Artists rendition of quantum entanglement. (NSF image by Nicolle R. Fuller)

As part of the federal governments effort to speed the development of quantum computers, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded the University of California, Berkeley, $25 million over five years to establish a multi-university institute focused on advancing quantum science and engineering and training a future workforce to build and use quantum computers.

The UC Berkeley-led center is one of three Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes (QLCI) announced today (Tuesday, July 21) by NSF and represents a $75 million investment. The initiatives are a central part of the National Quantum Initiative Act of 2018, the White Houses Industries of the Future program and NSFs ongoing Quantum Leap effort.

The QLCI for Present and Future Quantum Computation connects UC Berkeley, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara and five other universities around the nation, harnessing a wealth of experimental and theoretical quantum scientists to improve and determine how best to use todays rudimentary quantum computers, most of them built by private industry or government labs. The goal, ultimately, is to make quantum computers as common as the mobile phones, which are digital computers, in our pockets.

There is a sense that we are on the precipice of a really big move toward quantum computing, said Dan Stamper-Kurn, UC Berkeley professor of physics and director of the institute. We think that the development of the quantum computer will be a real scientific revolution, the defining scientific challenge of the moment, especially if you think about the fact that the computer plays a central role in just about everything society does. If you have a chance to revolutionize what a computer is, then you revolutionize just about everything else.

Situated near the heart of todays computer industry, Silicon Valley, and at major California universities and national labs, this center establishes California as the world center for research in quantum computing, he said.

Quantum computers are fundamentally different from the digital computers in our cellphones, laptops, cars and appliances. You can think of digital computers as a collection of millions of independent bits either ones or zeros that flip back and forth every billionth of a second based on a series of instructions called an algorithm. The harder the problem, the longer the list of instructions.

In a quantum computer, each bit is linked to every other bit quantumly entangled so that the description of the state of even 100 quantum bits would be far larger than could be stored on the biggest classical digital computer.

Translating this remarkable ability of quantum computers into actually solving a computational problem is very challenging and requires a completely new way of thinking about algorithms, said Umesh Vazirani, UC Berkeley professor of computer science and co-director of the institute. Designing effective quantum algorithms is a key challenge in realizing the enormous potential of quantum computers.

IBMs quantum computer, called Q. (Photo courtesy of IBM)

Theoretical work has shown that quantum computers are the best way to do some important tasks: factoring large numbers, encrypting or decrypting data, searching databases or finding optimal solutions for problems. Using quantum mechanical principles to process information offers an enormous speedup over the time it takes to solve many computational problems on current digital computers.

Scientific problems that would take the age of the universe to solve on a standard computer potentially could take only a few minutes on a quantum computer, said Eric Hudson, UCLA professor of physics and co-director of the new institute. We may get the ability to design new pharmaceuticals to fight diseases on a quantum computer instead of in a laboratory. Learning the structure of molecules and designing effective drugs, each of which has thousands of atoms, are inherently quantum challenges. A quantum computer potentially could calculate the structure of molecules and how molecules react and behave.

I think quantum computing is inevitable, Stamper-Kurn added. I dont know the time scale Is it 100 years or 10 years? but we are talking about exponential increases in capability.

At the moment, quantum computers typically yoke together a paltry 50 or fewer quantum bits, or qubits. But that is quite an achievement, Stamper-Kurn said, considering that it came about rapidly over the past decade and has already spawned a nascent quantum computer industry. In light of these advances, scientists and the federal government anticipate even faster progress if the government invests in basic research and education that complement the technical progress being made by companies such as Google, Microsoft Corp., Intel and IBM.

Googles Sycamore chip, a quantum computer, is kept cool inside their quantum cryostat. (Image by Eric Lucero/Google, Inc.)

The new institute, which also includes the University of Southern California, California Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Washington, Seattle, will tackle some of the major challenges in the field.

We know that quantum computers are on their way there are researchers across the country working to build and test them, said NSF program director Henry Warchall. But anyone with a computer will tell you that hardware isnt useful without software to run on it and thats where this center will lead us toward solutions. The NSF Quantum Leap Challenge Institute for Present and Future Quantum Computing will help us have key programming elements in place when quantum computing hardware is in place.

