Bitcoin Has Held Over $10k for Nearly Two Weeks: What Happens Now? – Finance Magnates

So far, this year has been a big one for Bitcoin: after a spectacular price crash in March, BTC managed to hold levels between $8,500 and $9,800 for nearly three months, occasionally kissing $10,000. Never before had Bitcoin managed to sustain something so close to $10,000 for such a long time.

Now, however, it seems as though $10,000 may be in Bitcoins rearview mirror for some time to come: on Monday, July 27th, Bitcoin broke past the $10,000 marker and hasnt looked back since.

The Most Diverse Audience to Date at FMLS 2020 Where Finance Meets Innovation

In fact, Bitcoins now seems to be courting the $12k resistance level. Since Tuesday, July 28th, Bitcoin has been dancing between $11,200 and $11,800 and has occasionally reached alllllllmost up to $12k (according to CoinMarketCap), or even past it (on certain exchanges). Now, some analysts are identifying $50k as Bitcoins next major target.

Whats driving this latest bull run? Will Bitcoin keep up its momentum, or will BTC once again fall below $10k?

Many experts within the cryptocurrency space seem to agree that there are several main factors that are pushing BTC upward: primarily among these, however, is global economic instability.

Indeed, Marie Tatibouet, chief marketing officer at cryptocurrency exchange Gate.io, told Finance Magnates that the price of Bitcoin may have been boosted by the current situation of the world.

This includes the instability caused by the pandemic, the stock market falling, the US and China market wrestling dollar vs. yuan, or a big fear of inflation on a global scale, just to highlight some, she said.

Indeed, the economic turmoil that has resulted from the global pandemic has also caused people to reconsider their beliefs about their national currencies, a factor that could also be contributing to Bitcoins ascent.

For example, Evan Bayless, the operator of WhatIsMoney.info, also pointed out to Finance Magnates that we as a society are very accustomed to looking at the value of everything in terms of our national currencies: we think that dollars and other major fiat currencies are stable, he said.

However, the incredibly fast and drastic response of the Fed and other central banks to the COVID-induced lockdowns (and the subsequent economic fallout) has caused the idea that fiat currencies may not be a consistent yardstick for measuring value to begin to enter the public consciousness, he said.

In other words, the massive amount of quantitative easing that the United States central bank decided to do earlier in the year seems to have shaken the public perception of the almighty dollar and other major fiat currencies.

Therefore, Bitcoin may be capitalizing off of its functionality as an inherently scarce asset: as central banks continue to pump liquidity in the system, investors are looking for anything that has a limited supply and cannot be debased, Evan Bayless told Finance Magnates.

This is why youre seeing blue-chip stocks, gold, and bitcoin seeing massive rises with other assets following suit, in accordance with how easy it is for producers to create more of the asset and push the price back down. We are seeing a scramble for asset preservation.

Gate.ios Marie Tatibouet also believes that the current public discussion about the nature of money may be benefiting Bitcoin: Bitcoin was created as an alternative option, and its price movements are proof of how more and more investors are opting for that alternative.

However, its unclear whether or not the momentum that Bitcoin seems to have gained from the global events of this year will continue into the future.

Now that Bitcoin seems as though it may have stabilized above $10k, a number of Bitcoin-bullish commentators and analysts seem to have focused in on a new target: $50,000.

For example, Vinny Lignham, chief executive of CivicKey and general partner at MultiCoinCapital, wrote on Twitter that because Bitcoin doesnt conform to the typical Sharpe Ratio calculations, it could be possible that if Bitcoin doubled from here, its likely to go past $50k, which would be a 5x increase from today. This essentially means a 2x increase produces, in effect, a 5x upside.

Additionally, Altcoin Forrest reported on August 1st that $150,000 worth of Bitcoin (BTC) $50K call options for June and December 2021 strikes had been traded on LedgerX over the course of the past several weeks.

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The traders who bought these options were essentially paying $1,000 for the privilege of purchasing Bitcoin 440% above the current price in 18 monthsanother factor that seems to demonstrate a strong belief that Bitcoin is on its way up to $50k.

And at the moment, things do look positive for Bitcoins future: Sergei Khtirov, founder and chief executive of Listing.Help, told Finance Magnates that currently, [] there are still huge volumes on the market, and the market is constantly fueled by positive news and the growth of other cryptocurrencies.

Still, though, as good as $12,000 may feel for the moment, it may be too soon to say that Bitcoin will hit $50k anytime within the next 12-24 months.

Indeed, the $50,000 mark for Bitcoin is still far enough away, Khitrov told Finance Magnates.

In other words, there are plenty of steps on the road from $12k to $50k: for example, in our opinion, the previous resistance level at $14000 may be tested in the second half of this year, Khitrov said.

And, of course, there is still a good chance that Bitcoins current momentum above $10k could come to a screeching haltand even reverse.

It is always possible that a Bart Simpson trading pattern will be repeated in case of negative news on the market, Khitrov said. In this case, a retest of the level of $10,000 is quite possible, which remains a significant psychological benchmark. Falling below it will mean the end of the recent bull run.

After all, it wouldnt be the first time that Bitcoin seemed as though it was there to stay over $10k before falling back to much lower levels.

For example, throughout much of June, July, and August of 2019, the price of Bitcoin sat comfortably above $10k, at one point reaching as high as roughly $13,500.

However, in September, BTC seemed to lose its momentum: by midway through December of 2019, BTC had fallen to roughly $7,170.

Indeed, Daniel Worsley, co-counder and chief operating offcer of LocalCoinSwap, told Finance Magnates that it is definitely possible that we will see sub-$10k prices again.

Bitcoin has a history of high volatility, Worsley explained. Although it has reduced in recent times, it is still prevalent. I do not think it will ever sit below this price for long moving forward. I would expect to see strong resistance at the $10k level as this is a big barrier for investor psychology.

On the other hand, though, in 2015, Bitcoin reaching $100 seemed unrealistic, Worsley pointed out. Now, a price that low is unimaginable.

Therefore, Worsley believes that just as Bitcoin could fall back below $10k again, its also possible that Bitcoin could easily hit $50k.

After all, the pandemic is far from over and more and more people are now learning about Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies.

And indeed, it does seem as though more people than ever are interested in learning about and investing in cryptocurrencies as a way to make extra money: a number of cryptocurrency exchanges and fintech apps that support cryptocurrency trading have reported high numbers of new users over the past several months.

