SRA 221 Lecture 2.1.3 Terminology and Basic Notions of Cryptography

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2014 IEEE JAVA/DOTNET Random Grid Based Visual Cryptography Schemes
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2014 IEEE JAVA/DOTNET Random Grid Based Visual Cryptography Schemes - Video

2014 IEEE NETWORK SECURITY Random Grid Based Visual Cryptography Schemes
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2014 IEEE NETWORK SECURITY Random Grid Based Visual Cryptography Schemes - Video

5 hours ago Etched semiconducting channel with electron source (A) and barrier (B). The electron pairs are emitted by the source and split at the barrier into two separate electric conductors (arrow). Credit: PTB

In quantum optics, generating entangled and spatially separated photon pairs (e.g. for quantum cryptography) is already a reality. So far, it has, however, not been possible to demonstrate an analogous generation and spatial separation of entangled electron pairs in solids. Physicists from Leibniz University Hannover and from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) have now taken a decisive step in this direction. They have demonstrated for the first time the on-demand emission of electron pairs from a semiconductor quantum dot and verified their subsequent splitting into two separate conductors.

Their results have been published in the current online issue of the renowned journal Nature Nanotechnology.

A precise control and manipulation of quantum-mechanical states could pave the way for promising applications such as quantum computers and quantum cryptography. In quantum optics, such experiments have already been performed for some time. This, for example, allows the controlled generation of pairs of entangled, but spatially separated photons, which are of essential importance for quantum cryptography. An analogous generation and spatial separation of entangled electrons in solids would be of fundamental importance for future applications, but could not be demonstrated yet. The results from Hannover and Braunschweig are a decisive step in this direction.

As an electron source, the physicists from Leibniz University Hannover and from PTB used so-called semiconductor single-electron pumps. Controlled by voltage pulses, these devices emit a defined number of electrons. The single-electron pump was operated in such a way that it released exactly one electron pair per pulse into a semiconducting channel. A semitransparent electronic barrier divides the channel into two electrically distinct areas. A correlation measurement then recorded whether the electron pairs traversed the barrier, or whether they were reflected or split by the barrier. It could be shown that for suitable parameters, more than 90 % of the electron pairs were split and spatially separated by the barrier. This is an important step towards the envisioned generation and separation of entangled electron pairs in semiconductor components.

Explore further: Scientists open a new window into quantum physics with superconductivity in LEDs

More information: "Partitioning of on-demand electron pairs." Nature Nanotechnology (2014), DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.275

A team of University of Toronto physicists led by Alex Hayat has proposed a novel and efficient way to leverage the strange quantum physics phenomenon known as entanglement. The approach would involve combining ...

Electron states in solids are responsible for many material properties, such as color and electrical conductivity. However, because of their confinement within the crystal, it is very difficult to study the ...

(Phys.org) In a new study, physicists have teleported photonic qubits made of pairs of entangled photons that are generated by an LED containing an embedded quantum dot. The novel set-up has advantages ...

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Controlled emission and spatial splitting of electron pairs demonstrated

Key (cryptography)
In cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm or cipher. Without a key, t...

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#5 computer security techniques, continued + cryptography primitives
surveillance - choke point - need to know - don #39;t do crypto yourself Cryptographic primitives - hash functions and their basic properties - pseudo-random n...

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#5 computer security techniques, continued + cryptography primitives - Video

Remote control for virtualized desktops

While the application of quantum computers to cracking cryptography is still, for now, a futuristic scenario, crypto researchers are already taking that future seriously.

It came as a surprise to Vulture South to find that in October of this year, researchers at GCHQ's information security arm the CESG abandoned work on a security primitive because they discovered a quantum attack against it.

Presented to the ETSI here, with the full paper here, the documents outline the birth and death of a primitive the CESG called Soliloquy.

Primitives are building blocks in the dizzyingly-complex business of assembling a cryptosystem: individual modules that are expected to be very well-characterised before they're accepted into security standards (and, in the case of crypto like RC4, dropped when they're no longer safe).

Given that improving computer power is one of the ways a primitive can be broken, there's a constant background research effort into both creating the primitives of the future, and testing them before they're adopted and that's where Soliloquy comes in.

As the CESG paper states, Soliloquy was first proposed in 2007 as a cyclic-lattice key exchange primitive supporting between 3,000 and 10,000 bits for the public key. Between 2010 and 2013 presumably as part of their effort to case-harden the primitive before releasing it into the wild the boffins (Peter Campbell, Michael Groves and Dan Shepherd) developed what they call a reasonably efficient quantum attack on the primitive, and as a result, they cancelled the project.