One of the institutes first challenges is to identify the applications for which current quantum computers are most suited, in order to make full use of todays first generation computers.

People talk about noisy intermediate scale quantum computers, or NISQ devices, which is what we have at present. They are pretty limited in what they can do, most importantly because they dont know how to correct the errors that come up during the computation, Stamper-Kurn said. They are going to be useful for short-scale or small-scale computation, but it is critical that we find ways to use them productively, because that will stimulate the whole field.

The institute will also address the long-term challenge of developing algorithms for the next generation of quantum computers that will enable critical scientific, economic and societal advances, as well as navigate the boundary between quantum and classical computational capabilities.

Realizing the full power of quantum computation requires development of efficient schemes for correction of errors during operation of quantum machines, as well as protocols for testing and benchmarking, Vazirani said.

A vacuum chamber with an ion trap in the center. In this instance, calcium ions are held 100 micrometers above the surface by means of electrical fields. The ions are observed from the top. (UC Berkeley photo courtesy of Hartmut Haffner)

Understanding the computational capabilities of quantum computers is one of the most important challenges for the field and will be an important driver of progress moving forward. This will require a major increase in the number of computer scientists engaged in these questions.

The Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing at UC Berkeley is uniquely poised to create this engagement, said Vazirani, who is leading the quantum computing effort at the institute. The Simons Institute is a mecca for the foundations of computing and will host a number of researchers in quantum computing and facilitate the kind of intense, in-person, cross-disciplinary collaboration that can result in rapid progress.

Also key is a partnership with UCLAs Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, which will help apply mathematical and data science tools to the field.

The magnitude of the challenge also requires input of domain expertise from scientific and mathematical/computational disciplines, to allow quantum algorithm design to be tailored to specific problems.

Quantum algorithm design is entering an era of co-design, where the specific scientific and computational constraints and the need to preserve the fragile quantum coherence underlying quantum algorithms are leveraged to generate an efficient solution to a particular scientific problem, said Birgitta Whaley, UC Berkeley professor of chemistry and co-director of the institute. We know how to do this for small systems, but scaling up to large quantum machines brings new challenges for implementation. That is something we will tackle in the new institute.

Experimentalists and theorists from the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering, mathematics and computer science will tackle some of these outstanding problems in particular, how to scale up computers from tens to millions of qubits without losing the quantum properties of the ensemble of qubits.

The big question is: How do you make a quantum system bigger and bigger without making it perform worse and worse? Stamper-Kurn said. What people see is that, as the thing gets bigger, more noise creeps in, calibration is more difficult, connectivity is difficult it is hard to get one part of the computer to talk to the other.

The group plans to focus on three experimental platforms that use different quantum systems as qubits: trapped ions, trapped atoms and superconducting circuits.

Some of these systems work great at a small number of qubits, so we can work really hard on increasing their fidelity, making them more accurate. Some naturally operate at a larger number of qubits, and we can test out ideas about how to operate a quantum computer with a limited range of controls, but a lot of qubits to work with, Stamper-Kurn said. They are all early in the technological development curve, so by introducing some new technologies with the help of engineers, we can improve our ability to operate a lot of systems at once.

An argon plasma discharge is used to clean an ion trap to allow for better coherence during quantum information transfer. Trapped ions are one of the most advanced candidates for a scalable quantum processing device. (UC Berkeley photo courtesy of Hartmut Hffner)

The grant will foster interactions among researchers and doctoral students from many fields with the help of fellowships, conferences and workshops. But a major component will be training a future workforce akin to the way computer science training at universities like UC Berkeley and Stanford fueled Silicon Valleys rise to become a tech giant. UCLA will pilot a masters degree program in quantum science and technology to train a quantum-smart workforce, while massive online courses, or MOOCs, will help spread knowledge and understanding of quantum computers even for high school students.

The team hopes to partner with Department of Energy laboratories, such as Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which in 2018 launched an Advanced Quantum Testbed to further quantum computation based on superconducting circuits.

