PUBLISHED: 09:30 06 May 2020 | UPDATED: 09:50 06 May 2020
Adrian Zorzut
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson (Photo by Simon Dawson-WPA Pool/Getty Images)
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Prime minister Boris Johnson and other senior Tory figures have joined an encrypted messaging service whose messages can be permanently deleted.
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Johnson, Dominic Cummings, and other party stalwarts have now started communicating through Signal - a highly-secure encrypted messaging app.
Signal gives users the possibility to permanently delete their own messages that are between five seconds to a week old. The Sun reports it is more secure than WhatsApp with security services unable to hack into.
The switch in technology raises concerns over transparency. Deleted messages are impossible to retrieve, which makes collecting them for a Freedom of Information request or a judges order impossible. Signal has been liked by senior government figures because it will allegedly help limit leaks to the media.
Other names who have recently downloaded it include business secretary Alok Sharma, chancellor Rishi Sunak, and home secretary Priti Patel.
The Sun reported that Johnson was the latest recruit, joining just last week as he returned to work to tackle the coronavirus..
Signal uses end-to-end encryption and allows subscribers to make voice and video calls.
In July 2019, in her first intervention as home secretary, Priti Patel told the Telegraph warned against social media giants using end-to-end encryption.
She said: This is not an abstract debate: Facebooks recently announced plan to apply end-to-end encryption across its messaging platforms presents significant challenges which we must work collaboratively to address.
The use of end-to-end encryption in this way has the potential to have serious consequences for the vital work which companies already undertake to identify and remove child abuse and terrorist content.
She added: It will also hamper our own law enforcement agencies, and those of our allies, in their ability to identify and stop criminals abusing children, trafficking drugs, weapons and people, or terrorists plotting attacks.
Almost four years after its creation The New European goes from strength to strength across print and online, offering a pro-European perspective on Brexit and reporting on the political response to the coronavirus outbreak, climate change and international politics. But we can only rebalance the right wing extremes of much of the UK national press with your support. If you value what we are doing, you can help us by making a contribution to the cost of our journalism.
Hey everyone, a quick note before we start the show. So some of our colleagues produced this amazing online presentation about the international refugee crisis, and it's been nominated for a Webby this year. I encourage you to check it out and if you like what you see, please vote for us. Voting closes on May 7th. So go to Vote.WebbyAwards.com and search for it by its title No Refugee. And thanks!
Ah, social media. Love it or hate it, we use it for almost everything. Staying in touch, buying things we need, buying things we dont need, following the news, even checking in during a disaster.
But entrusting these platforms with our information comes at a cost. The boundaries of our privacy have faded, and more and more we find ourselves asking, whos in charge? Is it legislators? Is it the platforms themselves? In the U.S. the answers to those questions are unclear.
But in India, a potentially decisive moment in digital freedom is going down right now. Indias ruling party has put forward new rules that would allow it to trace and censor private communication. Standing in its way is WhatsApp, an American-made, encrypted messaging platform that is used by hundreds of millions of Indians. And the outcome could have ripple effects across the globe.
Im Gabrielle Sierra, and this is Why It Matters. Today, Indias government versus WhatsApp, and the looming threat of digital authoritarianism.
Vindu GOEL: India is the world's largest democracy. If you can imagine, 900 million people voted in the last national election last year. Out of a population of 1.3 billion people, it's just a massive exercised election.
Seema MODY: Yeah, it's huge, it's populous, and that's what also makes it really fun and exciting to be on the ground. You certainly feel the energy, especially in a city like Mumbai.
GOEL: Politicians routinely insult each other on the campaign trail, criminals of every flavor run for office and win, so do Bollywood movie stars, cricket stars. It just never ends.
Chinmayi ARUN: India has always been a fairly chatty democracy. We talk a lot, we argue a lot, that's our culture.
Gabrielle SIERRA: Okay so help me understand why WhatsApp is such a big deal in India? How many people are actually using it there?
ARUN: Roughly 400 million.
SIERRA: That's a lot of people.
ARUN: It is indeed.
This is Chinmayi Arun, she is a resident fellow at Yale University, and the founder of a research center at National Law University in Delhi. Shes also a leading legal expert on the intersection between freedom of speech and technology.
SIERRA: And so why WhatsApp? Why not, you know, Instagram, or Snapchat?
ARUN: The elite platforms are used by everyone, but WhatsApp is the one that really appeals to people. If you have a phone that's not too fancy, if you don't speak English, you don't read, or you don't have access to an expensive data connection, you can still use WhatsApp. So it started with, "Hey, you don't have to spend one rupee or two rupees per text, you just save them up and then they send whenever you're in Wi-Fi." And so a lot of people with not a lot of money, which is many, many Indians, decided that this works for them. And then WhatsApp had these multimedia features which people started using and started liking. And I have mixed feelings about this because the good thing is that I get to talk to my grandma, and she finally has forgiven me for moving across the Atlantic, she can look at my home and say things about my plants or whatever.
SIERRA: Of course.
ARUN: But if you're sitting in an Indian airport and watching the number of people who do video calls, they sort of subject you to their conversations. Mixed feelings.
GOEL: WhatsApp is really a messaging platform, and that can be one-to-one messages like me sending a message to you, but it's also very commonly used in India for groups.
I am Vindu Goel, and I am a technology reporter for The New York Times based in Mumbai, India.
Vindu also covers Indian economics and culture, and has written extensively about free speech and misinformation under Indias ruling party. We called him at his home in Mumbai on WhatsApp.