Increased levels of interest in cryptocurrencies that have developed recently are also evidenced by the altcoin boom that has been taking place: a number of altcoinsparticularly in the DeFi sectorhave made headlines over the past several months for their positive price performance.

Of course, some of the altcoin success seems to be tied with Bitcoins performance: altcoins play a game of cat and mouse with Bitcoin, Evan Bayless explained. When Bitcoin surges, traders sell alts into Bitcoin, and vice versa.

Therefore, Daniel Worsley believes that the current altcoin season could draw to a close if Bitcoins positive performance keeps up: many low-cap altcoins will be adversely affected by increased Bitcoin prices as current holders will convert these holdings to Bitcoin in an attempt to maximize profit, he said.

However, higher-cap and more established altcoins like Ethereum will likely benefit from increased interest in Bitcoin by proxy as new investors will look at other investment opportunities in the crypto-space and these have a proven track record and use-cases.

On the other hand, though, Evan Bayless believes that we may be at the cusp of another period similar to 2016/2017 where scammers (and some well-intentioned entrepreneurs) attempt to hijack bitcoins momentum by promising bitcoin but better and duping retail investors into parting with their bitcoin in order to get in on potentially higher gains.

What are your thoughts on the recent price movements of Bitcoin? Will Bitcoin reach $50k? How is Bitcoin affecting altcoins? Let us know in the comments below.

Excerpt from:
Bitcoin Has Held Over $10k for Nearly Two Weeks: What Happens Now? - Finance Magnates

Fixing This Bitcoin-Killing Bug Will (Eventually) Require a Hard Fork – Yahoo Finance

Most of us will be dead by then.

Projected to happen in the year 2106, Bitcoin will suddenly stop running based on the code its network of users is running today. Users wont be able to send bitcoin to others; miners securing Bitcoins global network will no longer serve a purpose. Bitcoin will just stop.

The good news is that the bug is easy to fix. Its a problem Bitcoin developers have known about for years since at least 2012, maybe earlier, according to Bitcoin Core contributor Pieter Wuille. To some developers, the Bitcoin bug potentially sheds light on the limits to Bitcoins decentralization, since the community will all need to join together to fix it.

Related: Cardano Introduces Proof-of-Stake With 'Shelley' Hard Fork

Read more: A Bitcoin Hard Fork? The Science of Contentious Code is Advancing

This is a consensus change, but a very simple one, and I hope one that will be non-controversial, Blockstream co-founder and engineer Pieter Wuille told CoinDesk in an email. We have about 80 years left to address [the bug]. Who knows what might happen in such a time frame.

The bug is simple. Bitcoin blocks are the containers within which transactions are stored. Each Bitcoin block has a number tracking how many blocks come before it. But because of a limitation revolving around how block height numbers are stored, Bitcoin will run out of block numbers after block number 5101541.

In other words, at a block height roughly 86 years into the future, it will be impossible to produce any new blocks.

Related: OpenEthereum Supported 50% of Ethereum Classic Nodes. Now Its Leaving the Project

The change requires whats known as a hard fork, the most demanding method of making a change to a blockchain. Hard forks are tricky in that theyre not backwards-compatible, they require everyone running a Bitcoin node or miner to upgrade their software. Anyone who doesnt do so will be left behind on a stonewalled version of Bitcoin thats incapable of any activity.

While some blockchains, such as Ethereum, execute hard forks regularly, a hard fork isnt the happiest word in Bitcoin land.

The last time a Bitcoin hard fork was attempted, it attracted vicious debate. Several big Bitcoin businesses and miners rallied around a hard fork called Segwit2x in 2017. The problem is that far from everyone in the community agreed with the change, so many saw it as an attempt to force the upgrade on the community, which doesnt exactly jibe with Bitcoins ethos of leaderlessness.

Read more: No Fork, No Fire: Segwit2x Nodes Stall Running Abandoned Bitcoin Code

Because of this diary entry in Bitcoins history, when many people in Bitcoin hear the phrase hard fork, they think of a centralized power trying to impose a change.

However, this bug fix hard fork comes in stark contrast to Bitcoins most famous hard fork attempt. Rather than attracting debate, the community and developers will most likely agree it is a change that needs to be made.

After all, anyone who chooses not to upgrade their software will eventually be running a dead Bitcoin chain.

The bug fix is unlikely to be a controversial hard fork change. But that doesnt make the issue any less interesting.

In conversation with CoinDesk, Head of Product and Research at Bitcoin tech startup Veriphi, Gustavo J. Flores, argued that it brings to light a limit to Bitcoins protocol ossification.

Read more: Hard Fork vs Soft Fork

Bringing to mind squishy cartilage hardening into bone over time, protocol ossification is the idea that Bitcoin will grow harder to change as it matures. The first several years of Bitcoins life, the protocol was immature and there were far fewer users and developers tinkering with the software, so the technology was easier to change. But Bitcoin may be hardening into a bony specimen that will be very difficult to change.

Protocol ossification means a certain point in time, some say it should be now, where Bitcoin doesnt change anymore. The rules are set such as a countrys constitution would be set, unchangeable, since it would be too decentralized to coordinate any change, Flores told CoinDesk.

The reason many Bitcoin technologists think ossification is a good quality is because it is a sign that the system is actually as decentralized as the community wants it to be, ensuring the system is really free from one person or entity stepping in and pushing through a change that isnt good.

Story continues

Flores went on to argue that protocol ossification helps to prevent future tentatives that would resemble Segwit2x, where some actors try to force an upgrade, because theyre known developers or big businesses, and this ends up hurting Bitcoin because its either untested code or cryptography, or because the change removes the core value proposition or would decrease decentralization which would hurt the core value proposition on the long-term.

However, this bug makes it desirable to be able to coordinate a hard fork to fix it, since we all want Bitcoin to be able to survive that deadline, Flores said.

It basically brings us back to reality, where the dream of protocol ossification (which makes us achieve ultimate decentralization) is a further than expected and it might be just a dream, which we can get closer over time, but we cant ever complete it since emergencies such as this, might present themselves, Flores told CoinDesk.

Link:
Fixing This Bitcoin-Killing Bug Will (Eventually) Require a Hard Fork - Yahoo Finance

Wicker: Time to Address Online Censorship | Mississippi Politics and News – Yall Politics

Tech Giants Have Muzzled Conservative Voices

Our nation has always defended free speech and the right to express different viewpoints. Until recently, it was fair to assume U.S. internet companies were committed to those same rights. But in the last few years, reports have uncovered a disturbing trend of online platforms censoring conservative speech.