The project came to fruition, in part, thanks to a UC-wide consortium, the California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, funded by UCs Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives (MRPI).

The award recognizes the teams vision of how advances in computational quantum science can reveal new fundamental understanding of phenomena at the tiniest length-scale that can benefit innovations in artificial intelligence, medicine, engineering and more, said Theresa Maldonado, UCs vice president for research and innovation. We are proud to lead the nation in engaging excellent students from diverse backgrounds into this field of study.

Co-directors of the institute are UCLAs Eric Hudson; Whaley, who is co-director of the Berkeley Quantum Information & Computation Center (QBIC); Vazirani, the Roger A. Strauch Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences and co-director of the Berkeley Quantum Information & Computation Center (QBIC); and Hartmut Hffner, UC Berkeley associate professor and the Mike Gyorgy Chair in Physics.

The two other $25 million Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes announced today are centered at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and will focus on quantum sensing and quantum networks, respectively.

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New Jersey, United States,- The recent report on Quantum Computing Market offered by Verified Market Research, comprises of a comprehensive investigation into the geographical landscape, industry size along with the revenue estimation of the business. Additionally, the report also highlights the challenges impeding market growth and expansion strategies employed by leading companies in the Quantum Computing market.

This is the most recent report inclusive of the COVID-19 effects on the functioning of the market. It is well known that some changes, for the worse, were administered by the pandemic on all industries. The current scenario of the business sector and pandemics impact on the past and future of the industry are covered in this report.

In market segmentation by manufacturers, the report covers the following companies-

Exploring the growth rate over a period

Business owners looking to scale up their business can refer this report that contains data regarding the rise in sales within a given consumer base for the forecast period, 2020 to 2027. Product owners can use this information along with the driving factors such as demographics and revenue generated from other products discussed in the report to get a better analysis of their products and services. Besides, the research analysts have compared the market growth rate with product sales to enable business owners to determine the success or failure of a specific product or service.

By Type

Type 1

Type 2

By Application

Application1

Application 2

Global Quantum Computing Market Report 2020 Market Size, Share, Price, Trend and Forecast is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the global Quantum Computing industry.

The report at a glance

The Quantum Computing market report focuses on economic developments and consumer spending trends across different countries for the forecast period 2019 to 2026. The research further reveals which countries and regions will have a better standing in the years to come. Apart from this, the study talks about the growth rate, market share as well as the recent developments in the Quantum Computing industry worldwide. Besides, the special mention of major market players adds importance to the overall market study.

Market segment by Region/Country including:

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Spain etc.)Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia and Southeast Asia etc.)South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Chile etc.)Middle East & Africa (South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia etc.)

The research provides answers to the following key questions:

What is the expected growth rate of the Quantum Computing market? What will be the market size for the forecast period, 20202027?

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Who are major vendors dominating the Quantum Computing industry across different regions? What are their winning strategies to stay ahead in the competition?

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What are the key opportunities that business owners can bank on for the forecast period, 20202027?

Why Choose Verified Market Research?

To summarize, the global Quantum Computing market report studies the contemporary market to forecast the growth prospects, challenges, opportunities, risks, threats, and the trends observed in the market that can either propel or curtail the growth rate of the industry. The market factors impacting the global sector also include provincial trade policies, international trade disputes, entry barriers, and other regulatory restrictions.

About us:

Verified Market Research is a leading Global Research and Consulting firm servicing over 5000+ customers. Verified Market Research provides advanced analytical research solutions while offering information enriched research studies. We offer insight into strategic and growth analyses, Data necessary to achieve corporate goals, and critical revenue decisions.

Our 250 Analysts and SMEs offer a high level of expertise in data collection and governance use industrial techniques to collect and analyze data on more than 15,000 high impact and niche markets. Our analysts are trained to combine modern data collection techniques, superior research methodology, expertise, and years of collective experience to produce informative and accurate research.

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Quantum Computing Market Segmentation By Qualitative And Quantitative Research Incorporating Impact Of Economic and Non-Economic Aspects By 2027 -...