GOEL: WhatsApp has become so embedded in life in India that people use it in their business transactions, so you can order groceries from your corner grocery store over WhatsApp. I buy an airline ticket from MakeMyTrip, which is one of the big online travel agencies. They send me a confirmation message on WhatsApp with my E-ticket details.
For those of us based outside of India, handling a basic transaction may require a few different platforms. You find out about a concert on Instagram, RSVP for it on Facebook, maybe share the notification on Twitter, buy your ticket on Ticketmaster, and receive the confirmation on Gmail. But for Indians, WhatsApp is often the one-stop-shop for everything.
In other words, an application from Silicon Valley has become basic infrastructure for the second-most populous nation on Earth. Thats a pretty big deal, and it helps illuminate why the government is pushing for greater control.
GOEL: WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by two former employees of Yahoo, its an American company, it was founded in Silicon Valley, and they basically built a very simple messaging service. It became very popular, and it caught the attention of Mark Zuckerberg, the chief executive and founder of Facebook. Zuckerberg decided in 2014 to buy WhatsApp and pay the still astonishing price of $22 billion for this messaging company.
SIERRA: Yikes. That's a lot.
GOEL: It's a lot.
LA Times: 0:05 - 0:10 Facebook is making a mobile push with its deal to buy real-time messaging service, WhatsApp.
CNN: 1:03 - 1:07 It's still an incredible price to pay for a company thats just a few years old.
ABC News: 1:34 - 1:44 It also makes tiny WhatsApp more valuable than some of the most established companies in the country, including American Airlines, Marriott Hotels, and Xerox.
MODY: And it came at a crucial moment for Facebook when it really was trying to find ways to diversify its revenue base, and also get in touch with more mobile users.
I'm Seema Mody, Global Markets Correspondent with CNBC Business News.
And suddenly came this messaging platform that was not only gaining prominence here in the U.S., but around the world. In fact, I believe that the average daily user rate on WhatsApp was much higher than Facebook Messenger. Facebook saw that and said, this is such a strategic bet for us, let's acquire it and find a way to really incorporate it into our user base and our platform.
SIERRA: But WhatsApp is free, right?
MODY: WhatsApp is free and I think this is still a developing story to see how Facebook is really trying to incorporate WhatsApp into its business, and will you one day see ads on WhatsApp? That's certainly been one of the big questions.
GOEL: Zuckerberg was prescient in that this technology of a very simple messaging app was going to become very popular. Today, WhatsApp has more than two billion users around the world. It is by far the most popular messaging app in the world, and one of its biggest claims to fame is it emphasizes privacy. All messages on the service use something called end-to-end encryption.
Okay so, in most cases when you send an email, or a text message, it gets encrypted. That means that the information inside is locked up in a code, so that outsiders cant read it. However, the service providers that pass your message along can read it - whether thats Apple, or Gmail, or Facebook, whoever. They all have the keys to that code. And that makes your message vulnerable.
Enter end-to-end encryption. With this technology, none of the middlemen have the keys. Only you and the person you are sending it to can break the code.
GOEL: WhatsApp can't read it, even if the government came knocking at the door of WhatsApp, WhatsApp would have nothing really to give them, and so your information is private.
SIERRA: And that makes it unique to other services, messaging services, like, whether you're sending a text message, or even Facebook Messenger where that information does live somewhere.
GOEL: Yeah. Most other messaging services in the world are not end-to-end encrypted, and certainly none of the really popular ones. But WhatsApp has made it really easy, you don't have to think about encryption. It just is encrypted.
Because so much of Indias communication happens on WhatsApp, end-to-end encryption has made it very difficult for the government to investigate messages, in the name of national security.
ARUN: People are not making phone calls anymore. They're not even walking over to their neighbor and saying things, they're just texting them. And where there is speech, there is harmful speech.
Its not news that social media can bring out the worst in people. The platforms we use every day are teeming with sexism, racism, misinformation, and violent ideologies.
Its the same in India, where social media has amplified problems that are a lot older than the Internet.
PBS NewsHour: 0:00 - 0:06 Rumors and lies spread like wildfire across the internet, including across chat applications like WhatsApp.
Al Jazeera: 2:13 - 2:20 There are many first time users in India who think that whatever comes in their WhatsApp inbox, is true.
ARUN: The one that's really made the headlines is that there was a lot of vicious hate speech circulating on WhatsApp. So for example, the Muslim community is under quite a lot of pressure in India right now and it's really sad. One of the ways in which they're discriminated against is that some upper-caste Hindus, don't eat beef. And so the rumor circulating on WhatsApp will say things like, "X has beef in his fridge." Or, "Y is his transporting a cow carcass." And since it's already been sold to people as a threat to their religion, when a rumor like that reaches people that already feel threatened, and feel like these people are out to get all the Hindus, and they're trying to destroy our religion by eating beef, and lynch mobs attack them.
SIERRA: Wow.
ARUN: And they're popularly called the WhatsApp lynchings.
GOEL: In early 2018, there was a wave of false messages on WhatsApp about child kidnappers prowling various parts of India trying to steal people's children, and this panicked a lot of people and mobs attacked strangers in various parts of India and killed them. Beat them to death, tied them up, hung them, all kinds of terrible things. More than 20 people died in just a span of a few months because of these rumors. And after these rumors started appearing, the central government, went after WhatsApp and said, "You need to find a way to trace these messages and stop these messages." And this set up a feud with WhatsApp that has still not been resolved.
The government says it doesn't want to read your messages, the government says they don't want to spy on the content of messages. They're not asking WhatsApp to break the encryption of messages and just show them what's in the messages, but what they are saying is, "You need to be able to trace back the pathway of a message, and you have to find a way to do that because if some message goes viral, we want to find out who sent it." And we'll see what happens. I mean, WhatsApp has said that to do that would require significant changes to their service and they haven't said whether they'd be willing to make such changes to their service.