In 2018, for example, Twitter was exposed for shadow banning prominent conservatives on the platform, meaning their profiles were made difficult for users to find. Some of the more well-known figures who were shadow-banned include Republican Party Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel, former Congressman and current White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, and Donald Trump Jr. And just days ago, Facebook and Twitter removed posts from President Trumps accounts, while incendiary statements from Russian President Vladimir Putin and Irans Ayatollah remain.

Google has also done its share to frustrate conservatives. Recently, Google threatened to block the conservative news siteThe Federalistfrom receiving ad revenue because they had not removed certain offensive content in their comment section. The comments may indeed have been derogatory and unacceptable, but it is telling that Google singled out a conservative website for special scrutiny. Google has not applied that same standard to other platforms with comment sections including YouTube, which Google happens to own.

Americans Recognize Tech Bias

Googles selective hostility towardThe Federalistrevealed what most Americans already believe: that tech companies are politically biased. According to a 2018 Pew study, seven out of 10 Americans believe social media platforms censor political viewpoints that they find objectionable. These concerns are all the more weighty given the immense power that these corporations wield in our society. More and more of our daily business is taking place online, and our dependence upon internet firms is only accelerating with the pandemic.

As we near the 2020 election, Americans have real concerns about whether online platforms will treat campaigns on both sides of the aisle fairly and equally. And these concerns are justified. Americans are right to be worried about interference by powerful tech firms that are increasingly out of touch with mainstream political views.

Reforms to Protect a Diversity of Views

Tech companies are able to censor a wide range of content thanks to provisions in the Communications Decency Act. Passed in 1996, this law protects interactive computer services, like Facebook, from being sued for content posted by their users. It also allows these companies to censor content they consider to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable.

I am concerned that platforms have abused the term otherwise objectionable and have used it to suppress content that they simply disagree with or find distasteful. When Congress passed the law in 1996, the intent was to protect companies when they censor obscene or indecent material not political views they do not like. If the abuses continue, this law risks negating the values at the heart of our First Amendment.

Given recent cases of censorship, Congress should revisit the Communications Decency Act and make it clear that companies cannot enjoy special immunity from lawsuits if they censor political speech. Recently the Commerce Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, Innovation, and the Internet convened a hearing to consider this issue.

As chairman of the full Commerce Committee, I intend to pursue this matter thoroughly and evaluate what changes are needed to the law. Congress needs to ensure the internet remains a free and open forum where diverse political views can be expressed. Doing so can help preserve our great tradition of free speech in the digital age.

Press Release

8/7/2020

Link:

Wicker: Time to Address Online Censorship | Mississippi Politics and News - Yall Politics

Lawyer concerned that ‘internet censorship bill’ may be used as a political tool – CapeTalk

Legal advisor Nicholas Hall argues that the controversial the Film and Publications Amendment Bill is highly problematic.

The piece of legislation, often referred to as the 'internet censorship bill, has been widely-criticised for being poorly drafted.

It gives the Film and Publications Board (FPB) power to regulate and censor all forms of online content.

A new draft of the Films and Publications Amendment Regulations was gazetted for public comment this week, according to MyBroadBand.

President Cyril Ramaphosa signed the bill into law in October last year, but it has not come into effect yet.

Hall, a lawyer who specialises in South African digital entertainment law, says the FPB could potentially use the bill as a political tool.

He says the bill dangerously provides the FPB with room for legislative overreach when it comes to all kinds of online content.

Hall warns that the government-controlled entity should not have the power to regulate certain user-generated content.

He cautions that the FPB has been used to fight political battles in the past.

Because of the way that the regulations have been drafted... it's reaching onto any content that is uploaded online.

So, if you wanted to upload a film to Facebook or if you made TikTok video, you would be a criminal if you did that under the law

Section 24a of the Act says it's a crime for any person who uploads a film (broadly defined as any sequence of images that when viewed together create motion) and distributed by any media, including the internet and social media, unless you are registered with the FPB as the distributer of that content.

If someone complains, the FPB can pull that content and require it to be classified... Until such time that it's been classified, it's not allowed.

Historically, the FPB has only really had a mandate to classify content that is physically distributed and that is broadcast as well, to an extent.

Public comments for the new Films and Publications Amendment Regulations are currently open until Monday 17 August.

Listen to the discussion on Today with Kieno Kammies:

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Lawyer concerned that 'internet censorship bill' may be used as a political tool - CapeTalk

The line between legislating in opposition to disinformation and censorship could be very skinny – Pledge Times

We have to create, among all of us, politicians, technologists, journalists, etc., an ethical code to know how to act with technology, for example in terms of data exploitation. Three young women well aware of the challenges of the technological revolution explained their ideas, fears and solutions in the debate that was broadcast live from the newsroom of El PAS. The guests were Nagua Alba, psychologist and deputy for Guipzcoa (Podemos), who is the youngest deputy in the Chamber; Clara Jimnez, journalist, founder of Maldita.es and one of the experts appointed by the European Commission in its plan to deal with disinformation and fake news; and Nerea Luis Mingueza, researcher in robotics and artificial intelligence at the Carlos III University, who was the one who pronounced the sentence with which the paragraph begins. The reason for the meeting was to find out what has been the impact of this transformation among the youngest, a more vulnerable group but also more flexible and with greater capacity to adapt. Also invited was Roco Vidal, scientific disseminator on YouTube, creator of the successful channel La Gata by Schrdinger, who was unable to arrive in time due to a problem with transportation.

Politics lags behind society when it comes to the use of technology, said Alba, reality is always on top of politicians. The deputy believes that this revolution is catching the leaders with the wrong foot, but warned about the risks that legislative measures could pose against disinformation, for example. The line between legislating against disinformation and censorship is very thin, said Jimnez, aware that many governments may try to take advantage of this controversy to curtail freedom of expression and of the press. Alba proposed that it would be more useful to train educating the critical spirit of the citizenry to discern what it is that they are reading. In this sense, Luis insisted that much more should be done in technological training from a young age, giving them access to information.