Topological Quantum Computing Market 2020: Latest Analysis

Chicago, United States:- The report titled Global Topological Quantum Computing Market is one of the most comprehensive and important additions to Report Hive Research archive of market research studies. It offers detailed research and analysis of key aspects of the global Topological Quantum Computing market. The market analysts authoring this report have provided in-depth information on leading growth drivers, restraints, challenges, trends, and opportunities to offer a complete analysis of the global Topological Quantum Computing market. Market participants can use the analysis on market dynamics to plan effective growth strategies and prepare for future challenges beforehand. Each trend of the global Topological Quantum Computing market is carefully analyzed and researched about by the market analysts.

Top Players of Topological Quantum Computing Market are Studied: Microsoft, IBM, Google, D-Wave Systems, Airbus, Raytheon, Intel, Hewlett Packard, Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, IonQ

Download Free Sample PDF (including full TOC, Tables, and Figures) of Topological Quantum Computing Market Research 2020-2026:- @

With the slowdown in world economic growth, the Topological Quantum Computing industry has also suffered a certain impact, but still maintained a relatively optimistic growth, the past four years, Topological Quantum Computing market size to maintain the average annual growth rate of XXX from (2014 Market size Microsoft, IBM, Google, D-Wave Systems, Airbus, Raytheon, Intel, Hewlett Packard, Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, IonQ) million $ in 2014 to (2019 Market size Microsoft, IBM, Google, D-Wave Systems, Airbus, Raytheon, Intel, Hewlett Packard, Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, IonQ) million $ in 2019, Our analysts believe that in the next few years, Topological Quantum Computing market size will be further expanded, we expect that by 2024, The market size of the Topological Quantum Computing will reach (2024 Market size Microsoft, IBM, Google, D-Wave Systems, Airbus, Raytheon, Intel, Hewlett Packard, Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, IonQ) million $.This Report covers the manufacturers data, including: shipment, price, revenue, gross profit, interview record, business distribution etc., these data help the consumer know about the competitors better. This report also covers all the regions and countries of the world, which shows a regional development status, including market size, volume and value, as well as price data.Besides, the report also covers segment data, including: type segment, industry segment, channel segment etc. cover different segment market size, both volume and value. Also cover different industries clients information, which is very important for the manufacturers.

NOTE:Due to the pandemic, we have included a special section on the Impact of COVID 19 on the Topological Quantum Computing Market which would mention How the Covid-19 is Affecting the Topological Quantum Computing Industry, Market Trends and Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape, Covid-19 Impact on Key Regions and Proposal for Topological Quantum Computing Players to Combat Covid-19 Impact.

Global Topological Quantum Computing Market is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2020 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during 2020-2026. According to the latest report added to the online repository of Report Hive Research the Topological Quantum Computing market has witnessed an unprecedented growth till 2020. The extrapolated future growth is expected to continue at higher rates by 2026.

Our exploration specialists acutely ascertain the significant aspects of the global Topological Quantum Computing market report. It also provides an in-depth valuation in regards to the future advancements relying on the past data and present circumstance of Topological Quantum Computing market situation. In this Topological Quantum Computing report, we have investigated the principals, players in the market, geological regions, product type, and market end-client applications. The global Topological Quantum Computing report comprises of primary and secondary data which is exemplified in the form of pie outlines, Topological Quantum Computing tables, analytical figures, and reference diagrams. The Topological Quantum Computing report is presented in an efficient way that involves basic dialect, basic Topological Quantum Computing outline, agreements, and certain facts as per solace and comprehension.

Segmentation by Application: CivilianBusinessEnvironmentalNational Security

Segmentation by Type: SoftwareHardwareService

The Essential Content Covered in the GlobalTopological Quantum Computing Market Report:

* Top Key Company Profiles.* Main Business and Rival Information* SWOT Analysis and PESTEL Analysis* Production, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin* Market Share and Size

The report provides a 6-year forecast (2020-2026) assessed based on how the Topological Quantum Computing market is predicted to grow in major regions like USA, Europe, Japan, China, India, Southeast Asia, South America, South Africa, Others.

