her life before a disease takes away their quality of life, then the patient should have the option of euthanasia. Although, American society considers euthanasia to be morally wrong euthanasia should be considered respecting a loved ones wishes. To understand euthanasia, it is important to know the rights humans have at the end of life, that there are acts of passive euthanasia already in practice, and the beneficial aspects.... [tags: Reasons for Euthanasia, Pro-Euthanasia] :: 4 Works Cited 2051 words (5.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Active Euthanasia Pros and Cons - Abstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at risk than the elderly, as they fall prey to the pressures of getting out of the way, and with a burgeoning population of baby boomers now becoming the elderly our system already strained now faces even mor... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 9 Works Cited 1625 words (4.6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia: A Painless Deaceful Death - Euthanasia is a painless peaceful death. Euthanasia is defined as the deliberate putting to death of a person suffering from a painful, incurable disease(New Standard Encyclopedia Dictionary). People use other terms to describe euthanasia: mercy killing, assisted suicide, and physician assisted suicide. Euthanasia can be unresponsive, (inactive) or active. Unresponsive euthanasia occurs when an incurably ill person refuses life sustaining medical support. Active euthanasia happens when another person deliberately causes the death of a terminally ill person, such as when someone gives a terminally ill person a lethal injection.... [tags: Argument for Euthanasia] 2120 words (6.1 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Euthanasia: The Right to Die - Euthanasia, which is also referred to as mercy killing, is the act of ending someones life either passively or actively, usually for the purpose of relieving pain and suffering. All forms of euthanasia require an intention to accelerate death in order to benefit patients experiencing a poor quality of life (Sayers, 2005). It is a highly controversial subject that often leaves a person with mixed emotions and beliefs. Opinions regarding this topic hinge on the health and mental state of the victim as well as method of death.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 5 Works Cited 1655 words (4.7 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Is Euthanasia Morally and Philosophically Justifiable? - When considering whether the piece of legislation titled The Death with Dignity Act is morally and philosophically justifiable, the moral and philosophic viability of what is referred to as active voluntary euthanasia must first be evaluated. Because active voluntary euthanasia seeks to reduce the amount of suffering of the patients as well as offer individuals greater control over their life it can be justified, and the Death with Dignity Act outlines a responsible method for enacting active voluntary euthanasia.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 877 words (2.5 pages) Unrated Essays [preview] The Catholic View of Euthanasia - The catholic view of euthanasia is that euthanasia is morally wrong. it has always been taught the importance of the commandement "you shall not kill". The church has said that "nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent person, whether a foetus or an embryo, an infant or an adult, an old person, or one suffering from an incurable disease, or a person who is dying". the church says any law permitting euthanasia is a unjust law. the catholic church does not accept that people have a right to die.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 845 words (2.4 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia: The Right to Decide - The definition of euthanasia is good death. There are two kinds of euthanasia one being active the other passive. Active euthanasia is the purposeful killing of a person by a medical professional either by administering a lethal injection or by prohibiting necessary means of survival. Passive euthanasia is where a patient has medical care withheld. I believe that either a terminally ill person or a severely handicapped one should have the right to decide if they wish to live or to die. I think this right is one that should be able to be chosen by any human being provided they are of sound mind and know exactly what they are asking for, and any consequences that may come with their decision... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 2 Works Cited 874 words (2.5 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia is Morally Wrong - The matter of euthanasia continues to be a contentious issue within todays society. Over the past years, there have been a slew of debates that have tried to justify the practice of assisted suicide, otherwise known as euthanasia. Gallups survey in 2007 served to illustrate this fact by showing that over 75 percent of Americans believe that euthanasia should be permitted. However, what Americans have failed to discern is that legalizing any form of euthanasia goes against the sanctity of life and will result in no limitations to the justifications of why it is being performed.... [tags: Against Euthanasia ] :: 10 Works Cited 1829 words (5.2 pages) FREE Essays [view] Euthanasia Should Be Legal - Dogs do not have many advantages over people, but one of them is extremely important:
euthanasia is not forbidden by law in their case; animals have the right to a merciful death. Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being Euthanasia is a controversial issue. Many people believe that doctors should not prescribe any medication that ends a persons life since it is considered to be against the Hippocratic Oath.... [tags: Benefits of Euthanasia] :: 12 Works Cited 2448 words (7 pages) Term Papers [preview] Death with Dignity (Euthanasia) - What is the value of life exactly. Who decides whether or not someones life is valuable. These and many other questions are asked when the controversial topic of euthanasia is discussed. Certain groups and different politicians disapprove of the legalization of euthanasia, arguing that it is immoral and unethical. Doctors use modern medicine and expanding technology to extend ones life. However, court mandates and/or politicians should not decide our rights. Especially when it involves our own bodies.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 7 Works Cited 1501 words (4.3 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia Should Be Legal - Euthanasia is a controversial issue. Many different opinions have been formed. From doctors and nurses to family members dealing with loved ones in the hospital, all of them have different ideas for the way they wish to die. However, there are many different issues affecting the legislation and beliefs of legalizing euthanasia. Taking the following aspects into mind, many may get a different understanding as to why legalization of euthanasia is necessary. Some of these include: misunderstanding of what euthanasia really is, doctors and nurses code of ethics, legal cases and laws, religious and personal beliefs, and economics in end-of-life care.... [tags: Argument for Euthanasia] :: 13 Works Cited 3709 words (10.6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia: Unethical And Immoral - Despite ones medical condition, euthanasia should not be an end of life choice. But what is euthanasia or doctor-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is defined as "the bringing about of a gentle and easy death for a person suffering from a painful incurable disease," while Suicide on the other hand, is "the intentional killing of oneself." Doctor-assisted suicide combines both of these definitions with the idea of a physician helping a terminally ill patient to die. Doctors can perform euthanasia by giving a patient a lethal injection or by prescribing a lethal dose of drugs (Euthanasia).... [tags: Ethics of Euthanasia] 2107 words (6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia is Morally Wrong - According to Websters Dictionary, Euthanasia is conceding painless death to a patient who is considered to be hopelessly ill, because of a non-curable disease. The term is used to refer to the act of deliberately taking the life of a sick person, especially those who are sick from terminal illnesses. Patients in this category are normally those who are nearing their death from a persistent terminal illness and medicine does not to have much effect on them. Different scholars hold different opinions on whether to legalize the practice.... [tags: Against Euthanasia ] :: 4 Works Cited 2422 words (6.9 pages) Research Papers [preview] Why Euthanasia is Wrong - Thou Shalt Not Kill (Exodus 20: 13-14). One of the Ten Commandments put forward by God to Moses at the top of Mount Sinai. The killing of another human being is morally wrong and unacceptable. No one has the right to take away another persons life, whether it be through hatred and disgust, or compassion and love. Murder is murder. So why should those select few who work in the clinics of Switzerland, whose occupation is to assist in a persons suicide, become immune from this law against murder.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1251 words (3.6 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Should Euthanasia be Prohibited? - Imagine a man, sixty years of age, who has just been told by a medical doctor that his wife of forty-three years has contracted an incurable and terminal disease. The medical doctor informs the man that his spouses condition will begin to deteriorate. The disease will lead to chronic acute pain in the body, followed by loss of motor functions, and eventually death. The man is living in the moment knowing that nothing can be done to prevent his wifes disease from progressing, and in despair he chooses to over medicate her with painkillers.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 11 Works Cited 1550 words (4.4 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable - Abstract In the following essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as mercy killing, dying with dignity, good death and right for self-determination fail to justify taking ones life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medical advancement, which allows us ever more control over not only our life but also death.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1644 words (4.7 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia a Controversial and of Risky Practice - Euthanasia is a huge problem in the world today. There are many different controversies on the subject and many different ideas from people and the government. Euthanasia is often referred to as physician-assisted suicide ("Euthanasia") or mercy killing ("debate.org"). Euthanasia is referred to as the right of terminally ill people to end their suffering with a quick and dignified death ("Euthanasia"). Euthanasia can be seen as essential, profitable, or just plain unacceptable to the world but should it be legal in the United States.... [tags: death with dignity, unvoluntary euthanasia] :: 10 Works Cited 1325 words (3.8 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Argument Analysis: Euthanasia and the Right to Die - The right to die and euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, have long been topics of passionate debate. Euthanasia is simply mercy killing while the phrase physician-assisted suicide regards the administering or the provision of lethal means to aid in the ending of a persons life. The right to die entails the belief that if humans have the governmental and natural right to live and to prolong their lives then they should also have the right to end their life whenever desired. Articles such as Gary Cartwrights Last Rights and Marg