The guests talked about the risks of social networks, in the propagation of hoaxes immediately and massively. What worries the technology community the most is the speed with which the false sources are shared, because the denials will not spread as much, explained the robotics and artificial intelligence specialist. In the same way, Jimnez recalled that there are already 36% of Spaniards already reported by WhatsApp: Which means that we consume more information, but also more disinformation. And he warned: More and more misinformation comes to us about migrations and it is something that is happening throughout Europe: hoaxes, videos against migrants, which arise in Spain and which in two days are in Italy or Germany. However, they all insisted that the networks have a positive side, as Jimnez and Alba recalled, by empowering women around the mobilizations for Womens Day or #MeToo.

Politics lags behind society when it comes to the use of technology. Reality is always on top of politicians, lamented Alba

Faced with the labor and unemployment problems that will arise with robotization and artificial intelligence, Nerea Luis stated that there will be a tendency to replace jobs dedicated to repetitive tasks with robots, but what is in a more creative field is going to be harder to replace. The political response to this challenge was provided by Nagua Alba: It will be good if we have to work less, to dedicate ourselves to leisure or care. But the political question is whether we abandon people who will not be able to work, said the deputy, defending the possibility of introducing basic income.

This debate is the first event of a special, called The age of puzzlement, with reports and interviews where expert anthropologists, philosophers, psychologists, economists and technologists will debate, from different perspectives, what awaits humanity in the face of the technological changes that are underway, and also those that will come in the medium term and that we do not even expect .

This special will culminate on November 27 in Madrid a debate in which three of the worlds leading experts will participate in the consequences of the evolution of technology and artificial intelligence. Continuing the debate generated by the book The age of puzzlement, from Openmind, the speakers will discuss issues such as the future of democracy and work, analyzing the role of disruptive technologies in politics and the economy. The three speakers are Nuria Oliver, Director of Research in Data Sciences at Vodafone, Luciano Floridi, Director of the Digital Ethics Lab and professor of Philosophy and Information Ethics at the University of Oxford, and Jannis Kallinikos, professor of Information Systems in the Management Department of the London School of Economics.

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The line between legislating in opposition to disinformation and censorship could be very skinny - Pledge Times

Machine learning in rare disease: is the future here? – PharmaLive

By Alex Garner,Chief Product Officer, Raremark

The healthcare industry is increasingly focusing on niche patient populations. Around half of FDA approvals in the past two years were for rare or orphan drugs that serve fewer than 200,000 patients in total in the US and 1 in 2,000 patients in Europe. By 2024, orphan drug sales are expected to capture one-fifth of worldwide prescription sales.

However, finding these hard-to-reach patients is difficult and keeping them engaged over time even more so. Could machine learning platforms that deliver personalized experiences for patients and caregivers be part of the answer? Patient insight over time can help brands to understand niche patient populations, informing launch strategies, which in rare conditions can feel like launching in the dark or based on conversations with just a few people.

Chances are that at some point in the last few hours youll have used an application powered by machine learning in some form or other. Netflix, Facebook, Google and Siri all use machine learning to personalize how we experience their service. Machine learning is essentially feeding a computer lots of information for it to then find and act on patterns in the data. For example, Facebooks machine learning algorithm analyzes how each user interacts with content on the platform and then, based on that, decides what content users should see next, making my Facebook feed look very different to yours.

Building a better road to diagnosis using machine learning

For healthcare, one benefit of machine learning lies in the ability to process enormous data sets and reliably find certain trends or insights that can improve and potentially disrupt the current levels of care patients are currently getting. For example, Microsoft is working on a way to automatically spot tumors from healthy tissue in radiological imagery. Other innovators are building prediction models to identify patients that could be at high risk of sepsis or heart failure and some are even developing facial recognition apps that help detect genetic disorders. All of these are very much a work in progress, and we are only just scratching the surface of machine learning in healthcare. One aspect we can be sure of though is that machine learning relies heavily on big data sets something not readily available in rare disease.

A huge challenge for patients with rare diseases is getting an accurate diagnosis. Patients typically may have waited eight years to get one, usually down to a lack of knowledge and awareness of their disease by healthcare providers. There are around 7,000 rare diseases with small globally dispersed populations, and detailed medical literature and research on each of these diseases is often scarce.

There are some exciting developments happening in the rare disease space where innovators are using machine learning to try and improve diagnosis journeys.

Volv, a Swiss digital health and life sciences company, has made some great strides in this area. Their prediction model can diagnose patients with a rare disease with 97% accuracy using medical health records. Volv feeds information around symptoms, patient journeys, instances of misdiagnosis, clinical decision making and other clinical data points into its model to help it learn about a particular rare disease. Then they give it access to a huge dataset of anonymous medical records, which it analyzes and finds those patients at risk of a particular rare disease. The company recently shared a case study of its model in action and it found a whole new cohort of patients at risk of a rare disease, who did not have it as a diagnosis on their medical record. The anonymized patients found were being treated for other conditions. This enlightened approach could dramatically accelerate the diagnostic journey for many rare conditions.

Another area where machine learning can be used is in medical imaging. The award-winning breast cancer screening AI Mia, built by the British med tech company Kheiron, uses novel deep learning methods and radiology insights to find malignancies in mammograms. Kheiron was recently granted a UK government grant to help determine the best use of Mia to increase the automation of breast screening services. Boston-based biotech FDNA is also focusing on medical imagery to improve diagnosis. Their Face2Gene tool helps researchers analyze patient faces to determine whether they have a genetic disorder. In fact, its already being used in multiple studies investigating rare diseases, such as a 2020 study looking at Mucolipidosis type IV (ML-IV), a rare autosomal, recessive lysosomal storage disease, where researchers want to see whether patients with this disease share identifiable facial features not yet described in medical literature.

How is machine learning helping rare disease patients at the moment?

Alex Garner

A new wave of online patient platforms has emerged in the past decade, aimed at bringing patients together in one place to share experiences and learn from the wisdom of the crowd. Some of these platforms are researching and discovering machine learning techniques to enhance the experience of users. Our platform Raremark is one of them. Its the worlds largest patient experience network in rare disease. Our platform makes the right information available to patients at the right time. We understand that patients who have just been diagnosed have different needs and questions than someone who has been living with the condition for many years.

Raremark is continuing to research and develop new ways to match members to content and opportunities to share their lived experiences through a novel combination of machine learning techniques and behavioural science models. We believe that an effective matching algorithm for online health resources is to recognise that each member will have a different set of personal characteristics. These characteristics will determine how they confront the realities of living or caring for someone with a rare condition. Using these technologies to learn and automate when to recommend the right type of experiences to read or contribute on the platform help our members build a valuable knowledge base about their disease.