Key Questions Answered In this Report:

What is the overall market size in 2019? What will be the market growth during the forecast period i.e. 2020-2026?

Which region would have high demand for product in the upcoming years?

What are the factors driving the growth of the market?

Which sub-market will make the most significant contribution to the market?

What are the market opportunities for existing and entry-level players?

What are various long-term and short-term strategies adopted by the market players?

What are the key business strategies being adopted by new entrants in the Topological Quantum Computing Market?

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Table of Contents

Market Overview: This is the first section of the report that includes an overview of the scope of products offered in the global Topological Quantum Computing market, segments by product and application, and market size.

Market Competition by Player: Here, the report shows how the competition in the global Topological Quantum Computing market is growing or decreasing based on deep analysis of market concentrate rate, competitive situations and trends, expansions, merger and acquisition deals, and other subjects. It also shows how different companies are progressing in the global Topological Quantum Computing market in terms of revenue, production, sales, and market share.

Company Profiles and Sales Data: This part of the report is very important as it gives statistical as well as other types of analysis of leading manufacturers in the global Topological Quantum Computing market. It assesses each and every player studied in the report on the basis of main business, gross margin, revenue, sales, price, competitors, manufacturing base, product specification, product application, and product category.

Market Status and Outlook by Region: The report studies the status and outlook of different regional markets such as Europe, North America, the MEA, Asia Pacific, and South America. All of the regional markets researched about in the report are examined based on price, gross margin, revenue, production, and sales. Here, the size and CAGR of the regional markets are also provided.

Market by Product: This section carefully analyzes all product segments of the global Topological Quantum Computing market.

Market by Application: Here, various application segments of the global Topological Quantum Computing market are taken into account for research study.

Market Forecast: It starts with revenue forecast and then continues with sales, sales growth rate, and revenue growth rate forecasts of the global Topological Quantum Computing market. The forecasts are also provided taking into consideration product, application, and regional segments of the global Topological Quantum Computing market.

Upstream Raw Materials: This section includes industrial chain analysis, manufacturing cost structure analysis, and key raw materials analysis of the global Topological Quantum Computing market.

Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors: Here, the research study digs deep into behavior and other factors of downstream customers, distributors, development trends of marketing channels, and marketing channels such as indirect marketing and direct marketing.

Research Findings and Conclusion: This section is solely dedicated to the conclusion and findings of the research study on the global Topological Quantum Computing market.

Appendix: This is the last section of the report that focuses on data sources, viz. primary and secondary sources, market breakdown and data triangulation, market size estimation, research programs and design, research approach and methodology, and the publishers disclaimer.

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Trending Now: COVID-19 impact on Topological Quantum Computing Market Variables, Information, Emerging Trends, Analysis and Forecast 2020-2026 |...

The Global Quantum Software Market report provides thorough insights and also announcesvarious significant factors that are enhancing the growth of the global Quantum Software market, along with available opportunities that cloud be used by the producers and current trends that is influencing the global Quantum Software market. Moreover, the global Quantum Software market report also covers fluctuating tendencies that directly or indirectly impact the market. These tendencies are evaluated and incorporated in the report which helps to give the complete information that is related to the market and assist in better decision making. In addition to this, the market report also highlights the Quantum Software market drivers, restrains and future opportunities that influencethe growth of the global Quantum Software market.To know more contact: [emailprotected] or call us on +1-312-376-8303.

The report covers profiles of top players that are functioning in the Quantum Software Market: Origin Quantum Computing Technology, D Wave, IBM, Microsoft, Intel, Google, Ion Q

Global Quantum Software Market Segmentation: By Types System Software, Application Software

Global Quantum Software Market Segmentation: By Applications Big Data Analysis, Biochemical Manufacturing, Machine Learning

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Global Quantum Software Market Segmentation: By RegionGlobal Quantum Software market report categorized the information and data according to the major geographical regions which are expected to impact onthe industry in forecast period. North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)Europe (U.K., France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Central & Eastern Europe, CIS)Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, India, Rest of Asia Pacific)Latin America (Brazil, Rest of L.A.)Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC, Rest of Middle East)

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The Quantum Software market report offers a segment which covers country-wise response for the Quantum Software and also offers a market outlook. Along with this, new technological developments are examine in this report as well as a competitive landscape is also involved that helps to provide audiences with a dashboard view. Moreover, the report study also considers key manufacturers for exploring comprehensive market share analysis of Quantum Software market. In addition to this, the report offers detailed information of the manufacturers which includes their business and growth strategies, current development and crucial offerings in the global Quantum Software market.