And that brings us back to the rule changes that the Indian government is proposing. The draft hasnt been finalized, but the current language would require platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, TikTok, and others to remove unlawful posts, and trace their origins within 72 hours of a request.
This sounds pretty reasonable. If misinformation on a private social media platform is leading to real-life violence, the need to have an authority step in and offer regulation seems like a rational impulse.
Still, context matters, and before we go any further, its probably a good idea to learn a bit more about Indias ruling party, popularly known as the BJP, which some critics have described as authoritarian and ethno-nationalist.
SIERRA: Can you tell me a little bit just about the ruling party in India, and how they interact with social media?
ARUN: So, the ruling party in India was known for their use of social media, modeled on the Obama campaign, by the way. And so there's a part of it in which they've been much lauded for taking to the social media and sort of modernizing Indian politics that way. It's also known for a huge rise in the number of Internet shutdowns. So it's interesting because they take pride in being accessible to people on social media, but at the same time, are quite controlling of it.
SIERRA: It sounds like they know how powerful it is.
ARUN: Yes, it does.
SIERRA: So, what do you mean by Internet shutdowns? Like, they're just completely shutting down access to everybody in a certain place for a certain amount of time?
ARUN: Yes, what I mean by an Internet shutdown is, a shutdown of all Internet services, but typically also telephone services, so basically it's a full communications shutdown.
SIERRA: That's crazy, and scary. And how do people react to something like that?
ARUN: Fury, mostly. My colleagues and I have been tracking this from when it started in Kashmir years ago. For the Kashmiris, it's terrible, because they're stuck completely cut off from the rest of India and from the rest of the world.
The story of Kashmir could take up an episode on its own. We dont want to oversimplify, so check our show notes for the full story. Kashmir is a Muslim-majority region between India and Pakistan that the two nuclear states have been fighting over since 1947. Tensions have led to war four times already. In order to tamp down dissent, the BJP shut down the Internet in Kashmir for more than 200 days. This is just one example of how far theyre willing to go in order to control the flow of information online.
GOEL: The BJP is very good at winning elections, and one of the skills that its really mastered is how to use social media to disseminate misinformation. They have factories, people who are essentially creating content to put out every day. Some of it's true, some of it's false, some of it's half true. There's a certain irony about a BJP-led government seeking help from WhatsApp to crack down on misinformation when, in fact, the very same government is the source of much of the misinformation that moves on WhatsApp.
SIERRA: So, you don't buy the argument that the only reason the government wants traceability is to stamp out dangerous disinformation?
GOEL: No. The Indian government has used surveillance against dissidents in Kashmir. People widely believe that cell phones are tapped, that SMS messages are being read by the government. There's a huge sort of black budget for various kinds of surveillance operations that the government does, and they do it in the name of national security, they say they're finding terrorists, much like the United States government that does a lot of surveillance in the name of national security. And the laws are quite broad in India. It essentially gives the government the right to do surveillance for pretty much any reason it pleases, and so no one really trusts that it would only be used for good and noble purposes.
Watchdogs in India have been concerned about the constitutional right to privacy for a long time. Some critics see the latest push by the BJP as part of a larger consolidation of power and a shift towards a Hindu nationalist agenda. Theyre concerned that new surveillance tools will be used in discriminatory ways.
GOEL: The request that WhatsApp provide a way to trace messages as part of a broader set of rules that the Indian government wants to impose on internet companies, these rules would also require companies to more closely monitor for certain kinds of content, would give the government power to require the removal of content that it considered threatening to the state or public order, a variety of rather open-ended justifications. And so the risk, the concern that a lot of people have is that essentially this will give the government the power to censor anything at once and force the internet companies to comply.
SIERRA: So, in response, has WhatsApp done any other things? Have they made other moves to sort of placate this request and say, look, we're taking care of this misinformation that is truly leading to people dying?
GOEL: Yes. So, one step they took was to limit the number of people or groups you could forward a message to, to five. People would get some exciting message or people would get some threatening message and say, "I need to let everybody I know, know about this," without really thinking about whether it's true or not, or knowing, and then all of a sudden this forward shows up and you don't really know where it came from, and it goes viral. And so the idea was to slow the speed, slow the dissemination. And they tested that in India and they found it worked so well that they've now rolled it out globally.
In fact, since we interviewed Vindu, WhatsApp has made further restrictions. When a user receives a message that has already been forwarded five times, they can now only send it to a single person or group. The changes are aimed at stemming the flow of viral misinformation about COVID-19.
SIERRA: I mean, it sounds like WhatsApp is making efforts to address these issues just without breaking encryption. That seems to be the main thing that they're refusing to do at this point.
ARUN: So far. I believe that they're now under pressure to break encryption also. And that's why I said they're in a hard place, because if it comes to that, if it comes to either leave the country or break encryption, the question is, are they going to give up all the big money, the big market, or are they going to break encryption?
SIERRA: So, what will happen if WhatsApp refuses?
ARUN: So I think if you asked WhatsApp the answer to this question, they'll say, "Well, another player will move in." I don't think that it'll be as easy or as smooth, because WhatsApp offers functionality that not all platforms do. And the second thing we don't know, because WhatsApp has never tried it, is that how far will the public be okay with this? So if you tell the Indian public that, basically, the Indian government said enable surveillance or leave, and therefore none of you have WhatsApp anymore in this enormous country with fairly rebellious people. It would be interesting to see how that lands.
SIERRA: So, what is at stake for Indians as this all plays out?