We have learnt the best way to find and engage with people affected by a rare disease is by firstly understanding their digital journeys and starting conversations on those channels first. Once a relationship has been established, we invite them to become a Raremark member, where we begin to build their trust by listening to and responding to their needs through our personalized content recommendation system. We can then go a step further and begin to study user behavior to gain some insight into areas like the motivations behind taking part in research and clinical studies or the reasons for treatment non-adherence for certain rare diseases. We keep our intentions clear and transparent our members know that with their explicit consent we share certain member experiences and survey results with researchers and companies studying their disease to advance the field further.

Rare disease and the machine learning frontier

We still have a long way to go before the full potential of machine learning and AI are realized. Its important not to overestimate the capabilities of machine learning and AI, we are still only touching the surface of its full potential. In rare disease, a challenge for all of these models is the small data sets that come with small patient populations, as well as the format of rare disease research where insights are hidden in dense literature. Advances are already being made to find key information from reams of text.

Despite machine learning and artificial intelligence still being in its infancy, every day were seeing new and exciting innovations happening in health and with every new project or setback, were getting closer to making true artificial intelligence a reality. Its an exciting road ahead.

About the author

Alex Garner, chief product officer, is responsible for the upkeep and future development of Raremarks digital real-estate. He discovered a passion for building health-tech products from over five years of implementing and designing digital applications for the NHS. Along with a masters degree in business management and innovation, Alex is a firm believer in the principles of user-centric design and constant learning

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Machine learning in rare disease: is the future here? - PharmaLive

COVID-19 Update: Global Data Science and Machine Learning Service Market is Expected to Grow at a Healthy CAGR with Top players: DataScience.com, ZS,…

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Key Questions Answered in this Report:

What is the market size of the Data Science and Machine Learning Service industry?This report covers the historical market size of the industry (2013-2019), and forecasts for 2020 and the next 5 years. Market size includes the total revenues of companies.

What is the outlook for the Data Science and Machine Learning Service industry?This report has over a dozen market forecasts (2020 and the next 5 years) on the industry, including total sales, a number of companies, attractive investment opportunities, operating expenses, and others.

What industry analysis/data exists for the Data Science and Machine Learning Service industry?This report covers key segments and sub-segments, key drivers, restraints, opportunities and challenges in the market and how they are expected to impact the Data Science and Machine Learning Service industry. Take a look at the table of contents below to see the scope of analysis and data on the industry.

How many companies are in the Data Science and Machine Learning Service industry?This report analyzes the historical and forecasted number of companies, locations in the industry, and breaks them down by company size over time. The report also provides company rank against its competitors with respect to revenue, profit comparison, operational efficiency, cost competitiveness, and market capitalization.

What are the financial metrics for the industry?This report covers many financial metrics for the industry including profitability, Market value- chain and key trends impacting every node with reference to companys growth, revenue, return on sales, etc.

What are the most important benchmarks for the Data Science and Machine Learning Service industry?Some of the most important benchmarks for the industry include sales growth, productivity (revenue), operating expense breakdown, the span of control, organizational make-up. All of which youll find in this market report.

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COVID-19 Update: Global Data Science and Machine Learning Service Market is Expected to Grow at a Healthy CAGR with Top players: DataScience.com, ZS,...

Cryptocurrency: The Currency of the Future – Techtree.com

Bitcoin surged in the public consciousness during late-2017 when one bitcoin was suddenly worth 20,000 dollars. Overnight nerdy bitcoin miners became millionaires, and the ignored coder cousin of the family became everyone's favourite. Many investors who had no idea about any sort of cryptocurrency started to look towards the profit in this digital asset.

Heralding the times of a digital market, Bitcoin is a pioneer in the fresh field of crypto-currency that is slowly and steadily changing the finance landscape.There are many important subsets of the Bitcoin concept outlined in the bitcoin billionaire.

Bitcoin Origin

Bitcoin first emerged in January 2009 under mysterious circumstances. It was founded by a still-unidentified group (or individual) under the name of Satoshi Nakamoto. The central idea of the concept was that Bitcoin would be a revolutionary new form of currency that will operate in a peer-to-peer network. This means a financial transaction that involves bitcoins will be carried out directly between the two parties without the need of a third-party overseer, as is done in credit cards and online transactions.

Blockchains and Miners

The process is carried out through block-chains. A block-chain is essentially a collection of blocks where each block is a group of transactions involving bitcoins that are bunched together and stored in a decentralized manner. These decentralized public ledgers are maintained by "miners" who are motivated by rewards in bitcoins itself. These rewards are limited by their number, with only 3 million of them remaining currently. This helps to eliminate issues like inflation that is caused by normal currencies.

Transparency and security

The ingenuity of Bitcoin lies in the way it's operated. The block-chains that are made to record all transactions are completely transparent. These can be seen developing live by any user. For breach of security, the hacker would have to control 51% of the computational power spent to maintain the ever-widening Bitcoin chain, which, with already 10,000 nodes, is difficult to achieve. And even if the hacker manages to perform this seemingly impossible task, the user may just create another block-chain and foil the villain's efforts completely. Along with that, numerous layers of coding involving rigorous cryptography makes the hacking of bitcoins a considerable task that not many computers are equipped to perform.

Bitcoin Transactions

The transactions involving bitcoins are a little like normal bank transactions. A user is given two sets of keys to access this unique cryptocurrency and its form of finances. These keys are a long series of numbers and letters that are encrypted through a suitable mathematical algorithm. The public key acts like ones bank account number that is given to other parties to receive and send bitcoins. The private key serves similarly to an ATM pin, which is used to provide authoritative access to the transaction. Since these keys are too long to just remember, users are advised to store them in encrypted offline storage devices or printed on physical paper that can be scanned later to access the important codes.

Bitcoin Legitimacy

As of now, Bitcoin is not backed by any banks or governments. The value of Bitcoin as a commodity is also not recognized. It primarily functions as a mode of exchange that exists solely on decentralized networks. Finance pundits are generally divided in their opinions about the cryptocurrency. Some laud it as the future face of finance while others caution against its volatile valuations due to which every rise in its value is followed by an equally drastic decline. Despite such issues, the popularity of bitcoins continues to rise, with many exploiting its high exchange rate for lucrative investment ventures.