aret Somervilles The Role of Death provide the life support for these two topics will likely never fade away.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 2 Works Cited 1034 words (3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Euthanasia: Biologically Dead or Technologically Alive - Marc Weides mom decided she wanted to die and her death was scheduled in less than a week. She was diagnosed with terminal cancer and after having several nights of unbearable suffering, decided she preferred to die sooner than later. Her decision was spontaneous, and the answer she received was sooner than expected. She had to plan her funeral, her goodbyes and her last days in less than a week. Her family knew they could not interfere, not with her decision, and certainly not with the end of her life.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 7 Works Cited 1320 words (3.8 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Arguments For And Against Euthanasia - Euthanasia is the practice of ending an individual's life in order to relieve them from an incurable disease or unbearable suffering. The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek word for "good death" and originally referred to as intentional killing ( Patelarou, Vardavas, Fioraki, Alegakis, Dafermou, & Ntzilepi, 2009). Euthanasia is a controversial topic which has raised a great deal of debate globally. Although euthanasia has received great exposure in the professional media, there are some sticky points that lack clarity and need to be addressed.... [tags: Euthanasia Pros and Cons] :: 6 Works Cited 1956 words (5.6 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Euthanasia Must Not Be Legalized - Presently, many cases of euthanasia had occurred around the world. Many a time we will stop and ask whether the person has anymore hope to live as a normal person. At the end it is left to the court to decide whether the people live or die. But why does the patient or the guardian choose euthanasia when they can live a longer time with their loved ones. Some might ask whether it is worth to see your loved ones suffering, wouldnt it be better to end the suffering. To answer this question we must know what euthanasia means.... [tags: Arguments Against Euthanasia] :: 9 Works Cited 2090 words (6 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Argument in Favor of Euthanasia - Debate about the morality and legality of voluntary euthanasia has been a phenomenon since the second half of the 20th century. The ancient Greeks and Romans did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or when a person no longer cared for their life (Young). In the 4th century BC, the Hippocratic Oath was written by Hippocrates, the father of medicine. One part of the Oath states, I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause and abortion (Brock).... [tags: Euthanasia, Argumentative Essay] :: 10 Works Cited 2090 words (6 pages) Better Essays [preview] Argument in Favor of Euthanasia - Introduction Today, medical interventions have made it possible to save or prolong lives, but should the process of dying be left to nature. (Brogden, 2001). Phrases such as, killing is always considered murder, and while life is present, so is hope are not enough to contract with the present medical knowledge in the Canadian health care system, which is proficient of giving injured patients a chance to live, which in the past would not have been possible (Brogden, 2001). According to Brogden, a number of economic and ethical questions arise concerning the increasing elderly population.... [tags: Pro Euthanasia Essays] :: 10 Works Cited 1897 words (5.4 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Is Euthanasia Morally Acceptable? - Is it right to intentionally bring about the death of a person. The vast majority of people would instinctively answer this question no, unless it related to an act of war or perhaps self-defense. What if taking the life of the person would benefit that person by ending their suffering. Would it be morally acceptable to end their suffering. Questions like these are debated by those considering the morality of euthanasia, which is a very controversial topics in America. Euthanasia can be defined as bringing about the death of another person to somehow benefit that person (Pojman).... [tags: Pros and Cons of Euthanasia] :: 4 Works Cited 2344 words (6.7 pages) Research Papers [preview] Euthanasia Devalues Human Life - Euthanasia is the practice of ending the life of a patient to limit the patients suffering. The patient in question would typically be terminally ill or experiencing great pain and suffering. The word euthanasia itself comes from the Greek words eu (good) and thanatos (death). The idea is that instead of condemning someone to a slow, painful, and undignified death, euthanasia would allow the patient to experience a relatively good death. The technical definition of euthanasia is the act of ending life painlessly, often someone suffering from an incurable illness.... [tags: Arguments Against Euthanasia] 2070 words (5.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] History of Euthanasia in America - History of Euthanasia in America 1973- The American Medical Association issues the Patient Bill of Rights. The groundbreaking document allows patients to refuse medical treatment. 1976- The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that the parents of Karen Ann Quinlan, who has been in a tranquilizer-and-alcohol-induced coma for a year, can remove her respirator. She dies nine years later. 1979- Jo Roman, a New York artist dying of cancer, makes a videotape, telling her friends and family she intends to end her life.... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] 899 words (2.6 pages) FREE Essays [view] Argument For Legalizing Euthanasia - A patient is diagnosed with brain tumors that have spread to their bones and muscles. The doctor gives them three months to live, but only with the continuation of treatment. They spend most of their remaining time in a hospital receiving chemotherapy and radiation treatments. They must be pushed in a wheelchair because they are too sick to walk and spend the rest of their few months in pain, knowing they will die but not sure when. That is how the last few months of Cristy Grayson's life was spent.... [tags: Pro Euthanasia Essay] :: 14 Works Cited 2981 words (8.5 pages) Powerful Essays [preview]
Euthanasia Essay: Eugenics To Euthanasia - Eugenics To Euthanasia This essay presents the appeal which euthanasia has to modern society. What is this appeal based on. Is it a valid appeal. These and other questions are addressed in this paper. See if this story sounds familiar: A happily married couple - she is a pianist; he a rising scientist - have their love suddenly tested by a decline in the wife's health. Diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, she falls victim to a steady loss of muscle control and paralysis. The desperate husband uses all his professional skills to save her.... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] :: 1 Works Cited 1001 words (2.9 pages) FREE Essays [view] Euthanasia Should Be Performed By Medical Professionals - Although, euthanasia was widely discussed in the eighteenth century (the era of enlightenment), this controversial topic only gained national publicity in the year 1915 when Dr. Haiselden refused to perform a lifesaving surgery on a deformed child, leading to the childs death (Doug, 2013). The morality of Dr. Haiseldens action became scrutinized, as America asked, Is it moral for someone to let another die through actions or lack thereof. There are differences of opinion concerning the morality of euthanasia; however, I conclude that physician-assisted suicide of the terminally ill is morally acceptable because not only is it permissible to kill terminally ill patients but also the goals... [tags: Euthanasia and Medical Ethics] :: 11 Works Cited 3063 words (8.8 pages) Research Papers [preview] Top Ten Reasons For Legalizing Euthanasia - Euthanasia has always been a taboo subject in some cultures. People all over the world so openly engage in conversation in matters of life. But when it comes to the other half of life, death, no one likes discussing it. Only terrorists claim how glorious death will be. These are some of the reasons that many people in society feel that euthanasia is morally wrong. Who is to say when it is time for someone to die or how much a person should suffer before they are allowed to end their life. How does someone know what the right age is that people should die.... [tags: Argument in Favor of Euthanasia] :: 5 Works Cited 2067 words (5.9 pages) FREE Essays [view] Defending Euthanasia - Margaret Somerville, who has authored, edited, and co-edited a number of books and newspaper articles opposing the use of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide and who also is the Samuel Gale Professor of Law, Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, and Founding Director of the Centre for Medicine, Ethics, and Law at McGill University, Montreal, wrote the internet article titled Against Euthanasia. In the article Somerville blatantly states that any type of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide is completely and totally wrong under all circumstances.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1049 words (3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Legalize Euthanasia - Euthanasia is very controversial topic in the world today. Euthanasia, by definition, is the act of killing someone painlessly ,especially someone suffering from an incurable illness. Many people find euthanasia morally wrong, but others find people have control over thier own bodies and have a right to die. A solution to this problem is to have the patient consent to euthansia and have legal documentation of the consent. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is a rising controversial problem in the world.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] :: 4 Works Cited 690 words (2 pages) Better Essays [preview] America Needs Voluntary Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide - When people hear the word suicide it invokes controversy. Although it is a taboo subject; if a loved one was faced with a terminal illness becoming extremely critical this would pose a moral question. Could a person be willing to accept the fact their family member intended to use medical assisted suicide. Very few individuals would agree with this, but in the same instance should a human being want their relative to be in unbearable pain. According to the author, Indeed, physician-assisted suicide implies not a resistance to but an extension of medical power over life and death (Salem).... [tags: euthanasia, ethics] :: 5 Works Cited 1071 words (3.1 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Should Euthanasia be Allowed? - Every day, numerous people around the world acquire diseases that have no cure. Whether a person attempts vigorously to rid the disease or does nothing at all, some diseases contracted will never disappear. In fact, some diseases will cause much pain and struggle throughout one's fight for life, but in the end, these incurable diseases may kill that person leaving him/her fighting for nothing but death. If an individual will endure months of suffering and will most likely die, would it stand acceptable to allow that person a peaceful death.... [tags: euthanasia, assisted suicide, peaceful death] 1672 words (4.8 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Non-Voluntary Euthanasia: The Future of Euthanasia - Non-Voluntary Euthanasia: The Future of Euthanasia Non-voluntary euthanasia seems to be the natural direction in which euthanasia practice evolves. In the Netherlands at the present time, there is a fear on the part of the aged, about being taken to the hospital - where the doctor may have the last word about life and death. This essay digs into this evolutionary process of voluntary euthanasia evolving into the non-voluntary type. Advocates of legalised euthanasia almost always insist that they only want voluntary euthanasia (VE) - a they say they are as opposed to the taking of life without the subject's knowledge or consent, that is, non-voluntary euthanasia (NVE), as anyone... [tags: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide] :: 12 Works Cited 2940 words (8.4 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Euthanasia Essay - Concerns About Euthanasia - A medical examiner from Oakland County, Michigan and three researchers from the University of South Florida have studied key characteristics of 69 patients whose suicides were assisted by Jack Kevorkian between 1990 and 1998. Their findings are published in the December 7 New England Journal of Medicine. Autopsies show that only 25 percent of Kevorkian's clients were terminally ill when he helped them kill themselves. "Seventy-two percent of the patients had had a recent decline in health status that may have precipitated the desire to die." However, "no anatomical disease was confirmed at autopsy" in 5 of the 69 people.... [tags: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide] :: 5 Works Cited