ARUN: One is that it kills all the wonderful things that the Internet brought to India. All the young women that learned to rebel quietly. The organizing, people who learned because they were a part of WhatsApp groups that helped educate them, as I told you in the beginning, human communication moved to WhatsApp. And the thing is that India has always been a fairly chatty democracy. We talk a lot, we argue a lot, that's our culture. Amartya Sen's written about it, and he said, "We didn't need free speech to create public discourse in India. It was always a thing. We were always arguing and talking." And we've never had a state that's been able to monitor that end-to-end. Now that our communication's moved online, and one private company holds it all, if that private company chooses to share that communication with the government for the first time possibly in Indian history, the Indian government will be able to conduct mass surveillance in India. And so the question is, what will that do to both the Indian formal democracy, but also the democratic spirit of India.
GOEL: If there is censorship on a wide scale you're really going to see a weakening, perhaps crushing over time, of that democratic spirit. India will move more in the direction of China where the government decides which information gets out there, and every once in a while somebody finds a way around the censors and posts information that the government doesn't want them to post. That's the risk with India, is the government becomes the source of information and you lose some of these other sources of information.
As a reminder, there are 1.3 billion people living in Indians. 1.3 billion people whose freedoms could be eroded. And the decision that goes down in India wont just stay there. It could shape the digital freedoms of people all across the world in the years to come.
GOEL: So, the precedent that this would set, if WhatsApp added traceability, is India would not be the only country to ask. Other countries would ask. Once it's there, anybody can ask for it.
ARUN: It could be the beginning of a movement. And so, Pakistan has introduced a new draconian law recently that appears to be modeled on the Indian one. In fact, my Pakistani friends and I joke that our countries sometimes borrow the worst ideas from each other. So there's that. There's Kenya, that used India's digital ID system, and may feel like they can do this too, with WhatsApp. I believe that Israel and Brazil have also had what they might term as WhatsApp problems. And so, you might have a copycat situation, of many countries' authoritarian rulers feeling that, "Well, if WhatsApp gives way here, it will give way in my country too." So that's the digital rights problem, that it could spread, and you end up with authoritarian countries around the world, and that's dangerous for everyone.
Its still unclear how and when the new rules will be implemented, but the twist is that a big part of the outcome rests in the hands of a private American company. WhatsApp could comply with the request, they could attempt to negotiate and compromise, or they could just refuse, and see whether the Indian government would truly push them out of the country.
MODY: I think when you're that big, you do inherit some level of responsibility to set the standard and ensure you're not just trying to monetize a country's populous nation, and instead are coming in to try to really work with the country, to do the right thing. I think as a company, you could argue, if they come into a foreign country, they should be trying to do more good than bad. And it's interesting, if you look at the CEOs of some of the most powerful tech companies in the last two years, the number of trips individuals like Mark Zuckerberg, Tim Cook, Jeff Bezos have taken to India to spend time with Prime Minister Modi and really try to build up their personal relationship with the Indian leader, I think it just speaks to how much they see India as such a big opportunity, but also to the big challenges they're facing on the ground.
SIERRA: But the ultimate draw is just the market size?
MODY: I think that's exactly what it is. 1.3 billion people, half of which are under the age of 25. These companies see this as a huge opportunity, especially at a time when China's economy is slowing down, you look at India as that next big bet in Asia.
GOEL: I think that all of these companies have become very powerful. We use their services, we trust lots of information to them. Sometimes they treat it with great respect, sometimes they abuse that trust, and people are distrustful of the tech companies as much as they're also distrustful of the government. Tech firms need to figure out how to address some of these very real concerns raised by governments without fundamentally altering the nature of the product. I'm not sure it's possible. The attitude in Silicon Valley for a long time was, "We're not going to help. We don't want to help." Twitter quite famously called itself the free speech wing of the free speech party. They don't say that very much anymore, because it's complicated, right? So, Twitter became this cesspool of trolls and attacks and all kinds of nasty stuff, and they were losing users and they had a bad reputation among a lot of people and they realized that they have to figure out how to draw lines. But where do you draw the lines? There's no easy solutions. This technology has in many ways gone out of control, no one can really control it, even the companies themselves have trouble controlling how it's used.
SIERRA: Right. I mean in an ideal world if every government was just perfect and amazing and benevolent, of course they should be a part of this, and of course they should be helping monitor something that is so out of control, but you can't trust that everybody has the best interests at heart and wouldn't take advantage of a situation. And it sounds like there's just no easy answers for these things.
GOEL: No. I mean, these are democracies, right? Autocracies are even worse, but even in a democracy, even in a democracy like India, a democracy like the United States, there's always an opposition, and whoever's in power is going to be tempted to use these tools to hurt the opposition. It's just the nature of politics and the nature of temptation.
Our freedoms are increasingly expressed and exercised online. And by concentrating our freedom of speech online, we have also made it more susceptible than ever before to surveillance and censorship.
Nobody knows the right way to deal with this, and the argument isbeing hashed out, in different ways, all over the world.
Soon well hear what the worlds biggest democracy has to say.
As we mentioned throughout the episode, there is a whole lot more to learn about India, WhatsApp, and everything else that plays into this complex topic. So visit CFR.org/Whyitmatters and take a look at the show notes, we added a bunch of really great stuff to take a deeper look.
Interested in saying hi to the Why It Matters team? Send us an email at whyitmatters@cfr.org.
Be sure to subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, or wherever you get your audio. And if you like the show, leave us a review!
Lectrosonics is very pleased to introduce the two newest members of the D Squared digital wireless family, the new DPR digital plug-on transmitter and the DSQD/AES-3 receiver.