Aside from investment, bitcoins are now also used as a common form of crypto-currency that can be used for daily commercial transactions as its acceptance is gradually gaining traction. Many retailers, shop-owners, and businesses accept bitcoins as a legitimate form of payment along with traditional methods such as credit cards, debit cards, e-banking, etc.

Bitcoin has become the original front-runner of the crypto-currency field, and now many more forms of digitally encrypted currencies are following suit with growing numbers. These virtual currencies are together called Altcoins. The steady rise in popularity and acceptance of such currencies signal a future of digitally thriving marketplaces.

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Cryptocurrency: The Currency of the Future - Techtree.com

Authentication In IoT: Securing the Front Door – IoT For All

We may not think about it much, but we truly live in a fascinating era of technology. Our devices are becoming smarter, and we aim to have them all online. The Internet of Things is thriving, boasting more connected devices than there are people on the planet.

And thats only the beginning.

Although there is always a dark side to progress in the case of IoT, its the race between the cybercriminals and development of cybersecurity, where one party still wants to be a step ahead of the other. The reasons are evident: with so many connected devices that perform such a variety of tasks, the opportunities for taking advantage of them are endless. Among the tools that can stop or slow down hackers, strong authentication is the one thats been around for a while. Still, it has to change as well. So what is the future of authentication for the Internet of Things?

In a typical IoT infrastructure, a vast number of interconnected and distributed devices communicate with each other. This principle makes it crucial to have a strong, reliable, and scalable authentication method in place where each IoT device is properly authenticated to ensure its genuine and to prevent unauthorized IoT devices from being installed on the network.

When an IoT device communicates with another peer device they need to identify each other and verify their identity to each other to establish Authentication. This is obtained through cryptographic methods that may vary in terms of complexity and level of security.

However, in an IoT infrastructure, the 2FA/MFA system can be more complex, requiring hardware tokens, separate devices or even biometrics (facial recognition, retina scan, fingerprint, etc.) to improve security. Its essential for IoT as this system has to ensure that its approvedto perform administrative actions for IoT devices. This is what the security depends on since many IoT devices dont have physical User Interfaces (UIs) and must rely on administrator actions.

Technically, there is a real challenge to initiating a secure communication between two IoT devices. This means that in case a public-key cryptographic authentication method is used, there should be a way to ensure that the public key is received by a peer IoT device belongs to the intended communication channel and that the peer IoT device can be trusted. This requires that the public key be stored securely on the device in the sense that its integrity is preserved. It must not be possible for an attacker to modify the key or to use another fake key instead The latter concerns the digital certificates which are commonly used in such a scheme.

When it comes to user experience, the beauty of IoT partially lies in the variety of devices that can be interconnected. However, thats also the ultimate nightmare of its security, as hardware and software differences between various IoT devices make it much harder to come up with a security solution that would be applicable in every case. Piling on to this issue, manufacturers and developers of IoT devices often dont develop a securitysolution for their productto reduce costs.

Authentication might be the answer if we can make it simpler and more efficient. Authentication methods implemented should be strong enough to be resilient against different attacks, such as eavesdropping/spying, replay attacks, MiTM attacks, dictionary attacks, or brute-force attacks.

Also, in IoT, its vital to use the same strong authentication for multiple devices that are commonly used (considering some devices have no Human Machine Interface (HMI), it could be a gesture, a GPS-location or silent authentication), and be faster and more convenient than our current 2FA/MFA processes.

To improve security, all sensitive data such as keys and biometrics should stay on the device itself. Ideally, you should be able to authenticate yourself to your device locally, and then it would validate the user online using public-key cryptography. This would eliminate the need to have any link-ability between different accounts or services, vastly improving security. FIDO authentication protocol could be the best security option to re-use.

IoT security presents a challenge, but with how IoT has been developing, cybersecurity has to be an absolute priority.Solving security concernsby securing the front door through strong and smart authentication will bring us a step closer to more fascinating technological developments.

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Authentication In IoT: Securing the Front Door - IoT For All

Jihadi Use Of Bots On The Encrypted Messaging Platform Telegram – Middle East Media Research Institute

Table of Contents

Introduction

A History Of Terrorist Bots On Twitter

The MEMRI JTTM Team: For Over Two Years, Monitoring Bots Spreading ISIS Content On Telegram

Creating Bots On Telegram

Jihadi Use Of Bots On The Encrypted Messaging Platform Telegram

Swearing Allegiance To ISIS

Discussing And Sharing Instructions For Online Security, Secure Communications, And Hacking

Sharing Information About Jihadi Channels, Archives, And Materials

Disseminating Warnings To Followers

Other Uses

Fundraising

Announcements Of New Bots And Requests For Distribution

Sharing Information About Jihadi Channels, Archives, And Materials

Sharing Information About Jihadi Channels, Archives, And Materials

Sharing Information On Training, Bombmaking, Weapons, And Recruiting

Introduction

Bots, or chatbots short for "chat robot" are computer programs that simulate human conversation "chat" through artificial intelligence.[1] They are typically created to carry out repetitive, pre-defined tasks more efficiently than humans.[2] They can be used for ecommerce, customer service, and content distribution; one common type, the chatbot, simulates conversation, while other types can schedule social media or other posts or create polls. Platforms such as Facebook Messenger,[3] Twitter,[4] and WhatsApp[5] offer bot integration. Botnets are connected computers performing monotonous tasks to keep websites going.[6] They are also becoming companions for people: In April 2020, half a million people downloaded an app called Replika that allows the user to converse with a human-like robot over text. While that app is not entirely convincing, some experts believe a completely convincing chatbot will exist in five to 10 years.[7]

Bot technology is also used for illegal purposes for example, sending spam and phishing emails containing malware, engaging in internet fraud, and trafficking in illegal goods and services. Illegal botnets gain control of computers through hacking or malicious coding and their owners can then use these computers to carry out DDoS attacks, email spam to many more millions of Internet users, generate fake Internet traffic, and extort ransom from users.[8]

To keep pace with China's ambitious artificial intelligence development, on February 11, 2019,[9] President Trump signed an executive order announcing the American Artificial Intelligence Initiative.[10] This strategy, according to the White House, is a concerted effort to promote and protect national AI technology and innovation, that "implements a whole-of-government strategy in collaboration and engagement with the private sector, academia, the public, and like-minded international partners." The move followed calls from AI experts[11] across industry, academia, and government to prioritize development of this area, including a May 2018 memo from then-defense secretary James Mattis asking the president to create a national strategy for AI. At the same time, however, there has so far been little research into how terrorist groups are already utilizing some of the basic forms of AI available to them, such as bots.