1277 words (3.6 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia is Murder - Euthanasia is the Greek word meaning good death. Euthanasia is the act of assisting in ending ones life, killing a person or an animal in a painless or minimally painful way. There are 3 different types of euthanasia. Volantary - which means that the doctor, or whoever performed the assisted death got full permission from the patient to kill them. Nonvolantary - without full consent of the patient or if the patient did give them their full consent, they werent fully decisionally-competent. And Involantary - this is when the person is killed against their will, they refuse to die but they are still killed.... [tags: Euthanasia Essay] 590 words (1.7 pages) Better Essays [preview] Euthanasia is Moral - Missing Works Cited Recent debates over active euthanasia, "killing" a terminally ill patient, in Holland, has raised the question whether euthanasia is immoral or a simple human right. Doctors seem to have no doubt. They made an oath. The definition of Euthanasia depends on whether it is active or passive. Active Euthanasia I only allowed in Holland, and it means that the doctor takes direct measures to put a patient to sleep, whereas passive Euthanasia only involves stopping pill consumption, or stopping treatment.... [tags: Argument for Euthanasia] 2629 words (7.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The Legalization of Euthanasia: The Case of The influence Chantal Sebire - Imagine a person goes to the doctor and finds out that he or she has inoperable or advanced stage cancer, AIDS or some debilitating disease like Lou Gehrigs or Multiple Sclerosis. Death is an inescapable fact of life, but in scenarios with cancer, AIDS and other fatal diseases, it is closer and might be more painful than one hopes. Recent developments in Belgium pertaining to the legalization of euthanasia in terminally ill children , as well as the coverage of the case of French citizen Chantal Sebire, who was s suffering from esthesioneuroblastoma( a rare, incurable cancer of the nasal cavity which would progressively damage her brain and eventually kill her) remind us of the top... [tags: Death, cancer, euthanasia] :: 9 Works Cited 1373 words (3.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Euthanasia Moral Isuue in the United States - Every day thousands of people are turning to a controversial practice for solving their health problems. This unique practice that ends the individuals life that is suffering from a terminal illness, disease, or an incurable condition by the means of lethal injection (Emanuel) thus ceasing the persons life is called Euthanasia. Euthanasia is also referred to as a mercy killing, which is, the act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die, a person or animal suffering from an incurable, especially a painful, disease or condition(Goel).... [tags: euthanasia bill, mercy killing, lethal injection] :: 5 Works Cited 1871 words (5.3 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia in the Netherlands - As most countries abstain from the right to euthanasia, the Lower House of Parliament on November 28, 2000 passed a bill, legalizing euthanasia in the Netherlands. Will this law impact the beliefs and ideals of other countries and cause them to re-evaluate their medical procedures. In Why Physicians. Reflections on the Netherlands New Euthanasia Law, Jos V. M. Welie provides a descriptive overview of the history of the Dutch penal code on euthanasia in the Netherlands. In Euthanizing Life, John F.... [tags: Euthanasia, Physician Assisted Suicide] :: 2 Works Cited 859 words (2.5 pages) Better Essays [preview] The Bible and Euthanasia - Euthanasia is a controversial issue in today's society. It is defined as the intentional ending of a life with the purpose of relieving pain or suffering. Many people believe that it is within a human's right to die a peaceful, dignified death with assistance. While others believe that euthanasia is an immoral act and that legalising the deliberate killing of humans will undermine the legal system in the UK. Currently in the UK, it is illegal for a doctor or another person to deliberately do something that causes the patient to die - e.g.... [tags: Euthanasia, Physician Assisted Suicide] 603 words (1.7 pages) Unrated Essays [preview] Euthanasia/Physician Assisted Suicide Should Not be Legalized - I. Introduction An admired man, loved and respected by his family, was burdened with a life or death situation; his. 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[tags: Abortion, Euthanasia, Death Penalty] :: 1 Works Cited 1378 words (3.9 pages) Better Essays [preview]
Euthanasia in Australia - When we hear the phrase voluntary euthanasia people generally think of one of two things: the active termination of life at the patient's or the Nazi extermination program of murder. Many people have beliefs about whether euthanasia is right or wrong, often without being able to define it clearly. Some people take an extreme view, while many fall somewhere between the two camps. The derivation means gentle and easy death coming from the Greek words, eu - thanatos. Euthanasia was formerly called "mercy killing," euthanasia means intentionally making someone die, rather than allowing that person to die naturally.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 2588 words (7.4 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Speech on Euthanasia - Speech on Euthanasia I stand before you today in confrontation. I stand before you today equal to any man. I stand before you today with a challenge. 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In 1967, a nationwide debate was instigated in Britain, regarding whether abortion was a violation of the sanctity of life. Pro-life groups were angered by the legalisation of abortion, many believing that abortion was to destroy a sacred gift from God. Pro-choice groups, on the other hand, welcomed the reform, as they believed women should have the freedom to decide what is best for themselves.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 3087 words (8.8 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Pro Legalization of Euthanasia - I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint, my heart is like wax, it is melted within my breast, my mouth is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue sticks to my jaws, you lay me in the dust of death (Psalm 22) Some might say euthanasia is wrong, it is murder, it is an inhumane act. But is it not inhumane to see another persons unbearable suffering and not release them when they long to be released. Is it not cruel to watch a person in a vegetative state, with no brainwaves showing, fed by a machine, breathing with the help of a machine and not let them be liberated from their pain.... [tags: Argument for Euthanasia] :: 8 Works Cited 1914 words (5.5 pages) Term Papers [preview] Exploration of Euthanasia - Exploration of Euthanasia Euthanasia is when an ill person or somebody with a major disability wants to end their own life to stop their pain or so their family and friends can be free of looking after them, it's not just when somebody is ill but it is also when they decide enough is enough. There are many types of euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia - when the ill person chooses to ask to die but is incapable of committing suicide without any help. This is often called 'assisted suicide' Involuntary euthanasia - when other people decide that it would be best if someone's life ends because he or she is not able to make such a decision.... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] 698 words (2 pages) FREE Essays [view] Euthanasia and Religion - Euthanasia and Religion In the world today, medical technology is so advanced that a terminally ill patient can be kept alive for months or even years - sometimes against the will of the patient. When did suicide become a sin, and who decided that it was. "Opinion polls consistently show a majority of people professing all varieties of faiths support a change in the law for voluntary euthanasia. Even amongst Roman Catholics, more people support euthanasia than oppose (a poll in Scotland showed over 50% support), in spite of the church's opposition" (Religion and the Right to Die 1).... [tags: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide] :: 10 Works Cited 2181 words (6.2 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Euthanasia and Religion - Euthanasia and Religion Euthanasia is the inducement of a gentle and easy death. It is considered to be a form of suicide. 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lian Medical Association was a major factor in convincing the nation's parliament to reverse the law. Canadian doctors watched with great interest the national debate in the United States leading up to the Supreme Court decision of June of '97.... [tags: Euthanasia, Physician Assisted Suicide] 498 words (1.4 pages) FREE Essays [view] The Euthanasia Debate - Euthanasia in this paper is examined in those countries which have legalized the procedure. And is found to be more of a burden than a blessing, indicating from the Dutch experience that it becomes an uncontrollable force once it has been legalized. There are welcome alternatives, for which proper training is necessary on the part of medical professionals. The original or first broad euthanasia program was for the purpose of "purifying" the German race under Hitler. It was a creation of German physicians, not of Hitler.... [tags: Pros and Cons of Euthanasia] :: 10 Works Cited 2473 words (7.1 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The Euthanasia Debate - Qualifying euthanasia by calling it active or passive, direct or indirect, voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, or assisted suicide only confuses the picture. Euthanasia is when the doctor kills the patient. This simplification is made at the outset as an assist to the reader in more easily understanding the essential meaning without getting lost in hair-splitting verbiage. This approach does not compromise any of the excellent sources documenting this essay. The original or first broad euthanasia program was for the purpose of "purifying" the German race under Hitler.... [tags: Pros and Cons of Euthanasia] :: 11 Works Cited 3048 words (8.7 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Abortion and euthanasia - Abortion And Euthanasia The Roman Catholic Church believe that life begins when the baby is made (conception). From this belief it influences its attitude to issues such as contraception, euthanasia and suicide. Roman Catholics say that life is sacred. What they mean by that is that life is special to God. For them, every person is a separate living human being and all have the rights to live. All Roman Catholics are against abortion, they believe that abortion is a murder and should have the rights to life.... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] 715 words (2 pages) FREE Essays [view] Euthanasia: Everyone Has the Right to Die - One of the reasons I picked Euthanasia is a subject that I am unfamiliar with. I want to learn both sides of the argument and how people from each side thought about it. So in this paper I will talk about both sides of the argument, the people on each side, and the different types of Euthanasia. The subject of Euthanasia is a heated battle, in which lines have been drawn between warring social, religious and political groups. Many people want this controversial institution erased from the volumes of lawful medicine, but others say that we should be able to choose our fates in extreme cases.... [tags: Euthanasia Essays] 1489 words (4.3 pages) FREE Essays [view] The Debate on Euthanasia in the United Kingdom - The Debate on Euthanasia in the United Kingdom One of the biggest controversies in the UK today is Euthanasia. Arguments about Euthanasia often hinge on the right to life and right to die, should it be legalised. Originally the word Euthanasia meant a gentle and easy death, however nowadays it is the act of inducing an easy death. Why the change in meaning and everybodys new found view that Euthanasia is in fact murder. Many people have diverse views on the issue. Humanists live by moral principles and promote happiness and fulfillment in this life; they believe that voluntary euthanasia is morally correct, whilst upholding the need for safeguards to preven... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] 647 words (1.8 pages) FREE Essays [view] Euthanasia should not be legalized in America - Euthanasia refers to the intentional bringing about of the death of a patient, either by killing him/her, or by letting him/her die, for the patients sake to prevent further pain or suffering from a terminal illness. Euthanasia is a complex issue in many underlying theological, sociological, moral, and legal aspects. Its legalization is heavily debated around the world, with strong arguments made for both sides of the issue. The supporters of euthanasia often repeated that We have to respect the freedom of the patient" or people should be able to exercise control over their own lives and death. However, Euthanasia, by nature, is wrongfully killing or mercy killing, and if we al... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] 898 words (2.6 pages) FREE Essays [view] A Reasonable Approach to Euthanasia - A Reasonable Approach to Euthanasia One of the biggest controversies of this decade is euthanasia. Euthanasia is "inducing the painless death of a person for reasons assumed to be merciful?(Henrickson and Martin 24). There are four types of euthanasia voluntary and direct, voluntary but indirect, direct but involuntary, and indirect and involuntary. Voluntary and direct euthanasia is "chosen and carried out by the patient.. Voluntary but indirect euthanasia is chosen in advance. Direct but involuntary euthanasia is done for the patient without his or her request.... [tags: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide] :: 8 Works Cited 1570 words (4.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Euthanasia is the Right to Kill - Euthanasia is the Right to Kill In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley shows an example of the widely debated topic of doctor-assisted deaths, or euthanasia. Formerly called mercy killing, euthanasia means making someone die rather than allowing them to die naturally. In Huxleys novel the futuristic World-State uses euthanasia for everyone who is no longer useful to society. Death with dignity, has become a catch phrase used by euthanasia activists, but theres nothing dignified about killing someone.... [tags: Free Euthanasia Essay] 604 words (1.7 pages) FREE Essays [view] Euthanasia: Each Case is Unique - Which is better - suffering, agonizing, and holding onto life for a short period of time or just being laid to rest in peace. Nine out of ten people would pick the latter if just asked that question without a scenario, but when given an example containing their family they might change their opinion. This is when the question of whether or not euthanasia should be an option comes into play. Euthanasia is a topic to which many people do not give a lot of thought. When reading about euthanasia and having to make the decision whether or not I support or oppose
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Free euthanasia Essays and Papers - 123helpme