The next extension of the D Squared wireless family platform which premiered in 2019, the DPR digital plug-on transmitter is fully compatible with the DSQD digital receiver and features a tuning range of 470 to 608 MHz (470 to 614 MHz for the export version). The new transmitter includes specially developed, high efficiency circuitry for extended operating time on two AA batteries, and offers RF power selections at 25 and 50 mW. The pure digital architecture enables AES 256-CTR encryption for high level security applications. Phantom power is selectable to off, 5v, 15v or 48v to accommodate a wide range of microphone types, from dynamic to studio condensers and shotgun mics. Studio quality audio performance is assured by high quality components in the preamp, wide range input gain adjustment and DSP-controlled analog limiting. Input gain is adjustable over a 55 dB range in 1 dB steps to allow an exact match to the input signal level, maximizing audio dynamic range and signal to noise ratio. The two-way IR port ensures quick setup and allows for encryption key transfer and other data sharing between units.
The DPR can be configured as either a transmitter or a recorder, with files stored on microSD card memory in the industry standard Broadcast Wave .wav (BWF) format at 24 bits, 48 kHz sample rate. A 3.5mm TRS jack on the side of the unit allows jam sync with timecode, making audio file alignment quick and easy in post-production. Timecode accuracy is better than 1PPM due to the temperature compensated crystal (TCXO) clock. The microSD memory card can also be used to update the units firmware in the field. The DPR also responds to remote dweedle tone commands, available via 3rd party apps such as New Endians LectroRM and PDRRemote, allowing users to change settings including frequency, audio level, lock/unlock, and also to start and stop recordings.
The durable, machined aluminum DPR housing is the same size and shape as the previous generation plug-on units including the HM and HMa so that standard accessories are compatible with the new unit, including the PHTRAN3 pouch and the HMCVR silicone cover. The input wiring is also the same as previous generations, allowing the use of existing cable and barrel adapter accessories including the MCA5X and MCA-M30.
With an audio frequency response of 25 Hz to 20 kHz +0.0, 3dB, a dynamic range of 110 dB before limiting, and a flat in-band phase response, the DPR is ideal for use as a wireless test and measurement link with calibrated microphones, for audio system alignment and monitoring.
The new DSQD/AES3 digital receiver is a four-channel, half-rack design with high-resolution color display, analog or AES digital outputs, and rear BNC antenna ports with loop-thru buffered BNC outputs to another receiver. The new receiver is compatible with the latest Lectrosonics all-digital transmitters including the DPR plug-on unit, the DBu beltpack unit, the DHu handheld transmitter, the stereo DCHT, and the half-rack M2T. The DSQD/AES3 is also backward compatible with any Digital Hybrid Wireless transmitters including the SM Series, LT, HM Series, SSM, HH Series, UM400, UM400a, LM Series, MM Series, and WM. Three different receiver diversity schemes can be employed depending on the needs of the application, including switched (during packet headers for seamless audio), Digital Ratio Diversity, or Digital Frequency Diversity. Continuously tunable tracking filters ensure excellent RF performance even in difficult environments. The DSQD/AES3 includes digital talkback capability when used with any talkback-enabled transmitter, such as the digital DBu and DHu, and the Digital Hybrid LMb, LT and HHa transmitters.
A headphone jack is included on the DSQD/AES3 for audio monitoring per channel. Ethernet and USB ports allow the receiver to connect to Lectrosonics Wireless Designer software for programming and monitoring. Antenna bias power can be engaged in the menu, and front panel LEDs show the status. Each DSQD/AES3 ships with half the rack hardware needed to mount two units together, yielding 8 channels in 1RU.
Both the DPR and the DSQD/AES3 support encryption in a 256 bit AES, CTR mode format for robust security, meeting FIPS 197 and 140-2 standards. Three different key management modes can be employed, including Universal where all units in the D Squared family share the same key, Shared where a unique key is created and can be shared between transmitters and between transmitters and receivers, and Standard where a unique key is created but cannot be shared between transmitters or from transmitters to receivers.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of companies across the world are urging their employees to work from home. This new trend has resulted in heavy demand in the video conferencing tools as this is an efficient way to stay connected with staff while they work remotely. To catch up on the trend, Google came up with Google Meet, which is a video conferencing app and a business version of Hangouts.
Google Meet is ideal for businesses of any size and is integrated with G Suite versions of Gmail and Google Calendar. The Google Meet service shows the complete list of participants and lets users scheduled meetings in advance.
Recently, Google announced that Google Meet will be free for users until September 30, 2020. Previously, it was available only for the paid customers of G Suite. While anyone could join a meeting, it was mandatory to have a G Suite membership to host a meeting. As the service is made free for a limited time period, anyone can host meetings with up to 100 participants for up to 60 minutes.
This announcement comes at a time when Zoom, which has become a household name during the COVID-19 lockdown across the world. Having said that, here we list the key Google Meet features that make it is an efficient Zoom alternative.
The expanded tiled layout of Google Meet supports up to 16 participants simultaneously. Previously, the tiled layout supported only up to four participants at a time. Furthermore, Google has revealed that it will add additional video layout options and support larger meetings with more participants soon. As of now, this expanded 4 x 4 tiled layout is applicable only on the web client and is expected to bring the support to other devices and clients soon.
The next notable feature is that Google has added the ability for users to share high-quality videos with audio but in a different way. Instead of letting users share an app or the whole desktop, Google Meet supports sharing a single Chrome tag. This feature is touted to provide a better user experience for remote viewers. The service is already rolling out the support for the present a Chrome tab feature.