A History Of Terrorist Bots On Twitter

Every day, bots are being used by jihadis, especially on Telegram, for a wide variety of purposes. Highlighting these uses just recently was the pro-Al-Qaeda Jaysh Al-Malahim Al-Electroni Telegram channel that announced, on July 20, 2020, that it was recruiting supporters with expertise in programming, "media raids," film montage, hacking, translation, and graphic design. Those interested, it added, should make contact using its bots.[12] The same day, the pro-ISIS Basa'ir Da'wah Foundation, on Telegram, urged supporters, especially designers, poets, and religious students, to join the foundation's team by contacting its bot on the platform.[13]

Jaysh Al-Malahim recruitment notice; Basa'ir Da'wah Foundation recruitment notice

Also, on July 23, the pro-Al-Qaeda Jaysh Al-Malahim Al-Electroni announced that it was seeking a commentator with excellent Arabic for its videos and asked candidates to apply to its Telegram bot.[14]

The recruitment notice referring candidates to Jaysh Al-Malahim Al-Electroni's Telegram bot

A pro-ISIS Telegram bot warned, on August 3, that intelligence and "Rafidites" Shi'ites had infiltrated pro-ISIS groups on Telegram and were creating fake accounts under the names of genuine ISIS supporters. It named three specific Telegram accounts claiming to be pro-ISIS that it said were actually run by Shi'ites.[15]

Underlining how bots are energizing jihadis' daily social media efforts, on August 5, Jaysh Al-Malahem Al-Electroni released a poster titled "We Remain in the Media Battle, Victorious." It depicts an armed fighter with the logos of Telegram, Instagram, Facebook, Pinterest, LinkedIn, YouTube, and Twitter.[16]

As early as 2015, when it was estimated that bots made up over half of all Internet traffic, ISIS was already known to have created thousands of Twitter bots to disseminate violent content, raise funds, and recruit supporters, as well as jamming activist communication on the platform, silencing their opponents on Twitter.[17] The bots latched onto trending hashtags to send out a stream of pro-ISIS messages a tactic adopted by ISIS as early as 2014[18] with the aim of inserting ISIS into ongoing conversations on different topics. Following the November 2015 Paris ISIS attacks, the international hacktivist group Anonymous launched a campaign against ISIS bots across the Internet under the hashtag #opISIS, shutting down over 25,000 of them within a month.[19]

After ISIS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi was killed by U.S. forces in late October 2019, Mustafa Ayad, a terrorism researcher at the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue, noticed on Twitter that many ISIS tweets were being posted faster than humanly possible. Accounts posting them that were suspended quickly returned with slight changes in usernames to avoid detection, while other accounts posting the content appeared to have been hacked. Twitter said that between January and July 2019 it had suspended more than 115,000 accounts for terrorism-related violations.[20] Telegram CEO Pavel Durov has stated that he takes steps to remove jihadi accounts and content on the platform, and has on occasion taken limited action to do so, but the accounts generally return.

A May 20 virtual forum held by the House Homeland Security Committee tackled the question of whether the coronavirus pandemic is fueling extremism on social media. Session co-host Rep. Max Rose, chairman of the Intelligence and Counterterrorism Subcommittee, said: "Terrorists' use of the Internet has been magnified by this public health crisis, with social media and gaming platforms increasingly being used for recruitment and propaganda here and around the world particularly as people spend more and more time online at home."[21] Bots are one technology that makes spreading that misinformation and messaging easier for extremist groups.

The MEMRI JTTM Team: For Over Two Years, Monitoring Bots Spreading ISIS Content On Telegram

As part of the work of the Cyber Jihad Lab team, which studies terrorists' use of technology, and of the MEMRI Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) team, over the past two years both teams have documented and identified the accounts in this report on the encrypted messaging app Telegram that are using bots. In October 2019, Telegram's @ISISWatch channel claimed to have blocked 7,431 terrorist bots and channels, many of which were used to launch campaigns for fundraising using cryptocurrency.[22] @ISISWatch was created the day after MEMRI exposed Telegram as ISIS's and jihadis' "app of choice" in a report published December 23, 2016 a report that made the front page of The Washington Post.[23] At that time, ISISWatch stated that Telegram "actively bans ISIS content on Telegram," that it was shutting down "an average of 70 ISIS channels" each day, and that between September and December 2016 it had shut down nearly 8,000 "ISIS bots and channels."[24] Nevertheless, Telegram remains a haven for jihadi communications, outreach, recruiting, and other activity even though the ISISWatch channel continues to report daily on terrorist bot and channels it claims to have removed.

Creating Bots On Telegram

Telegram allows users to create bots for sending, responding to, and otherwise managing messages, news, and notifications. They can also be used to manage digital assets such as cryptocurrencies.[25] Telegram's @BotFather tool walks users through the process quickly and easily, and provides support for questions connected to the process.[26]

To create a bot, the user first searches for @BotFather on Telegram, and then clicks on it to begin the process:

The user is then asked to create a name and username for the new bot. Once this is done, Telegram generates a unique link to the bot where the user can add a description, about section, and profile picture, and directs the user to a list of commands that it can be programmed to carry out.

To view a video of the creation of a Telegram bot, click here or below:

JIHADI USE OF BOTS ON THE ENCRYPTED MESSAGING PLATFORM TELEGRAM

Telegram's popularity among jihadis over the past five years has been well documented; for example, since 2015,[27] the Islamic State (ISIS) has used it in an official capacity, to disseminate calls for violence and share detailed instructions on how to carry out terrorist attacks, and to coordinate attacks an early example being the 2015 Paris attacks.[28]

ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and other jihadi organizations as well as their supporters are using bots on Telegram to disseminate their messaging in a variety of languages. They can be created in a chat or channel to allow them to connect with users. The bots can handle messages, with group members conversing with the bot as with a human. The MEMRI JTTM has been monitoring jihadi bots on Telegram since 2015.[29]

The examples below show how jihadi organizations ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS), the Somali Al-Qaeda affiliate Al-Shabab Al-Mujahideen, the Gaza-based Jaysh Al-Ummah, and Kashmiri jihadi groups and their supporters, and other jihadis, are using bots on Telegram for a wide range of purposes.