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SparkNotes: Atlas Shrugged: Plot Overview

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In an environment of worsening economic conditions, Dagny Taggart, vice president in charge of operations, works to repair Taggart Transcontinentals crumbling Rio Norte Line to service Colorado, the last booming industrial area in the country. Her efforts are hampered by the fact that many of the countrys most talented entrepreneurs are retiring and disappearing. The railroads crisis worsens when the Mexican government nationalizes Taggarts San Sebastian Line. The line had been built to service Francisco dAnconias copper mills, but the mills turn out to be worthless. Francisco had been a successful industrialist, and Dagnys lover, but has become a worthless playboy. To solve the railroads financial problems, Dagnys brother Jim uses political influence to pass legislation that destroys Taggarts only competition in Colorado. Dagny must fix the Rio Norte Line immediately and plans to use Rearden Metal, a new alloy created by Hank Rearden. When confronted about the San Sebastian mines, Francisco tells Dagny he is deliberately destroying dAnconia Copper. Later he appears at Reardens anniversary party and, meeting him for the first time, urges Rearden to reject the freeloaders who live off of him.

The State Science Institute issues a denunciation of Rearden metal, and Taggarts stock crashes. Dagny decides to start her own company to rebuild the line, and it is a huge success. Dagny and Rearden become lovers. Together they discover a motor in an abandoned factory that runs on static electricity, and they seek the inventor. The government passes new legislation that cripples industry in Colorado. Ellis Wyatt, an oil industrialist, suddenly disappears after setting fire to his wells. Dagny is forced to cut trains, and the situation worsens. Soon, more industrialists disappear. Dagny believes there is a destroyer at work, taking men away when they are most needed. Francisco visits Rearden and asks him why he remains in business under such repressive conditions. When a fire breaks out and they work together to put it out, Francisco understands Reardens love for his mills.

Rearden goes on trial for breaking one of the new laws, but refuses to participate in the proceedings, telling the judges they can coerce him by force but he wont help them to convict him. Unwilling to be seen as thugs, they let him go. Economic dictator Wesley Mouch needs Reardens cooperation for a new set of socialist laws, and Jim needs economic favors that will keep his ailing railroad running after the collapse of Colorado. Jim appeals to Reardens wife Lillian, who wants to destroy her husband. She tells him Rearden and Dagny are having an affair, and he uses this information in a trade. The new set of laws, Directive 10-289, is irrational and repressive. It includes a ruling that requires all patents to be signed over to the government. Rearden is blackmailed into signing over his metal to protect Dagnys reputation.

Dagny quits over the new directive and retreats to a mountain lodge. When she learns of a massive accident at the Taggart Tunnel, she returns to her job. She receives a letter from the scientist she had hired to help rebuild the motor, and fears he will be the next target of the destroyer. In an attempt to stop him from disappearing, she follows him in an airplane and crashes in the mountains. When she wakes up, she finds herself in a remote valley where all the retired industrialists are living. They are on strike, calling it a strike of the mind. There, she meets John Galt, who turns out to be both the destroyer and the man who built the motor. She falls in love with him, but she cannot give up her railroad, and she leaves the valley. When she returns to work, she finds that the government has nationalized the railroad industry. Government leaders want her to make a speech reassuring the public about the new laws. She refuses until Lillian comes to blackmail her. On the air, she proudly announces her affair with Rearden and reveals that he has been blackmailed. She warns the country about its repressive government.

With the economy on the verge of collapse, Francisco destroys the rest of his holdings and disappears. The politicians no longer even pretend to work for the public good. Their vast network of influence peddling creates worse chaos, as crops rot waiting for freight trains that are diverted for personal favors. In an attempt to gain control of Franciscos mills, the government stages a riot at Rearden Steel. But the steelworkers organize and fight back, led by Francisco, who has been working undercover at the mills. Francisco saves Reardens life, then convinces him to join the strike.

Just as the head of state prepares to give a speech on the economic situation, John Galt takes over the airwaves and delivers a lengthy address to the country, laying out the terms of the strike he has organized. In desperation, the government seeks Galt to make him their economic dictator. Dagny inadvertently leads them to him, and they take him prisoner. But Galt refuses to help them, even after he is tortured. Finally, Dagny and the strikers rescue him in an armed confrontation with guards. They return to the valley, where Dagny finally joins the strike. Soon, the countrys collapse is complete and the strikers prepare to return.

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SparkNotes: Atlas Shrugged: Plot Overview

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Atlas Shrugged (Penguin Modern Classics): Amazon.co.uk: Ayn …

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A towering philosophical novel that is the summation of her Objectivist philosophy, Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged is the saga of the enigmatic John Galt, and his ambitious plan to 'stop the motor of the world', published in Penguin Modern Classics.

Opening with the enigmatic question 'Who is John Galt?', Atlas Shrugged envisions a world where the 'men of talent' - the great innovators, producers and creators - have mysteriously disappeared. With the US economy now faltering, businesswoman Dagny Taggart is struggling to get the transcontinental railroad up and running. For her John Galt is the enemy, but as she will learn, nothing in this situation is quite as it seems. Hugely influential and grand in scope, this story of a man who stopped the motor of the world expounds Rand's controversial philosophy of Objectivism, which champions competition, creativity and human greatness.

Ayn Rand (1905-82), born Alisa Rosenbaum in St. Petersburg, Russia, emigrated to America with her family in January 1926, never to return to her native land. Her novel The Fountainhead was published in 1943 and eventually became a bestseller. Still occasionally working as a screenwriter, Rand moved to New York City in 1951 and published Atlas Shrugged in 1957. Her novels espoused what came to be called Objectivism, a philosophy that champions capitalism and the pre-eminence of the individual.

If you enjoyed Atlas Shrugged, you might like Rand's The Fountainhead, also available in Penguin Modern Classics.

'A writer of great power ... she writes brilliantly, beautifully, bitterly' The New York Times

'Atlas Shrugged ... is a celebration of life and happiness' Alan Greenspan

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Atlas Shrugged – cliffsnotes.com

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The story of Atlas Shrugged takes place in the United States at an unspecified future time. Dagny Taggart, vice president in charge of operations for Taggart Transcontinental Railroad, seeks to rebuild the crumbling track of the Rio Norte Line that serves Ellis Wyatt's oil fields and the booming industrial areas of Colorado. The country is in a downward economic spiral with businesses closing and men out of work. Other countries in the world have become socialist Peoples' States and are destitute. Colorado, based on Wyatt's innovative method of extracting oil from shale, is the last great industrial center on earth. Dagny intends to provide Colorado the train service it requires, but her brother James Taggart, president of Taggart Transcontinental, tries to block her from getting new rails from Rearden Steel, the last reliable steel manufacturer. James wants to do business with the inefficient Associated Steel, which is run by his friend Orren Boyle. Dagny wants the new rail to be made of Rearden Metal, a new alloy that Hank Rearden developed after ten years of experiment. Because the metal has never been tried and has been denounced by metallurgists, James won't accept responsibility for using it. Dagny, who studied engineering in college, has seen the results of Rearden's tests. She accepts the responsibility and orders the rails made of Rearden Metal.

Worsening the economic depression in the U.S. is the unexplained phenomenon of talented men retiring and disappearing. For example, Owen Kellogg, a bright young Taggart employee for whom Dagny had great hopes, tells her that he is leaving the railroad. McNamara, a contractor who was supposed to rebuild the Rio Norte Line, retires unexpectedly. As more great men disappear, the American people become increasingly pessimistic. Dagny dislikes the new phrase that has crept into the language and signifies people's sense of futility and despair. Nobody knows the origin or exact meaning of the question "Who is John Galt?," but people use the unanswerable question to express their sense of hopelessness. Dagny rejects the widespread pessimism and finds a new contractor for the Rio Norte Line.

The crisis for Taggart Transcontinental worsens when the railroad's San Sebastian Line proves to be worthless and is nationalized by the Mexican government. The line, which cost millions of dollars, was supposed to provide freight service for the San Sebastian Mines, a new venture by Francisco d'Anconia, the wealthiest copper industrialist in the world. Francisco was Dagny's childhood friend and her former lover, but she now regards him as a worthless playboy. In this latest venture, d'Anconia has steered investors completely wrong, causing huge financial losses and a general sense of unrest.

James Taggart, in an attempt to recover the railroad's losses on the San Sebastian Line, uses his political friendships to influence the vote of the National Alliance of Railroads. The Alliance passes what's known as the "Anti-dog-eat-dog rule," prohibiting "cutthroat" competition. The rule puts the superb Phoenix-Durango Railroad, Taggart Transcontinental's competitor for the Colorado freight traffic, out of business. With the Phoenix-Durango line gone, Dagny must rebuild the Rio Norte Line quickly.

Dagny asks Francisco, who is in New York, what his purpose was in building the worthless Mexican mines. He tells her that it was to damage d'Anconia Copper and Taggart Transcontinental, as well as to cause secondary destructive consequences. Dagny is dumbfounded, unable to reconcile such a destructive purpose from the brilliant, productive industrialist Francisco was just ten years earlier. Not long after this conversation, Francisco appears at a celebration for Hank Rearden's wedding anniversary. Rearden's wife Lillian, his mother, and his brother are nonproductive freeloaders who believe that the strong are morally obliged to support the weak. Rearden no longer loves and cannot respect them, but he pities their weakness and carries them on his back. Francisco meets Rearden for the first time and warns him that the freeloaders have a weapon that they are using against him. Rearden questions why Francisco has come to the party, but Francisco says that he merely wished to become acquainted with Rearden. He won't explain his presence any further.

Although public opinion and an incompetent contractor are working against them, Dagny and Rearden build the Rio Norte Line. Rearden designs an innovative bridge for the line that takes advantage of the properties that his new metal possesses. The State Science Institute, a government research organization, tries to bribe and threaten Rearden to keep his metal off the market, but he won't give in. The Institute then issues a statement devoid of factual evidence that alleges possible weaknesses in the structure of Rearden Metal. Taggart stock crashes, the contractor quits, and the railroad union forbids its employees to work on the Rio Norte Line. When Dr. Robert Stadler, a brilliant theoretical scientist in whose name the State Science Institute was founded, refuses to publicly defend Rearden Metal even though he knows its value, Dagny makes a decision. She tells her brother that she will take a leave of absence, form her own company, and build the Rio Norte Line on her own. She signs a contract saying that when the line is successfully completed, she'll turn it back over to Taggart Transcontinental. Dagny chooses to name it the John Galt Line in defiance of the general pessimism that surrounds her.

Rearden and the leading businessmen of Colorado invest in the John Galt Line. Rearden feels a strong sexual attraction to Dagny but, because he regards sex as a demeaning impulse, doesn't act on his attraction. The government passes the Equalization of Opportunity Bill that prevents an individual from owning companies in different fields. The bill prohibits Rearden from owning the mines that supply him with the raw materials he needs to make Rearden Metal. However, Rearden creates a new design for the John Galt Line's Rearden Metal Bridge, realizing that if he combines a truss with an arch, it will enable him to maximize the best qualities of the new metal.