Google Meet has added a low-light mode to its mobile version. This mode brightens the video of the users if there is not enough ambient lighting. Google claims that it will roll out the low-light mode to the web version of the video conferencing app.
There is intelligent background noise cancellation that lets Google Meet users eliminate unwanted background noise during their conversation. This way, you can limit interruptions such as keystrokes or dog barking sound. Initially, it will be rolled out to the web version and later will be extended to the mobile version.
Google Meet employs an array of counter-abuse protections that keep your meetings safe. There are anti-hijacking measures for both dial-ins and web meetings. These make it difficult for individuals to guess the ID of a meeting and make an unauthorised attempt to join it. This is done by using codes of 10 characters. And, there is a limit wherein external participants cannot join a meeting more than 15 minutes in advance.
To make sure only authorised users to administer and access Google Meet, the video conferencing tool supports multiple two-step verification options for accounts that are convenient and secure. This includes phone-based and hardware security keys and Google prompt. Google Meet users can also enroll their account in the Advanced Protection Program (APP) that provides strongest protections against phishing and account hijacking. This is meant to protect the highest-risk accounts.
Google Meet data is encrypted by default thereby protecting the video meetings between the client and Google on both web and Android and iOS apps. Google Meet generates a unique encryption key that lasts as long as the meeting lasts. This encryption key is never stored to disk and is transmitted via a secured and encrypted RPC (Remote Procedure Call).
Main image picture credits: Google Meet
Stay tuned toSilicon Canalsfor more European technology news.
The effect the coronavirus pandemic is having on energy systems and environmental policy in Europe was discussed at a recent machine learning and climate change workshop, along with the help artificial intelligence can offer to those planning electricity access in Africa.
The impact of Covid-19 on the energy system was discussed in an online climate change workshop that also considered how machine learning can help electricity planning in Africa.
This years International Conference on Learning Representations event included a workshop held by the Climate Change AI group of academics and artificial intelligence industry representatives which considered how machine learning can help tackle climate change.
Bjarne Steffen, senior researcher at the energy politics group at ETH Zrich, shared his insights at the workshop on how Covid-19 and the accompanying economic crisis are affecting recently introduced green policies. The crisis hit at a time when energy policies were experiencing increasing momentum towards climate action, especially in Europe, said Steffen, who added the coronavirus pandemic has cast into doubt the implementation of such progressive policies.
The academic said there was a risk of overreacting to the public health crisis, as far as progress towards climate change goals was concerned.
Lobbying
Many interest groups from carbon-intensive industries are pushing to remove the emissions trading system and other green policies, said Steffen. In cases where those policies are having a serious impact on carbon-emitting industries, governments should offer temporary waivers during this temporary crisis, instead of overhauling the regulatory structure.
However, the ETH Zrich researcher said any temptation to impose environmental conditions to bail-outs for carbon-intensive industries should be resisted. While it is tempting to push a green agenda in the relief packages, tying short-term environmental conditions to bail-outs is impractical, given the uncertainty in how long this crisis will last, he said. It is better to include provisions that will give more control over future decisions to decarbonize industries, such as the government taking equity shares in companies.
Steffen shared with pv magazine readers an article published in Joule which can be accessed here, and which articulates his arguments about how Covid-19 could affect the energy transition.
Covid-19 in the U.K.
The electricity system in the U.K. is also being affected by Covid-19, according to Jack Kelly, founder of London-based, not-for-profit, greenhouse gas emission reduction research laboratory Open Climate Fix.
The crisis has reduced overall electricity use in the U.K., said Kelly. Residential use has increased but this has not offset reductions in commercial and industrial loads.
Steve Wallace, a power system manager at British electricity system operator National Grid ESO recently told U.K. broadcaster the BBC electricity demand has fallen 15-20% across the U.K. The National Grid ESO blog has stated the fall-off makes managing grid functions such as voltage regulation more challenging.
Open Climate Fixs Kelly noted even events such as a nationally-coordinated round of applause for key workers was followed by a dramatic surge in demand, stating:On April 16, the National Grid saw a nearly 1 GW spike in electricity demand over 10 minutes after everyone finished clapping for healthcare workers and went about the rest of their evenings.
Read pv magazines coverage of Covid-19; and tell us how it is affecting your solar and energy storage operations. Email editors@pv-magazine.com to share your experiences.
Climate Change AI workshop panelists also discussed the impact machine learning could have on improving electricity planning in Africa. The Electricity Growth and Use in Developing Economies (e-Guide) initiative funded by fossil fuel philanthropic organization the Rockefeller Foundationaims to use data to improve the planning and operation of electricity systems in developing countries.
E-Guide members Nathan Williams, an assistant professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) in New York state, and Simone Fobi, a PhD student at Columbia University in NYC, spoke about their work at the Climate Change AI workshop, which closed on Thursday. Williams emphasized the importance of demand prediction, saying: Uncertainty around current and future electricity consumption leads to inefficient planning. The weak link for energy planning tools is the poor quality of demand data.
Fobi said: We are trying to use machine learning to make use of lower-quality data and still be able to make strong predictions.
The market maturity of individual solar home systems and PV mini-grids in Africa mean more complex electrification plan modeling is required.
Modeling
When we are doing [electricity] access planning, we are trying to figure out where the demand will be and how much demand will exist so we can propose the right technology, added Fobi. This makes demand estimation crucial to efficient planning.
Unlike many traditional modeling approaches, machine learning is scalable and transferable. Rochesters Williams has been using data from nations such as Kenya, which are more advanced in their electrification efforts, to train machine learning models to make predictions to guide electrification efforts in countries which are not as far down the track.
Williams also discussed work being undertaken by e-Guide members at the Colorado School of Mines, which uses nighttime satellite imagery and machine learning to assess the reliability of grid infrastructure in India.