The quantum algorithm they describe would work by creating a quantum fingerprint of the lattice Soliloquy creates; discreteise and bound the control space needed; and run a quantum Fourier transform over that control space, iteratively to get lots of samples approximating the lattice.

That's where the quantum attack is complete: after that, the samples would get fed into a classical lattice-based algorithm to recover the values you want in other words, the key.

The main challenge, the authors write, is to define to define a suitable quantum fingerprinter that could handle the control space.

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GCHQ boffins quantum-busted its OWN crypto primitive

Matthew Green, cryptography professor at Johns Hopkins, knows all about iPhone security and apparently so does his 7-year-old son, Harrison. According to CNN Money, the child was able to bypass Apple's Touch ID security measures and access Angry Birds Transformers using a simple physical attack.

But Tuesday morning at dawn, little Harrison crept into his parents' bedroom and walked over to his dad's side of the bed. He quietly reached for his father's iPhone, grabbed his right hand and pressed his large thumb onto the fingerprint scanner.

Apple recently increased iPhone and iPad security in iOS 8, encrypting data by default and protecting it in such a way that nobody, except the original owner, can access it via passcode or the biometrics of Touch ID. This improved security has caught the attention of the FBI, which claims these new security measures will hinder investigations and assist criminals. A recent court decision lessened the impact of this security, ruling that Touch ID was not protected by the Fifth Amendment.

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7-year-old boy cleverly thwarts Apple's iPhone security measures

The technologies made possible by breakthroughs in quantum physics have already provided the means of quantum cryptography, and are gradually paving the way toward powerful, practical, everyday quantum computers, and even quantum teleportation. Unfortunately, without corresponding atomic memories to appropriately store quantum-specific information, the myriad possibilities of these technologies are becoming increasingly difficult to advance. To help address this problem, scientists from the University of Warsaw (FUW) claim to have developed an atomic memory that has both exceptional memory properties and a construction elegant in its simplicity.

The FUW researchers from the Institute of Experimental Physics claim that the new, fully-functioning atomic memory has numerous potential applications, especially in telecommunications where the transmission of quantum information over long distances is not as straightforward as the transmission of simple electronic data encoded on laser light and traveling through optical fiber.

This is because quantum information can't simply be amplified every so often along its path of travel as information digitally encoded on a laser beam can be. Instead, it is essential that the quantum information itself remain absolutely preserved in its original form to maintain its inherent security, and boosting the signal risks disrupting the quantum state and immediately rendering the transmission useless and unusable.

In this vein, the new memory may prove useful in providing a means to bring into reality the DLCZ quantum transmission protocol (DLCZ being the initials of the physicists from the University of Innsbruck and Harvard University who proposed it; Duan, Lukin, Cirac, and Zoller), enabling quantum information to be sent across long distances.

As an essential requirement for this protocol to work, quantum information transmitted must be stored at various relay points along the channel of communication. Up until now, the physical capabilities to realize the DLCZ protocol have been unavailable, but this new atomic memory may help solve that problem.

"The greatest challenge in the construction of our quantum memory was the precise selection of system parameters that would allow it to save, store and read quantum information effectively," says Dr. Wojciech Wasilewski of FUW, "We have also found a novel way of reducing noise during detection."

The primary component of the quantum memory is a glass chamber about 25 mm (1 in) in diameter and around 100 mm (4 in) long. Coated on the inside with rubidium, the container was evacuated of air and filled with krypton gas and the cell magnetically shielded to protect the interior from stray magnetic fields. When the tube was heated to around 90 C (194 F), pairs of rubidium atoms expanded to fill the inside of it, whilst the pressurized krypton gas acted as a noise reducer by dampening their movement.

To record and recover quantum information, the researchers used three horizontally polarized external lasers on the chamber: one was used to pump (excite) the rubidium atoms, another was used to write by creating spin-wave excitations on those atoms, and the third was used to apply a read pulse. The resultant multimode light was then passed through a series of filters and detected by a sCMOS high-speed camera.

In other words, quantum information stored in the memory used photons from the laser beam to "imprint" quantum spin states on many of the excited rubidium atoms. As a result of this interaction, other photons were emitted simultaneously and the detection of these verified that the information had been saved. Information stored in the memory was then retrieved using another laser pulse.

"Until now, quantum memory required highly sophisticated laboratory equipment and complex techniques chilling the systems to extremely low temperatures approaching absolute zero," said Radek Chrapkiewicz, a doctoral student at FUW and researcher on the project. "The atomic memory device we have been able to create operates at far higher temperatures, in the region of tens of degrees Celsius, which are significantly easier to maintain."

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Quantum memory storage to help quantum communications go the distance

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