Dagny completes construction of the Line ahead of schedule. She and Rearden ride in the engine cab on the Line's first train run, which is a resounding success. Rearden and Dagny have dinner at Ellis Wyatt's home to celebrate. After dinner, Dagny and Rearden make love for the first time. The next day, Rearden is contemptuous of them both for what he considers their low urges, but Dagny is radiantly happy. She rejects Rearden's estimate, knowing that their sexual attraction is based on mutual admiration for each other's noblest qualities.

Dagny and Rearden go on vacation together, driving around the country looking at abandoned factories. At the ruins of the Twentieth Century Motor Company's factory in Wisconsin, they find the remnant of a motor with the potential to change the world. The motor was able to draw static electricity from the atmosphere and convert it to usable energy, but now it is destroyed.

Realizing how much the motor would benefit the transportation industry, Dagny vows to find the inventor. At the same time, she must fight against new proposed legislation. Various economic pressure groups, seeking to cash in on the industrial success of Colorado, want the government to force the successful companies to share their profits. Dagny knows that the legislation would put Wyatt Oil and the other Colorado companies out of business, destroy the Rio Norte Line, and remove the profit she needs to rebuild the rest of the transc
ontinental rail system, but she's powerless to prevent the legislation.

Dagny continues her nationwide quest to find the inventor of the motor, and she finally finds the widow of the engineer who ran the automobile company's research department. The widow tells Dagny that a young scientist working for her husband invented the motor. She doesn't know his name, but she provides a clue that leads Dagny to a cook in an isolated Wyoming diner. The cook tells Dagny to forget the inventor of the motor because he won't be found until he chooses. Dagny is shocked to discover that the cook is Hugh Akston, the world's greatest living philosopher. She goes to Cheyenne and discovers that Wesley Mouch, the new economic coordinator of the country, has issued a series of directives that will result in the strangling of Colorado's industrial success. Dagny rushes to Colorado but arrives too late. Ellis Wyatt, in defiance of the government's edict, set fire to his oil wells and retired.

Months later, the situation in Colorado continues to deteriorate. With the Wyatt oil wells out of business, the economy struggles. Several of the other major industrialists have retired and disappeared; nobody knows where they've gone. Dagny is forced to cut trains on the Colorado schedule. The one bright spot of her work is her continued search for the inventor of the motor. She speaks to Robert Stadler who recommends a young scientist, Quentin Daniels of the Utah Institute of Technology, as a man capable of undertaking the motor's reconstruction.

The State Science Institute orders 10,000 tons of Rearden Metal for a top-secret project, but Rearden refuses to sell it to them. Rearden sells to Ken Danagger, the country's best producer of coal, an amount of Rearden Metal that the law deems illegal. Meanwhile, at the reception for James Taggart's wedding, Francisco d'Anconia publicly defends the morality of producing wealth. Rearden overhears what Francisco says and finds himself increasingly drawn to this supposedly worthless playboy. The day following the reception, Rearden's wife discovers that he's having an affair, but she doesn't know with whom. A manipulator who seeks control over her husband, Lillian uses guilt as a weapon against him.

Dr. Ferris of the State Science Institute tells Rearden that he knows of the illegal sale to Ken Danagger and will take Rearden to trial if he refuses to sell the Institute the metal it needs. Rearden refuses, and the government brings charges against himself and Danagger. Dagny, in the meantime, has become convinced that a destroyer is loose in the world some evil creature that is deliberately luring away the brains of the world for a purpose she cannot understand. Her diligent assistant, Eddie Willers, knows that Dagny's fears are justified. He eats his meals in the workers' cafeteria, where he has befriended a nameless worker. Eddie tells the worker about Dagny's fear that Danagger is next in line for the destroyer that he'll be the next to retire and disappear. Dagny races to Pittsburgh to meet with Danagger to convince him to stay, but she's too late. Someone has already met with Danagger and convinced him to retire. In a mood of joyous serenity, Danagger tells Dagny that nothing could convince him to remain. The next day, he disappears.

Francisco visits Rearden and empathizes with the pain he has endured because of the invention of Rearden Metal. Francisco begins to ask Rearden what could make such suffering worthwhile when an accident strikes one of Rearden's furnaces. Francisco and Rearden race to the scene and work arduously to make the necessary repairs. Afterward, when Rearden asks him to finish his question, Francisco says that he knows the answer and departs.

At his trial, Rearden states that he doesn't recognize his deal with Danagger as a criminal action and, consequently, doesn't recognize the court's right to try him. He says that a man has the right to own the product of his effort and to trade it voluntarily with others. The government has no moral basis for outlawing the voluntary exchange of goods and services. The government, he says, has the power to seize his metal by force, and they have the power to compel him at the point of a gun. But he won't cooperate with their demands, and he won't pretend that the process is civil. If the government wishes to deal with men by compulsion, it must do so openly. Rearden states that he won't help the government pretend that his trial is anything but the initiation of a forced seizure of his metal. He says that he's proud of his metal, he's proud of his mills, he's proud of every penny that he's earned by his own hard work, and he'll not cooperate by voluntarily yielding one cent that is his. Rearden says that the government will have to seize his money and products by force, just like the robber it is. At this point, the crowd bursts into applause. The judges recognize the truth of what Rearden says and refuse to stand before the American people as open thieves. In the end, they fine Rearden and suspend the sentence.

Because of the new economic restrictions, the major Colorado industrialists have all retired and disappeared. Freight traffic has dwindled, and Taggart Transcontinental has been forced to shut down the Rio Norte Line. The railroad is in terrible condition: It is losing money, the government has convinced James Taggart to grant wage raises, and there is ominous talk that the railroad will be forced to cut shipping rates. At the same time, Wesley Mouch is desperate for Rearden to cooperate with the increasingly dictatorial government. Because Rearden came to Taggart's wedding celebration, Mouch believes that Taggart can influence Rearden. Mouch implies that a trade is possible: If Taggart can convince Rearden to cooperate, Mouch will prevent the government from forcing a cut in shipping rates. Taggart appeals to Lillian for help, and Lillian discovers that Dagny Taggart is her husband's lover.

In response to devastating economic conditions, the government passes the radical Directive 10-289, which requires that all workers stay at their current jobs, all businesses remain open, and all patents and inventions be voluntarily turned over to the government. When she hears the news, Dagny resigns from the railroad. Rearden doesn't resign from Rearden Steel, however, because he has two weeks to sign the certificate turning his metal over to the government, and he wants to be there to refuse when the time is up. Dr. Floyd Ferris of the State Science Institute comes to Rearden and says that the government has evidence of his affair with Dagny Taggart and will make it public dragging Dagny's name through the gutter if he refuses to sign over his metal. Rearden now knows that his desire for Dagny is the highest virtue he possesses and is free of all guilt regarding it, but he's a man who pays his own way. He knows that he should have divorced Lillian long ago and openly declared his love for Dagny. His guilt and error gave his enemies this weapon. He must pay for his own error and not allow Dagny to suffer, so he signs.

Dagny has retreated to a hunting lodge in the mountains that she inherited from her father. She's trying to decide what to do with the rest of her life when word reaches her that a train wreck of enormous proportions has destroyed the famed Taggart Tunnel through the heart of the Rockies, making all transcontinental traffic impossible on the main track. She rushes back to New York to resume her duties, and she reroutes all transcontinental traffic. She receives a letter from Quentin Daniels telling her that, because of Directive 10-289, he's quitting. Dagny plans to go west to inspect the t
rack and to talk to Daniels.

On the train ride west, Dagny rescues a hobo who is riding the rails. He used to work for the Twentieth Century Motor Company. He tells her that the company put into practice the communist slogan, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need," a scheme that resulted in enslaving the able to the unable. The first man to quit was a young engineer, who walked out of a mass meeting saying that he would put an end to this once and for all by "stopping the motor of the world." The bum tells her that as the years passed and they saw factories close, production drop, and great minds retire and disappear, they began to wonder if the young engineer, whose name was John Galt, succeeded.

On her trip west, Dagny's train is stalled when the crew abandons it. She finds an airplane and continues on to Utah to find Daniels, but she learns at the airport that Daniels left with a visitor in a beautiful plane. Realizing that the visitor is the "destroyer," she gives chase, flying among the most inaccessible peaks of the Rockies. Her plane crashes.

Dagny finds herself in Atlantis, the hidden valley to which the great minds have gone to escape the persecution of a dictatorial government. She finds that John Galt does exist and that he's the man she's been seeking in two ways: He is both the inventor of the motor and the "destroyer," the man draining the brains of the world. All the great men she admires are here inventors, industrialists, philosophers, scientists, and artists. Dagny learns that the brains are on strike. They refuse to think, create, and work in a world that forces them to sacrifice themselves to society. They're on strike against the creed of self-sacrifice, in favor of a man's right to his own life.

Dagny falls in love with Galt, who has loved and watched her for years. But Dagny is a scab, the most dangerous enemy of the strike, and Galt won't touch her yet. Dagny has the choice to join the strike and remain in the valley or go back to her railroad and the collapsing outside world. She is torn, but she refuses to give up the railroad and returns. Although Galt's friends don't want him to expose himself to the danger, he returns as well, so he can be near at hand when Dagny decides she's had enough.

When she returns, Dagny finds that the government has nationalized the railroad industry and controls it under a Railroad Unification Plan. Dagny can no longer make business decisions based on matters of production and profit; she is subject to the arbitrary whims of the dictators. The government wants Dagny to make a reassuring speech to the public on the radio and threatens her with the revelation of her affair with Rearden. On the air, Dagny proudly states that she was Rearden's lover and that he signed his metal over to the government only because of a blackmail threat. Before being cut off the air, Dagny succeeds in warning the American people about the ruthless dictatorship that the United States government is becoming.

Because of the government's socialist policies, the collapse of the U. S. economy is imminent. Francisco d'Anconia destroys his holdings and disappears because his properties worldwide are about to be nationalized. He leaves the "looters" the parasites who feed off the producers nothing, wiping out millions of dollars belonging to corrupt American investors like James Taggart. Meanwhile, politicians use their economic power to create their own personal empires. In one such scheme, the Taggart freight cars needed to haul the Minnesota wheat harvest to market are diverted to a project run by the relatives of powerful politicians. The wheat rots at the Taggart stations, the farmers riot, farms shut down (as do many of the companies providing them with equipment), people lose their jobs, and severe food shortages result.