While one major use is for mass dissemination of official notifications, publications, and video productions, these groups also use bots designed to allow users to access archives of jihadi content produced by groups and media organizations. The archives were found to include content from Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP), Voice of Islam, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's (AQAP) Al-Malahem Foundation, Libyan Al-Rayah Foundation, Al-Shabab's Al-Kata'ib Foundation, Al-Qaeda In The Islamic Maghreb's (AQIM) Al-Andalus Foundation, Al-Qaeda media group Global Islamic Media Front (GIMF), Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (GSIM) Al-Zalaqah Foundation, and Jabhat Al-Nusra's (JN) Al-Manarah Al-Bayda' Foundation.

Also found in the archives was content from jihadi factions in Syria, Iraq, Chechnya, Bosnia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya, and from jihadi leaders past and present, including Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda leader Ayman Al-Zawahiri, HTS leader Abu Muhammad Al-Joulani, and Syria-based cleric Abdullah Al-Muhaysini.

Bots used by jihadis also allow users to request information and publications and register for courses, for example for physical fitness and bombmaking; solicit documents for later publication; submit and answer questions about migrating to Syria or Iraq, about technology, and about other subjects; widely share links to new Telegram channels following shutdowns; share tutorials on cyber security; use and hack accounts on social media platforms; recruit volunteer translators, video editors, and others; request donations for poor families, including families of slain jihadis; announce new accounts in multiple languages; promote causes such as supporting or freeing women from Al-Hol camp in Syria; and even convey holiday wishes.

This report documents the past two years of the JTTM's monitoring of jihadi use of bots for recruiting, fundraising, plan hacking and terror attacks, and more. It includes their use by major terrorist groups ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and others and by the most influential hacking groups and cyber activists. This use of bots a sophisticated tool made readily available to the public of social media users is a sign of what is to come: Jihadi groups will be using them much more in the future, and the West needs to be prepared to stop this before it happens.

ISLAMIC STATE (ISIS)

Planning Attacks, Sharing Information On Training, Bombmaking, And Weapons, Disseminating News, And Recruiting

The pro-ISIS Nasr News launched a new Telegram bot distributing official ISIS news in the Indonesian language: @NN20id_bot.[30]

On March 18, 2020, pro-ISIS Al-Tamkin Box launched a new Telegram bot, @Nooooooooods_bot, which distributes official ISIS news reports, official and unofficial videos, the Al-Naba' weekly, and articles by Al-Tamkin.[31]

JTTM subscribers can click here to view the full report

*Steven Stalinsky is Executive Director of MEMRI; R. Sosnow is Head Editor at MEMRI.

[1] Voxprogroup.com/iot-and-ai/ai-machine-learning-and-bots-whats-it-all-about, May 2017.

[2] Cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/53/assets/hubspot.com/research/reports/What_is_a_bot_HubSpot_Research.pdf?t=1492209311951, accessed July 30, 2019.

[3] Blog.hootsuite.com/facebook-messenger-bots-guide, May 9, 2019.

[4] Chatbotslife.com/how-to-make-a-twitter-bot-841b20655328, January 9, 2018.

[5] chatbotsmagazine.com/a-step-by-step-guide-to-creating-whatsapp-chatbot-for-business-275dc3924b17, May 14, 2019.

[6] Us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html.

[7] Nytimes.com/2020/06/16/technology/chatbots-quarantine-coronavirus.html, July 16, 2020.

[8] Us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html.

[9] Nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/trump-s-artificial-intelligence-order-lacks-funding-not-target-china-n970406, February 11, 2019.

[10] Whitehouse.gov/ai/executive-order-ai/.

[11] Nytimes.com/2018/08/26/technology/pentagon-artificial-intelligence.html, August 26, 2018.

[13] Telegram/ Ghiras11bot, July 20, 2020.

[14] Talk.gnews.bz/channel/news-akhbar?msg=2yweGevZj58h2gpci, July 23, 2020.

[15] Telegram/ UI_BXH_X_BOT, August 3, 2020

[16] Telegram/ Al_MalahemCyberArmybot, August 5, 2020.

[17] Imperva.com/blog/bot-traffic-report-2014/, December 18, 2014.

[19] Businessinsider.com/anonymous-battles-isis-political-bots-2015-12, December 14, 2015.

[20] Npr.org/2019/11/01/775509366/twitter-struggling-to-shut-down-bot-and-impersonation-accounts-created-by-isis, November 1, 2019.

[21] Homelandprepnews.com/stories/49829-social-media-companies-must-use-ai-to-thwart-extremist-content-experts-tell-congressmen, May 27, 2020.

[22] Decrypt.co/11229/us-and-australian-officials-concerned-over-terrorist-cryptocurrency-use,November 7, 2019.

[25] Core.telegram.org/bots, accessed July 30, 2019; Coinrivet.com/what-is-a-cryptocurrency-telegram-bot, June 20, 2019.

[26] Core.telegram.org/bots/api, accessed July 30, 2019.

[28] See MEMRI report Germany-Based Encrypted Messaging App Telegram Emerges As Jihadis' Preferred Communications Platform Part V Of MEMRI Series: Encryption Technology Embraced By ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Other Jihadis September 2015-September 2016, December 23, 2016; MEMRI Daily Brief No. 192, Fears About New Facebook Cryptocurrency Are Overblown While Main Threat Of Criminal Activity On Telegram App Is Being Criminally Ignored, July 16, 2019; MEMRI Daily Brief No. 161, As Momentum Builds To Solve Problem Of Encrypted Terrorist Communications, A Possible Third Way Emerges, May 24, 2019; MEMRI Daily Brief No. 174, The Cryptocurrency-Terrorism Connection Is Too Big To Ignore, January 3, 2019; MEMRI Inquiry and Analysis No. 1387, The Imminent Release Of Telegram's Cryptocurrency, ISIS's Encryption App Of Choice An International Security Catastrophe In The Making, March 30, 2018; Congressional letter to Telegram CEO Durov, Memri.org/pdf/20181025_Telegram_sherman-Poe.pdf.

[29] Rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cens/co15256-telegram-and-is-a-potential-security-threat/#.XUCPdOhKiUk, November 25, 2015.

[31] Telegram/ Ma Lakum Kayfa Tahkumun, March 18, 2020.

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Jihadi Use Of Bots On The Encrypted Messaging Platform Telegram - Middle East Media Research Institute