Global Quantum Software Market Report: Research MethodologySecondary research is used in the report for analysing the market, which is authorised and confirmed by primary interviews. These primary interviews are investigatedand reconfirmed prior to including it in the report.The weighted average price and price of Quantum Software is calculated across all the evaluated regions, along with this, the market worth of the global Quantum Software market is also considered from that data which is assumed from the average selling price and market volume.

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The future of the market is predicted based on the various macroeconomic factors and changing trends that are observed in the global Quantum Software market. Other significantfactors that is covered in the report are demand of the market, supply chain, current trends in the market and other dynamic scenarios of the market. In addition to this, other important measures like year-on-year growth and dollar opportunity is also provided in the report which gives clear insights and upcomingprospects.Impact of Covid-19 in Quantum Software Market

The current utility-owned Quantum Software marketis affected mainly by the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) pandemic. There has been delay in most ofthe projects that are in China, the US, Germany and South Korea, as well as companies in these regions are also facing temporaryoperative issues due to absence of site access and constrains in the supply chain. Due to the outburst of COVID-19 in china, Japan and India, Asia-Pacific region is predicted to get extremely affected by the spread of the COVID-19. China is the epic centrefor Corona virus disease and is a major country in terms of the chemical industry.

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June 2020 Global Quantum Software Market Research Report is Projected to Witness Considerable Growth by 2027Origin Quantum Computing Technology, D...

But the countrys answer to Americas Nasdaq is not for the faint of heart

Jul 22nd 2020

SHANGHAIS STAR market, a stock exchange for Chinas home-grown technology firms, celebrates its first birthday today. It has much to cheer about. Launched with an ambition to rival Nasdaq, a venue in New York where many American tech giants are listed, the toddler has surpassed the older ChiNext exchange in Shenzhen and already ranks second globally by capital raised in IPOs so far this year. And it just received a lovely present. On July 20th Ant Group, the financial-services arm of Alibaba, an e-commerce giant, said it had chosen STAR as one of two exchanges on which it is planning its long-awaited listing (the other winner is Hong Kong, which has also grown popular among fast-growing Chinese companies). Though the exact size and timing of the offering are still unknown, it could well turn out to be the largest IPO ever. Ant was last valued at $150bn in 2018; listing even a small portion of its shares could place it above Saudi Aramcos IPO last year, the largest yet at $26bn.

Two factors explain STARs appeal to issuers. First, it enjoys rock-solid political backing. Chinas government sees it as a way to channel capital towards young technologies it wants to nurture, from high-tech sensors to quantum computing. To help money flow, it has loosened restrictions that apply to stock offerings elsewhere (eg, on other Chinese exchanges, an informal price cap of 23 times earnings and a 44% ceiling on first-day gains). It has also fast-tracked IPO approvals, which can take years on other exchanges. Second, the mood has soured against Chinese companies in America, where many promising companies from the mainland would have traditionally considered listing. America has threatened to impose sanctions on Chinese officials. Earlier this year, the Senate also passed legislation that could force American-listed Chinese firms to delist if they fail to show their audit work papers to American regulators for three consecutive years. That makes Asian alternatives more palatable.