During an emergency breakdown at the Taggart Terminal in New York City, Dagny finds that John Galt is one of the railroad's unskilled laborers. She sees him in the crowd of men ready to carry out her commands. After completing her task, Dagny walks into the abandoned tunnels, knowing that Galt will follow. They make love for the first time, and he then returns to his mindless labor.

The government smuggles its men into Rearden's mills, pretending that they're steelworkers. The union of steelworkers asks for a raise, but the government refuses, making it sound as if the refusal comes from Rearden. When Rearden rejects the Steel Unification Plan the government wants to spring on him, they use the thugs they've slipped into his mills to start a riot. The pretense of protecting Rearden is the government's excuse for taking over his mills. But Francisco d'Anconia, under an assumed name, has taken a job at Rearden's mills. He organizes the workers, and they successfully defend the mills against the government's thugs. Afterward, Francisco tells Rearden the rest of the things he wants him to know. Rearden retires, disappears, and joins the strike.

Mr. Thompson, the head of state, is set to address the nation regarding its dire economic conditions. But before he begins to speak, he is preempted, cut off the air by a motor of incalculable power. John Galt addresses the nation instead. Galt informs citizens that the men of the mind are on strike, that they require freedom of thought and action, and that they refuse to work under the dictatorship in power. The thinkers won't return, Galt says, until human society recognizes an individual's right to live his own life. Only when the moral code of self-sacrifice is rejected will the thinkers be free to create, and only then will they return.

The government rulers are desperate. Frantically, they seek John Galt. They want him to become economic dictator of the country so the men of the mind will come back and save the government, but Galt refuses. Realizing that Dagny thinks the same way that Galt does, the government has her followed. Mr. Thompson makes clear to Dagny that certain members of the government fear and hate Galt, and that if they find him first, they may kill him. Terrified, Dagny goes to Galt's apartment to see if he's still alive. The government's men follow her and take Galt into custody, and the rulers attempt to convince Galt to take charge of the country's economy. He refuses. They torture him, yet still he refuses. In the end, the strikers come to his rescue. Francisco and Rearden, joined now by Dagny, assault the grounds of the State Science Institute where Galt is held captive. They kill some guards and incapacitate others, release Galt, and return to the valley. Dagny and Galt are united. Shortly after, the final collapse of the looters' regime occurs, and the men of the mind are free to return to the world.

Next About Atlas Shrugged

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Atlas Shrugged Audiobook | Ayn Rand | Audible.com

Posted: at 9:53 pm

There's very few things I can add to all that have been said about "Atlas Shrugged" that haven't been said before. Ayn Rand wrote a timeless masterpiece who put her name across the most influential writers of the english language. The story by itself is an Ode to the Human Mind and the best within us. This book change the lives of those who enter in contact with it and, most of the time, for the better.

The production of this audiobook is perfect. There's no background noise and the sound is as crisp as it could be. Only on the technical standpoint, the recording is as perfect as the state of the technology allows it to be.

So, why I gave it only 3 stars? Because of the casting of Mr. Brick. I have no quarrel with him. He's a talented artist who, I am sure, would give an outstanding reading of "Pride and Prejudice". He's, sadly, a poor choice for "Atlas Shrugged". His voice is unable to carry the certainty of John Galt, Dagny Taggart seems to be a moment away to sobbing, Francisco d'Anconia got a mundane voice while Jim Taggart sounds perfectly sane(!). This mostly ruined my enjoyment of this recording. "Atlas Shrugged" is a righteous book and his voice is too mellow to sound right.

In summary, may I suggest to those who really want to enjoy this story that they acquire the Christopher Hurt's rendition of it? The quality is less than stellar but the reading is perfect. In fact, I listened to the later right after I listened Mr. Brick's recording, just to forget the poor experience I lived.

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Atlas Shrugged Audiobook | Ayn Rand | Audible.com

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MicroWiki – The Micronation.org Wiki

Posted: at 9:49 pm

Micronation.org costs 160 per year to keep online. Since we are unable to run advertisements, we ask that any users who are able and willing to do so make a contribution towards the site's costs so that we may continue to survive and thrive. Thank you!

From MicroWiki, the micronational encyclopdia

MicroWiki is the largest online encyclopdia about micronations, small and often rather eccentric nations that are unrecognised by the wider international community. The wiki is being continually improved and updated by hundreds of editors, with content being moderated by a small group of staff. Since its creation on 27 May 2005, the site has grown to become one of the largest micronational-related websites with a total of 39,300 pages and 8,977 articles, of which 45 have achieved good article status. However, before you start editing, it is recommended that you take a look at our content disclaimer, basic rules of editing, and the Nation page guide. If you need help, visit our meeting point, the MicroWiki forums.

The Cheslovian Federation (Russian: Chesloviyskaya Federatsiya, Cheslovian: Chesloviskai Vederatsiya) was a micronation founded on 11 March 2003, and reformed into the present day 2nd Federation. It bordered the United Kingdom, the Principality of Malokaz, the Republic of Arvas and the Kingdom of Ud Mahazar. Cheslovia had an area of 91km (not including its distant territories), and much of its territory was situated inside the Baltian Sector. Cheslovia had four distant territories not connected to the mainland (also known as Capital Sector, the main part of Cheslovia which lies inside Baltia); these were the New Cheslovia Collective, Yakuria Collective, Beslau Krai and South Kaznia Okrug. The Cheslovian Federation was classified as a micronational Regional Power, accourding to its Baltian neighbours and was also one of the most influential countries in the MicroWiki nations. Cheslovia was previously known as Kaznia before a name change occured on 2 November 2008 and the name was changed to Cheslovia; the name Kaznia is still used on an informal scale, with many Cheslovian citizens still calling themselves Kaznian and very occasionally formal documents still mention the name Kaznia. (more...)

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MicroWiki - The Micronation.org Wiki

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Plan B Retirement – Intentional communities

Posted: at 9:49 pm

Dallas News (online) Cohousing catching on in U.S.

Move revisits commune idea in a more grown-up format

09:44 AM CST on Tuesday, January 30, 2007 By BOB MOOS / The Dallas Morning News bmoos@dallasnews.com

Baby boomers Connie and Rex Fountain belong to the generation that made communes popular in the 1960s. Now, as retirement approaches, they and others their age are considering another kind of collective living.

The fiftysomething Arlington couple have joined about 60 area residents interested in building their own "cohousing" community, where neighbors treat one another like members of an extended family.

"I don't want to grow old in a neighborhood where people hide behind fences and act afraid of each other," Mrs. Fountain said. "I want to live in a community where people sit on their front porches and visit."

Cohousing residents own their homes but share a common building that includes a kitchen, dining area and living room.

Community members enjoy meals together two or three times a week and divide up chores.

"Cohousing combines the privacy of one's own home with the security of belonging to a close-knit community where people look after each other," said Neshama Abraham, a Boulder, Colo., consultant who works with cohousing groups.

Cohousing communities aren't cookie-cutter projects. Each is unique. Prospective residents are intimately involved in the planning, though they may rely on an architect and developer to handle the technical aspects of design and construction. Projects usually consist of 20 to 30 households.

The idea originated in Europe and is taking root in this country. About 5,000 people live in 93 communities, according to the Cohousing Association of the United States. An additional 107 communities are in some stage of planning or development.

An old twist

The latest twist to the nascent trend is cohousing exclusively for people 55 and older. The first two communities opened in Davis, Calif., and Abingdon, Va., in the past year, and a third is under construction in Boulder.

About 25 others are under discussion, including ones in the Dallas area, East Texas and the Texas Hill Country.

Experts say cohousing is suited to baby boomers, who will be looking to remain in control of their lives when they retire. Communities reach decisions by group consensus, not by a top-down hierarchy.

A poll by the MetLife Mature Market Institute and AARP found that 22 percent of respondents 50 to 65 would be interested in building a home to share with friends that included private space and communal living areas.

Members of several Dallas-area Unitarian Universalist churches formed the North Texas cohousing group last year because they want to re-create the strong sense of community they remember from their childhood neighborhoods.

"We're trying to build an old-fashioned neighborhood in a new way," said Janet Martinique, a retired customs broker who volunteered to be the group's facilitator.

The group has met several times since fall to learn about cohousing. Once enough people have made commitments to the project, Ms. Martinique said, they will discuss possible sites and consider developers.

The 60 people who have expressed an interest in the community range in age from 50 to 75. Half are retired. Many are Unitarians, though that's not a requirement to join. Almost all have been community activists.

Help with planning

Mary Leggitt, who's 71 and lives in Red Oak, said she looks forward to spending the rest of her life in a community she'll help plan.

Especially appealing to her are the occasional meals the residents will take turns preparing in the common house's kitchen. "You should know that I make a pretty mean dish of chicken," she pointed out.

Ms. Leggitt said conventional senior communities would have made her feel too much like a patient in an institution. In cohousing, she said, she'll keep her independence and have a say in managing the community.

"I'll also have the comfort of knowing my neighbors are nearby if I need help," she said.

In senior cohousing communities, residents pay for their own home health care when they require it. But their collective living arrangements may enable several to share the cost of a single aide.

Experts say cohousing isn't for everyone. The planning often takes two years or longer. Residents meet regularly to talk about what their community should look like and what everyone's responsibilities should be.

"Give-and-take is the name of the game," Ms. Abraham said. "People who think they always should get their way will find they don't have the right personality for cohousing and will weed themselves out of the group."

As a group moves ahead with hiring an architect, lining up a developer and arranging the financing, members cover those costs. Ms. Abraham said the upfront fees usually amount to 5 percent of a home's cost.

Experts say cohousing isn't necessarily cheaper to buy than conventional homes of comparable size, but the communities' emphasis on energy efficiency and shared living arrangements may produce some long-term savings. "Thirty households might be able to get by with one lawnmower, for example," Ms. Abraham said.

Residents typically pay homeowners' dues to keep up the common areas. Depending on the community, residents do the gardening and maintenance themselves, or they hire outside help.