Rural power
Another e-Guide project, led by Jay Taneja at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and co-funded by the Energy and Economic Growth program by police reform organization Oxford Policy Management uses satellite imagery to identify productive uses of electricity in rural areas by detecting pollution signals from diesel irrigation pumps.
Though good quality data is often not readily available for Africa, Williams added, it does exist.
We have spent years developing trusting relationships with utilities, said the RIT academic. Once our partners realize the value proposition we can offer, they are enthusiastic about sharing their data We cant do machine learning without high-quality data and this requires that organizations can effectively collect, organize, store and work with data. Data can transform the electricity sector but capacity building is crucial.
By Dustin Zubke
This article was amended on 06/05/20 to indicate the Energy and Economic Growth program is administered by Oxford Policy Management, rather than U.S. university Berkeley, as previously stated.
Last year, the fastest-growing job title in the world was that of the machine learning (ML) engineer, and this looks set to continue for the foreseeable future. According to Indeed, the average base salary of an ML engineer in the US is $146,085, and the number of machine learning engineer openings grew by 344% between 2015 and 2018. Machine learning engineers dominate the job postings around artificial intelligence (A.I.), with 94% of job advertisements that contain AI or ML terminology targeting machine learning engineers specifically.
This demonstrates that organizations understand how profound an effect machine learning promises to have on businesses and society. AI and ML are predicted to drive a Fourth Industrial Revolution that will see vast improvements in global productivity and open up new avenues for innovation; by 2030, its predicted that the global economy will be$15.7 trillion richersolely because of developments from these technologies.
The scale of demand for machine learning engineers is also unsurprising given how complex the role is. The goal of machine learning engineers is todeploy and manage machine learning modelsthat process and learn from the patterns and structures in vast quantities of data, into applications running in production, to unlock real business value while ensuring compliance with corporate governance standards.
To do this, machine learning engineers have to sit at the intersection of three complex disciplines. The first discipline is data science, which is where the theoretical models that inform machine learning are created; the second discipline is DevOps, which focuses on the infrastructure and processes for scaling the operationalization of applications; and the third is software engineering, which is needed to make scalable and reliable code to run machine learning programs.
Its the fact that machine learning engineers have to be at ease in the language of data science, software engineering, and DevOps that makes them so scarceand their value to organizations so great. A machine learning engineer has to have a deep skill-set; they must know multiple programming languages, have a very strong grasp of mathematics, and be able to understand andapply theoretical topics in computer science and statistics. They have to be comfortable with taking state-of-the-art models, which may only work in a specialized environment, andconverting them into robust and scalable systems that are fit for a business environment.
As a burgeoning occupation, the role of a machine learning engineer is constantly evolving. The tools and capabilities that these engineers have in 2020 are radically different from those they had available in 2015, and this is set to continue evolve as the specialism matures. One of the best ways to understand what the role of a machine learning engineer means to an organization is to look at the challenges they face in practice, and how they evolve over time.
Four major challenges that every machine learning engineer has to deal with are data provenance, good data, reproducibility, and model monitoring.
Across a models development and deployment lifecycle, theres interaction between a variety of systems and teams. This results in a highly complex chain of data from a variety of sources. At the same time, there is a greater demand than ever for data to be audited, and there to be a clear lineage of its organizational uses. This is increasingly a priority for regulators, with financial regulators now demandingthat all machine learning data be stored for seven years for auditing purposes.
This does not only make the data and metadata used in models more complex, but it also makes the interactions between the constituent pieces of data far more complex. This means machine learning engineers need to put the right infrastructure in place to ensure the right data and metadata is accessible, all while making sure it is properly organized.
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In 2016, it was estimated that the US alonelost $3.1 trillionto bad datadata thats improperly formatted, duplicated, or incomplete. People and businesses across all sectors lose time and money because of this, but in a job that requires building and running accurate models reliant on input data, these issues can seriously jeopardize projects.
IBM estimates that around80 percent of a data scientists timeis spentfinding, cleaning up, and organizing the data they put into their models. Over time, however, increasingly sophisticated error and anomaly detection programs will likely be used to comb through datasets and screen out information that is incomplete or inaccurate.
This means that, as time goes on and machine learning capabilities continue to develop, well see machine learning engineers have more tools in their belt to clean up the information their programs use, and thus be able to focus more time spent on putting together ML programs themselves.
Reproducibility is often defined as the ability to be able to keep a snapshot of the state of a specific machine learning model, and being able to reproduce the same experiment with the exact same results regardless of the time and location. This involves a great level of complexity, given that machine learning requires reproducibility of three components: 1) code, 2) artifacts, and 3) data. If one of these change, then the result will change.
To add to this complexity, its also necessary to keep reproducibility of entire pipelines that may consist of two or more of these atomic steps, which introduces an exponential level of complexity. For machine learning, reproducibility is important because it lets engineers and data scientists know that the results of a model can be relied upon when they are deployed live, as they will be the same if they are run today as if they were run in two years.
Designing infrastructure for machine learning that is reproducible is a huge challenge. It will continue to be a thorn in the side of machine learning engineers for many years to come. One thing that may make this easier in coming years is the rise of universally accepted frameworks for machine learning test environments, which will provide a consistent barometer for engineers to measure their efforts against.
Its easy to forget that the lifecycle of a machine learning model only begins when its deployed to production. Consequently, a machine learning engineer not only needs to do the work of coding, testing, and deploying a model, but theyll have to also develop the right tools to monitor it.