It helps that investors like STAR too. Some offerings have attracted orders amounting to thousands of times the quantum of shares up for sale; some stocks have rocketed tenfold within hours of listing. But STAR is not for the faint-hearted. The prices of shares listed there are sometimes way off those of similar securities listed on more mature markets, hinting that they may be divorced from company fundamentals. The Shanghai price of Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, a chipmaker that raised 53.2bn yuan ($7.6bn) in early July through a dual IPO, is more than three times its Hong Kong price, for example. Such inconsistencies can exist on the way down, as well as on the way up. As investors sell older stocks to pile into the newest and flashiest offerings, prices can slide by double-digit percentages, suggesting the market may not have the liquidity yet to absorb large IPOs in quick succession.

This creates a conundrum for Chinas rulers. Investors positive reaction to STAR may prompt regulators to ease stockmarket rules on other mainland exchanges, leading to more efficient, liquid markets and allowing the government to funnel capital to strategic sectors. But untamed speculation by fickle punters makes bubbles more likely, and the political, PR and financial risks of market crashes rank among the things that keep Chinas masters awake at night. If it proves little else than a fashionable casino, STARs allure could dim fast.

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China's newest technology stock exchange is thriving despite the pandemic - The Economist

Newswise Addressing the mystery of how reproduction is shaped by childhood events and environment, Professor Philippa Melamed, together with PhD student Ben Bar-Sadeh, Postdoctorate Dr. Sergei Rudnizky, and colleagues Dr. Lilach Pnueli and Professor Ariel Kaplan, all from the Technion Faculty of Biology, and collaborators from the UK, Professor Gillian R. Bentley from Durham University and Professor Reinhard Stger from the University of Nottingham, have just published a paper in Nature Reviews Endocrinology on the role of epigenetics in human reproduction.

Epigenetics refers to the packaging of DNA, which can be altered in response to external signals (environment) through the addition of chemical tags to the DNA or the histone proteins that organize and compact the DNA inside the cell. This packaging affects the ability of a gene to be accessed and thus also its expression levels. So environmentally induced changes in this epigenetic packaging can lead to major variations in the phenotype (observable characteristics or traits) without changing the genetic code. This re-programming of gene expression patterns underlies some of our ability to adapt.

Reproductive characteristics are highly variable and responsive particularly to early life environment, during which they appear to be programmed to optimize an individuals reproductive success in accordance with the surroundings. Although some of these adaptations can be beneficial, they also carry negative health consequences that may be far-reaching. These include the age of pubertal onset and duration of the reproductive lifespan for women, and also the levels of circulating reproductive hormones; not only is fertility affected, but also predisposition to hormone-dependent cancers and other age-related diseases.

While epigenetic modifications are believed to play a role in the plasticity of reproductive traits, the actual mechanisms are mostly still not clear. Moreover, reproductive hormones also modify the epigenome and epigenetic aging, which complicates distinguishing cause from effect, particularly when trying to understand human reproductive phenotypes in which the relevant tissues are inaccessible for analysis. Integrated studies are needed, including observations and whatever measurements are possible in human populations, incorporation of animal models, cell culture, and even single-molecule studies, in order to determine the mechanisms responsible for the human reproductive phenotype.

The review emphasizes that there is a clinical need to understand the characteristics of epigenetic regulation of reproductive function and the underlying mechanisms of adaptive responses for properly informed decisions on treating patients from diverse backgrounds. In addition, this knowledge should form the basis for formulating lifestyle recommendations and novel treatments that utilize the epigenetic pathway to alter a reproductive phenotype.

Prof. Melamed emphasizes that a multifaceted cross-disciplinary approach is essential for elucidating the involvement of epigenetics in human reproductive function, spanning the grand scale of human cohort big data and anthropological studies in unique human populations, through animal models and cell culture experiments, to the exquisitely high resolution of single-molecule biophysical approaches. This will continue to require collaboration and cooperation.

For more than a century, the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology has pioneered in science and technology education and delivered world-changing impact. Proudly a global university, the Technion has long leveraged boundary-crossing collaborations to advance breakthrough research and technologies. Now with a presence in three countries, the Technion will prepare the next generation of global innovators. Technion people, ideas and inventions make immeasurable contributions to the world, innovating in fields from cancer research and sustainable energy to quantum computing and computer science to do good around the world.

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The Power of Epigenetics in Human Reproduction - Newswise