Cohousing groups can trim months, if not years, off the planning process if they work with developers who understand this kind of housing, but finding such builders can be challenging, according to Charles Durrett, the California architect who's credited with bringing the cohousing concept to America.

Tightrope walk

"Groups walk a tightrope here," he said. "They need to find a developer who will guide them through the process without controlling it."

Cohousing projects don't appeal to many developers because they're small and out of the ordinary, Mr. Durrett said. Still, they appeal to some because they offer builders a group of committed homebuyers and, therefore, less risk.

Jim Sargent, a custom homebuilder in Waxahachie, said he's interested in developing senior cohousing on land he owns in Red Oak. He said he considers most suburban housing a failure and wants to right a wrong.

"Nobody knows his neighbor anymore. That's OK as long as you work. But once you retire, you're alone all day in a big house," he said. "Your friends don't have to be across town; they can be across the courtyard."

Mr. Sargent said he'd like to begin construction by the end of the year and price his homes under $150,000.

At the ElderSpirit community that opened in Abingdon, Va., in early 2006, residents say their years of planning have paid off. Thirty-eight people from 10 states have moved in and begun to live like members of an extended family.

Homes sold for $90,000 to $114,000. Monthly dues run $150.

When someone becomes sick, a committee of residents coordinates the care that neighbors will give. It might be driving someone to a doctor's appointment, bringing over hot meals or just stopping by to visit.

Patricia Gaskin, 69, sold her house in northern Michigan to live in ElderSpirit. Still grieving from her husband's death three months earlier, she found her new neighbors especially understanding and supportive.

Ms. Gaskin now fills her days with gardening, poetry readings, film history c
lasses and potluck dinners.

"I don't feel so alone anymore," she said. "I'm part of something much larger than myself. I can't tell you what a sense of security that gives me."

COMMUNITY FEATURES

Though each cohousing group designs its own community, there are common characteristics.

Each private home is a complete house in and of itself, but it's usually about half the size of a traditional home.

The common house becomes an extension of each home, with guest rooms, laundry facilities and workshops that residents can use when needed.

The private homes are often built around a courtyard, or they're clustered to create broad, open spaces.

Cars are parked on the outskirts of the property to encourage residents to use the walkways and mingle.

...

RESOURCES

Organizations involved in senior cohousing include:

Cohousing Association of the United States: http://www.cohousing.org

Elder Cohousing Network: http://www.eldercohousing.org or 303-413-8066

ElderSpirit Community, Abingdon, Va.: http://www.elderspirit.net/ or 276-628-8908

Silver Sage Village, Boulder, Colo.: http://silversagevillage.com/ or 303-449-3232

Chuck Durrett, architect and author of Senior Cohousing: A Community Approach to Independent Living: http://www.mccamant-durrett.com or 530-265-9980

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Plan B Retirement - Intentional communities

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What is an Intentional Community? – Meadowdance

Posted: at 9:49 pm

What is an intentional community? For many people, the idea of an intentional community doesn't ring a bell even though it has been in practice for thousands of years. In essence, an intentional community is a group of people coming together in a place they create to live in some particular way. The variety of intentional communities is nearly infinite: some are religious, some are not; politics run the gamut; they are large and small, rural and urban, ecologically minded and materialistic. They include monasteries, communes, anarchic squatter houses, cooperative housing, co-housing, kibbutzim, Christian activist communities, Shaker communities, and many other kinds of groups. Making generalizations about intentional communities is about as accurate as making generalizations about people.

One of the few things that can be said about most intentional communities across the board is that they are built on a stronger sense of community than is common in a conventional setting. People know each other better, work and/or play together, and in most cases share some values, goals, or beliefs. There are real advantages to living in a place of this kind for people who are open to being an integral part of their communities.

For most purposes, groups that don't live together aren't intentional communities in the sense meant here; the term also cannot apply to 'planned developments' and similar places for two reasons: first, the groups of people who come to them do not necessarily come together in any meaningful sense. Second, the environment is created by some external planning group that then sells homes or lots or living units, rather than being created by the residents

The real power of this idea is the thought that the ways people live in the Western world today are not the only ways to live. For Meadowdance, this is attractive because we can build a place where people are supportive rather than dismissive of children; where ecology is a primary focus rather than a weakly implemented afterthought; and where value is placed on people, relationships, and the natural world rather than on money and possessions. Other groups are attracted by being able to share religious or artistic or other values.

The term "community" is often used as shorthand for "intentional community"; however, this is not meant to imply that intentional communities are the only kind of real community there are, only to help get around the fact that "intentional community" is such a mouthful.

Are intentional communities communes? The term "commune" can mean many different things; while some people use it as equivalent to "intentional community", this usage might be confusing in certain circumstances. One fairly precise definition of a commune is a community where all resources are shared equally or based on need. In this sense, communes are intentional communities, but most intentional communities are not communes. Some people associate communes also with anarchy, drug use, irresponsibility, lack of financial stability, a temporary lifespan, and/or a "hippy" lifestyle. These associations don't apply to most intentional communities, so the term commune is often not a helpful one when talking about intentional communities.

-- Luc Reid, 23 April 1999

DISCLAIMER: The term "intentional community" can have different meanings for different people, and this is only one take on its essential import.

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What is an Intentional Community? - Meadowdance

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The future of neo-eugenics. Now that many people approve …

Posted: at 9:49 pm

Every year, 4.1 million babies are born in the USA. On the basis of the well-known risk of Down syndrome, about 6,150 of these babies would be expected to suffer from this genetic condition, which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. In reality, only about 4,370 babies are born with Down syndrome; the others have been aborted during pregnancy. These estimates are based on a prevalence rate of 0.15% and an abortion rate of about 29% of fetuses diagnosed with Down syndrome in Atlanta, GA (Siffel et al, 2004), and Hawaii (Forrester & Merz, 2002)the only two US locations for which reliable data are available. Data from other regions are similar or even higher: 32% of Down syndrome fetuses were aborted in Western Australia (Bourke et al, 2005); 75% in South Australia (Cheffins et al, 2000); 80% in Taiwan (Jou et al, 2005); and 85% in Paris, France (Khoshnood et al, 2004). Despite this trend, the total number of babies born with Down syndrome is not declining in most industrialized nations because both the number of older mothers and the conception rate is increasing.

These abortions are eugenic in both intention and effectthat is, their purpose is to eliminate a genetically defective fetus and thus allow for a genetically superior child in a subsequent pregnancy. This is a harsh way of phrasing it; another way is to say that parents just want to have healthy children. Nevertheless, however it is phrased, the conclusion is starkly unavoidable: terminating the pregnancy of a genetically defective fetus is widespread. Moreover, because none of the countries mentioned above coerce parents into aborting deformed fetuses, these abortionswhich number many thousands each yearare carried out at the request of the parents, or at least the mothers. This high number of so-called medical abortions shows that many people, in many parts of the world, consider the elimination of a genetically defective fetus to be morally acceptable.

This high number of so-called medical abortions shows that many people consider the elimination of a genetically defective fetus to be morally acceptable

This form of eugenic selection is not confined to Down syndrome, which is characterized by mental retardation, a higher risk of various diseases, and a range of major and minor abnormalities in body structure and function. Fetuses with many disorders detectable by ultrasound in utero are also aborted. Data from the European Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities shows that between 1995 and 1999 about 40% of infants with any one of 11 main congenital disorders were aborted in Europe (Garne et al, 2005). Similarly, the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring System (ICBDMS; Rome, Italy) provides data for the eight main industrialized (G8) countries. From this data, I calculate that in 2002, 20% of fetuses with apparent birth defects were aborted in G8 countriesthat is, between 30,000 and 40,000 fetuses. As a result, many congenital disorders are becoming rare (ICBDMS, 2004) and, as they do, infant mortality rates are also declining. In Western Australia, neonatal mortality rates due to congenital deformities declined from 4.36 to 2.75 per 1,000 births in the period from 1980 to 1998. Half of that decline is thought to be due to the increase in abortions of abnormal fetuses (Bourke et al, 2005).

The widespread acceptance of abortion as a eugenic practice suggests that there might be little resistance to more sophisticated methods of eugenic selection and, in general, this has been the case. Increasingly, prenatal diagnosis of genetic conditions is carried out on the basis of molecular tests for Mendelian disorders. There are few published data on the frequency and consequences of such tests, but a recent survey of genetic testing in Italy showed that about 20,000 fetuses were tested in 2004, mostly for mutations causing cystic fibrosis, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Fragile X mental retardation (Dallapiccola et al, 2006). In Taiwan, screens for thalassaemia mutations have caused the live-birth prevalence of this disease to drop from 5.6 to 1.21 per 100,000 births over eight years (Chern et al, 2006).

However, such tests probably do not markedly decrease the mutational burden of a nation's newborns. Usually, a fetus is only tested for a specific mutation when its family medical history indicates that there is a clear risk. If, as must often be the case, parents are oblivious to the fact that they are carriers of a genetic disorder, they will have no reason to undergo a prenatal diagnosis, which is both expensive and invasive. Fetuses are also not tested for de novo mutations. However, given that manyperhaps mostparents want healthy children, should all fetuses be screened for many disease-causing mutations?

It is a question that some geneticists are now asking (Van den Veyver & Beaudet, 2006). They point out that comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarrays could be used to screen a single embryo or fetus for thousands of mutations. One type of CGH microarray that is close to clinical application is designed to detect changes in gene copy number across the whole genome (Vissers et al, 2005). These arrays, which are based on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, can detect aneusomiesdeletions and duplicationsof about 100 kilobases in size. Such aneusomies are found in almost all individuals with no negative consequences, but a minority, which affect dosage-sensitive genes, cause disease. A recent study in which 100 patients with unexplained mental retardation were screened for aneusomies gives some indication of the importance of aneusomies in genetic disorders (de Vries et al, 2005). Most of the copy number changes found in these patients were also found in healthy parents or controls and thus were probably not responsible for the disease; however, ten patients had unique de novo mutations. Therefore, this study identified a likelyalbeit unprovengenetic cause of mental retardation in 10% of patients; a remarkable result for a single screen.