The production environment of a model can often throw up scenarios the machine learning engineer didnt anticipate when they were creating it. Without monitoring and intervention after deployment, its likely that a model can end up being rendered dysfunctional or produce skewed results by unexpected data. Without accurate monitoring, results can often slowly drift away from what is expected due to input data becoming misaligned with the data a model was trained with, producing less and less effective or logical results.
Adversarial attacks on models, often far more sophisticated than tweets and a chatbot, are of increasing concern, and it is clear that monitoring by machine learning engineers is needed to stop a model being rendered counterproductive by unexpected data. As more machine learning models are deployed, and as more economic output becomes dependent upon these models, this challenge is only going to grow in prominence for machine learning engineers going forward.
One of the most exciting things about the role of the machine learning engineer is that its a job thats still being defined, and still faces so many open problems. That means machine learning engineers get the thrill of working in a constantly changing field that deals with cutting-edge problems.
Challenges such as data quality may be problems we can make major progress towards in the coming years. Other challenges, such monitoring, look set to become more pressing in the more immediate future. Given the constant flux of machine learning engineering as an occupation, its of little wonder that curiosity and an innovative mindset are essential qualities for this relatively new profession.
Many veteran journalists around the world have received a rude awakening in recent years, courtesy of Internet metrics.
Thanks to Google Analytics, Chartbeat, and other measuring tools, they've learned which articles and subjects resonate with online readers and which pieces fall flat.
As much as I might be interested in a particular topic, the numbers will quickly tell me if the public doesn't care.
On the positive side, Internet metrics reveal areas where there is tremendous public interest but which are largely unexplored by the media.
Quoting international-affairs expert Gwynne Dyer, I once wrote an article about how terrorism is overblown in the media. Much to my surprise, that article went viral.
The same thing happened after I interviewed Delhi-based writer Arundhati Roy about the 2014 Indian election.
More recently, an article quoting Stanford University epidemiologist John Ioannidis on the COVID-19 pandemic hit a nerve.
Many people are under the impression that media outlets go after clickbait like the Kardashians or the Royal Family to attract eyeballs to their websites.
While there's some truth to that, there's also another reality. Serious articles offering alternative views can yield a tremendous amount of Internet traffic.
Last month, I was astonished to learn that my articles on Straight.com generated more than 1.1-million page views, according to Chartbeat. Not a single one dealt with Meaghan or Harry.
This number was far higher the norm, so I publicly thanked Anton Tikhomirov, the brilliant senior vice president of technology and architecture of Media Central Corporation.
At the end of February, Media Central closed a deal with the McLeod family to buy theGeorgia Straight.The Ontario-based company also ownsNOW Magazine in Torontoand the CannCentral.com online publication about cannabis and psychedelics.
This morning, thanks to a Media Central news release, I learned more about the role that Anton is playing in making the Georgia Straight and NOW more resilient in the Internet age.
Using artificial intelligence, Anton and his team have expanded the digital advertising inventory across all of the company's properties "to monetize its growing audience of 6.5 million influential consumers through technology".
Here at the Straight, ad impressions have risen 25 percent over the past two months.
Ad impressions are up a stunning 405 percent in that same period at NOW. Keep in mind that all of this has occurred during a pandemic.
As a result, Media Central's overall programmatic ad revenue jumped by 389 percent in April.
Our digital advertising revenues are projected to dramatically surpass our legacy ad model as we move forward with our tech-heavy strategy," Anton says in the news release. "We are leveraging the latest technology to optimize bottom line growth, while ensuring our readers have the best possible experience.
"Programmatic ads are successful because they use machine learning to ensure consumer demand ad placements, driven by data, in real time."
Yes folks, computers are purchasing advertising from other computers.
When I started working at the Georgia Straight in the 1990s, nobody ever used terms like "machine learning" and "artificial intelligence".
Only in recent years has it dawned on me that machine learning could be a salvation for media companies in a world increasingly dominated by Facebook, Google, Apple, Amazon, and Alibaba.
We're still not at a point where the robots can do my joband for that, I'm grateful. But technology has gotten very good at letting me know when I'm striking out or whacking the ball over the fence. It's also a revenue generator.
Long gone are those days when media outlets simply operated on hunches to survive.
Applica, a leading provider of AI-based Robotic Text Automation (RTA) solutions for enterprises, announced that it is one of five Cool Vendors named in theApril 2020Gartner report titled Cool Vendors in Natural Language Technology.
The report states that while language-processing capabilities have been possible for several decades, a new generation of capabilities has emerged. These capabilities use methods that are informed by deep neural networks and machine learning, in addition to previous methods.
At Applica we believe in a future where humans are liberated from repeatable tasks and moved to higher level work. To us, this recognition by Gartner validates our commitment and passion to leveraging advances in machine learning, natural language processing, and data science to help our customers realize tangible business value from AI, saidPiotr Surma, Co-founder and CEO of Applica.
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Gartner notes, Enterprises have huge volumes of structured and unstructured textual data sources, and access to many additional textual feeds and sources online. Much of this data is not used at all to enhance their position and services.
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Applica is committed to helping organizations realize there are more effective ways to manage unstructured and semi-structured data, much of which is not automated with existing tools. We look forward to onboarding more companies to Applica RTA an unrivaled AI platform that boosts efficiencies, is easy to use, and fast to deploy, addsPiotr Surma, Co-founder and CEO of Applica.
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The latest report onArtificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Marketgives a broad assessment of the global Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning market by categorizing it in terms applications, types, and regions. The report gives a detailed analysis on competitive landscape and strategies that influenced the market in a positive way. Further, the report gives an overview of current market dynamics by studying various key segments based on the product, types, applications, end-to-end industries and market scenario.
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