The virtue of a BAC-based microarray is that it can detect novel, as well as known, deletions and duplications; its limitation is that it misses the point mutations that are the cause of many, perhaps most, genetic diseases. Such mutations presumably account for at least some of the retardation in the 90 patients in whom no aneusomies were detected. At present there is no feasible method of screening the genome of a patient for all possible mutationsat least not without sequencing it. However, there is no technical obstacle to constructing an oligo-based micoarray able to detect all known disease-causing mutations.

there is no technical obstacle to constructing an oligo-based micoarray able to detect all known disease-causing mutations

How useful would such a microarray be? More precisely, if a geneticist were able to screen a randomly chosen embryo for all known disease genes, what is the probability that he or she would be able to predict a genetic disease should the embryo come to term and live to adulthood? At the time of writing, the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD; http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk) identifies 64,251 mutations in 2,362 human genes that impair health. Most of these mutations are individually rare, but collectively they are very common. Indeed, given that there are so many mutations, the probability that an embryo is at risk of a genetic disease caused by at least one of them must be quite high.

An individual's risk of suffering from a genetic disease depends on the mode of inheritan
ce of the diseaseautosomal dominant (AD), X-linked recessive (XLR) or autosomal recessive (AR)and the global frequency of the causal mutation. A survey of 567 disease-causing loci from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database showed that about 59% are AD, 32% are AR, and 9% are XLR (Jimenez-Sanchez et al, 2001). Using these percentages with the 64,251 known disease-causing mutations in HGMD, we can estimate that 37,908 are AD, 20,560 are AR and 5,783 are XLR.

To complete our calculation, we need to know the typical global frequencies of each of these three types of mutation. It is surprisingly difficult to obtain global frequency data for disease alleles; however, Reich & Lander (2001) give the total frequencies of all known disease mutations for 14 monogenic diseases: 4 AD, 3 XLR, and 7 AR. The HGMD then provides us with the total number of disease-causing mutations known for each of these 14 genes, which ranges from 31 for haemochromatosis to 1,262 for cystic fibrosis.

Using these figures, I have calculated average allelic frequencies (). The fact that AR mutations are more common than AD or XLR mutations makes sense, as selection acts less intensively on them. Multiplying these numbers by the number of mutations in each inheritance class calculated above, while taking into account the mode of inheritance and assuming global HardyWeinberg equilibrium, I calculate that the probability of predicting an inherited disease in a randomly chosen human embryo is almost 0.4% (). Therefore, it should be possible to predict a disease in 1 in 252 embryos.

The probability of predicting a genetic disease in a random embryo if it were screened for all currently known mutations

The prediction of a genetic disease in a fetus does not necessarily indicate that it should be aborted. This decision ultimately depends on the strength of the prediction and the nature of the disease, both of which vary greatly among mutations. A female embryo with a single BRCA1 mutation, which is dominant, has a 68% probability of developing breast cancer by the age of 80 (Risch et al, 2001). Conversely, an embryo with two copies of the HFE C282Y mutation, which is recessive, has less than a 1% probability of developing haemochromatosis, a relatively mild blood disease (Beutler et al, 2002). Whether such risks warrant aborting either fetus is a decision to be made by its parents and their clinical advisors, but it should be noted that most of the mutations in the HGMD cause classical Mendelian disorders detected by family linkage studies and so have fairly high penetrance.

The estimate of the rate of disease prediction that I have given here is crude, but it is probably conservative. For convenience, I assumed a HardyWeinberg equilibrium, but in isolated populations or populations with a high degree of consanguinityfor instance, much of the Middle East through to Pakistanthe number of disease-causing homozygotes will be higher than my calculations. In addition, the rate of disease prediction will continue to rise as more and more disease-causing mutations are found. In 2005, 7,017 mutations were added to the HGMD26% more than in 2004.

One impediment to a universal, total prenatal screen for all known mutations is the invasive nature of the procedureit requires amniocentesis () or chorionic sampling to retrieve cells from the amniotic sacand the traumatic nature of the treatment, which is therapeutic abortion. Perhaps, then, a total mutation screen will not be used in prenatal diagnosis, but rather in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This procedure tests embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) for chromosomal abnormalities and specific mutations before implantation, by removing a single cell from the embryo at the eight-cell stage. Healthy embryos are then implanted; poor embryosshowing one or several abnormalitiesare frozen or discarded. As in prenatal diagnosis, PGD is generally carried out only when a family medical history suggests that the embryo is at risk of a specific disease (Braude et al, 2002). Since its introduction in the mid-1980s, the procedure has spread quickly, although it remains illegal in some countries, such as Germany, which does, however, allow prenatal screens for a range of severe inheritable diseases. Data collected by the European IVF-monitoring Programme for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE; Grimbergen, Belgium) showed that 1,563 PGD screens were recorded in 25 European nations in 2002, compared with 882 in 2001 (Andersen et al, 2006). There do not seem to be any comparable data for the USA, but given the large number of US IVF clinics offering PGDand the lack of regulationthe number of people across the world who have survived a PGD screen must now number tens of thousands.

the number of people across the world who have survived a PGD screen must now number tens of thousands

Ultrasound scan to amniocentesis test. Amniocentesis is a diagnostic procedure performed by inserting a needle (seen on the left) through the abdominal wall into the uterus and withdrawing a small amount of fluid from the sac surrounding the fetus. The ...

How common will PGD become? Is it possible that one day every citizen of an industrialized nation will have survived, as an embryo, a PGD screen? Most commentators who have considered such a scenariowhich was portrayed in the movie GATTACAdo not think so (Silver, 2000). Their main argument is that PGDand the need to use IVFis too expensive, inconvenient and limited in application to ever become widespread. They have a point: nature has contrived a cheap, easy and enjoyable way to conceive a child; IVF is none of these things.

However, the difficulties might be exaggerated. A course of IVF in the UK costs between 7,000 and 10,000expensive, but cheaper than a mid-range car, and trivial compared with the costs of raising a child. Conception rates using IVF are generally lower compared with the old-fashioned method, but that is because many of the women who undergo IVF are relatively old (CDC, 2003). For women under 35 who have no fertility problems, the success rate per cycle is greater than 50%, which is comparable to natural monthly conception rates. However, perhaps the most important evidence against the idea that IVFand PGDwill not catch on is the observation that it already has. At present, about 1% of Americans are conceived using IVF, and each year 4% of Danes start their life in a petri dish (Nyboe Andersen & Erb, 2006). It seems possible that if the cost of IVF decreases further and the number of PGD screens expands, an increasing number of parents will choose not to subject their children to the vicissitudes of natural conception and the risk of severe genetic disease.

It seems possible that an increasing number of parents will choose not to subject their children to the vicissitudes of natural conception and the risk of severe genetic disease

Ultimately, the argument for a universal, total mutation screen will be based on its economic costs and benefits. It is too soon to draw up a detailed balance sheet, but we can suggest some numbers. Congenital mental retardation afflicts about 51,000 children annually in the USA; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that each afflicted child will cost the US economy $1 million over the course of his or her lifethat is, a collective cost of $51 billion (CDC, 2004). This does not include the social and emotional cost that parents assume
in raising a mentally disabled child, which all but defy quantification.

Will neo-eugenics spread? Probably. At least it is hard to see what will stop it if, as I claim, it becomes possible to detect all known disease-causing mutations before birth or implantation, if the cost of IVF and PGD declines, and if eugenic screens have clear economic benefits. Some readers might find it peculiar that in this discussion of neo-eugenics, I have not considered the ethical or legal implications with which this subject is generally considered to be fraught. Although I do not doubt their importance, I simply have no particular knowledge of them. Peter Medawar put it best 40 years ago: If the termination of a pregnancy is now in question, scientific evidence might tell us that the chances of a defective birth are 100 percent, 50 percent, 25 percent, or perhaps unascertainable. The evidence is highly relevant to the decision, but the decision itself is not a scientific one, and I see no reason why scientists as such should be specially well-qualified to make it (Medawar, 1966).

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The future of neo-eugenics. Now that many people approve ...

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Ascension (TV Mini-Series 2014) – Full Cast & Crew – IMDb

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Tricia Helfer ...

Viondra Denniger (3 episodes, 2014)

Dr. Juliet Bryce (3 episodes, 2014)

Aaron Gault (3 episodes, 2014)

Nora Bryce (3 episodes, 2014)

Emily Vanderhaus (3 episodes, 2014)

Katherine Warren (3 episodes, 2014)

Christa Valis (3 episodes, 2014)

Lorelei Wright (3 episodes, 2014)

Jackie (3 episodes, 2014)

Eva Marceau (3 episodes, 2014)

Ophelia (3 episodes, 2014)

Presley Delon (3 episodes, 2014)

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New Stewardess (2 episodes, 2014)

Laura Enzmann (2 episodes, 2014)

Orderly (2 episodes, 2014)

Young Gault Mom / ... (2 episodes, 2014)

Mid-Level Student / ... (2 episodes, 2014)

Doug Bodwin (2 episodes, 2014)

(1 episode, 2014)

Deborah Fermi (1 episode, 2014)

Timothy Fermi (1 episode, 2014)

Susan Carr (1 episode, 2014)

Paul Carr (1 episode, 2014)

Marilyn Wright (1 episode, 2014)

Security Officer (1 episode, 2014)

Samantha Munoz (1 episode, 2014)

Alfred Munoz (1 episode, 2014)

Playful Slap Officer (1 episode, 2014)

Christa's Mom (1 episode, 2014)

Machine Shop Foreman (1 episode, 2014)

Orderly #2 (1 episode, 2014)

Young Gault (1 episode, 2014)

Abraham's Nurse (1 episode, 2014)

Rhonda (1 episode, 2014)

Scott (1 episode, 2014)

Tech in White (1 episode, 2014)

Young Opelia (1 episode, 2014)

Security Guard (1 episode, 2014)

Mitchell Egland (1 episode, 2014)

New Stewardess (1 episode, 2014)

Skrillex Employee (1 episode, 2014)

Pharmacist (1 episode, 2014)

Student #2 (1 episode, 2014)

Student #3 (1 episode, 2014)

Student #4 (1 episode, 2014)

Lower Deck Worker (1 episode, 2014)

Lower Deck Worker (1 episode, 2014)

Woman in Tears (1 episode, 2014)

Beach Girl (1 episode, 2014)

Stewardess (1 episode, 2014)

Student (1 episode, 2014)

Poker Player #3 (uncredited) (1 episode, 2014)

Poker Player #2 (uncredited) (1 episode, 2014)

Stockyard Worker (uncredited) (1 episode, 2014)

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Ascension (TV Mini-Series 2014) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb

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