"Bitcoin can collapse completely," says Agustn Carstens, former Secretary of the Treasury – mySanAntonio.com

At the height of the cryptocurrency boom, the manager of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) , Agustn Carstens , warned about the dangers of investing in them. The former finance secretary warned that Bitcoin is increasingly vulnerable and could completely collapse .

Yesterday, January 27, during the policy seminar of the Hoover Institution , the Mexican economist said that Bitcoin is a speculative asset, not money .

Investors should be aware that Bitcoin can completely crash. Scarcity and crypto alone are not enough to guarantee exchange, " explained Carstens , adding that " Bitcoin is increasingly vulnerable .

The also former governor of Banco de Mxico , affirms that central banks must control the issuance and management of digital money . Consider that they have the financial structure to guarantee the stability of the cryptocurrencies .

For digital money to exist, the central bank must play a fundamental role, guaranteeing the stability of the value, ensuring the elasticity of the aggregate supply of said money and overseeing the general security of the system. Such a system must not fail and cannot tolerate serious errors , Carstens said.

The BIS manager said that other private stablecoin projects, such as Facebook's , are more credible than Bitcoin , but need to be regulated.

"In general, private stablecoins cannot serve as the foundation for a sound monetary system ," he said. But to remain credible, they must be strictly regulated and supervised. They must build on the foundations and confidence that the existing central banks give them and, therefore, be part of the existing financial system .

For now, many countries are targeting Central Bank digital currencies (CBDC) . In fact, 86% of major central banks are actively exploring CBDCs , according to a recent BIS survey.

Carstens indicated that national CBDCs would be used in various ways, such as the transmission of monetary policy and the management of interest rates. He explained that they should be complementary to the existing cash system , as completely replacing all bank accounts and cash with digital money is "undesirable" and "unrealistic ."

Related:"Bitcoin can collapse completely," says Agustn Carstens, former Secretary of the TreasuryHow Esports and Gaming Are Bringing Crypto to the MassesBitcoin: Qu es la 'cruz de la muerte' que presagia la fuerte cada de esta criptomoneda?

This article originally appeared on entrepreneur.com

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"Bitcoin can collapse completely," says Agustn Carstens, former Secretary of the Treasury - mySanAntonio.com

Researchers turn to stones to find the ancient origin of Bitcoin – AroundtheO

Many investors compare Bitcoin to gold as a store of value, even referring to Bitcoin as digital gold, a comparison believed to be one of the drivers of Bitcoins meteoric rise over the past several months.

But according to a paper by researchers at the University of Oregon, Bitcoin may be less like gold and more similar to ancient stone money.

In Banking on Stone Money: Ancient Antecedents to Bitcoin, published in January 2020 in the journal Economic Anthropology, Scott M. Fitzpatrick of the University of Oregon Department of Anthropology teamed with Inman Research Scholar and finance professor Stephen McKeon of the Lundquist College of Business to explore Bitcoins precedents as rooted in the ancient past, which involved the production, movement, and use of traditional forms of currency, the most visible and prominent of which were the famous stone money of Yap.

In the paper, the authors discuss Bitcoins origins and its consequences for global commerce, highlighting what might be learned by studying ancient stone currency. In particular, they note that the underlying technology powering Bitcoin, known as the blockchain, has much in common with the ledgers Yapese islanders used to document ownership of their enormous stone coins.

Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym adopted by an anonymous individual or group, introduced the concept of Bitcoin in a white paper distributed to members of an internet mailing list devoted to cryptography. In the paper, Nakamoto outlined a peer-to-peer virtual currency network where highly secured distributed ledgers, known as the blockchain, would be used to document transactions and currency ownership.

Further, new Bitcoins could be created or mined by computers validating those cryptographic ledgers when Bitcoins changed ownership. The rate of creation of new Bitcoins was built into the protocol, so that inflation is capped and known in advance.

Similarly, for centuries Yapese islanders in what is now known as Micronesia, sailed hundreds of kilometers to mine limestone they fashioned into enormous stone sculptures known as rai and used as currency. Those stone coins were so heavy that islanders drilled holes through the center so they could be carried on long poles. The tradition predates European contact with the Yapese in 1783 and formed the basis of their monetary system.

While it might seem like a giant stone coin would have little in common with Bitcoin, which has no physical presence, the sheer weight and difficulty of moving the rai from one holder to another creates a startling similarity.

An owner of a rai might not take physical possession of it. They might leave it on the side of a road or leave it with its original owner who has bartered it for some good or service. So, the Yapese created an oral ledger of ownership for each rai, in effect a precomputer blockchain to detail the origin of each piece of stone money, its transactions and its ultimate holder.

Given that the actual possession of rai was often infeasible, an owner would deem it to be valuable only if they could trust that all participants in the economic system agreed on the record of ownership, Fitzpatrick and McKeon write. Effectively, it was not a bearer asset; ownership was established solely through the ledger. Similarly, Bitcoin is often referred to as trustless. It is notable that it emerged during one of the worst economic recessions in recent history, a time during which trust in the financial system was at a historic low.

Other similarities with Bitcoin follow. The difficulty of mining limestone, fashioning it into rai and then transporting the currency helps to limit supply and to create scarcity that prevents inflation. Bitcoin is mined by computers solving complex math problems at great and growing expense.

There are some differences, of course. Bitcoins can be divided into smaller units while the Yapese had no system for spending smaller denominations of rai by breaking them into pieces. With Bitcoin, holders can be as anonymous as Satoshi, whereas the Yapese system functions based on a ledger where all participants to transactions are known by their real names.

Finally, all Bitcoins are equal. A rai, however, derived specific value from its size and craftsmanship, adding an element of artwork to the currency.

It isnt known if Nakamoto or his collaborators considered the Yapese, or ancient currencies, in their Bitcoin design. But it is known that some of the principles behind Bitcoin have been validated by history and that might offer a clue about the longevity and uses of blockchain based cryptocurrency as an asset class.

By Michael Maiello, for the Lundquist College of Business

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Researchers turn to stones to find the ancient origin of Bitcoin - AroundtheO

Modern relationship expert Esther Perel to give virtual CU talk Feb. 18 – CU Boulder Today

Esther Perel, a psychotherapist, award-winning podcast host, and bestselling author will speak virtually at CUBoulder on Feb.18. Perel is being hosted by the Distinguished Speakers Board, a CU Boulder student-led organization.

If you go

Who: Limited to 3,000 attendeesWhat: An Evening with Esther PerelWhen: Thursday, Feb. 18, 7 p.m.Where: Zoom

Register Now

The free event will take place on Zoom at 7 p.m. (MST) and is open to CU Boulder students (undergraduate and graduate), faculty, staffand residents of Colorado.Virtual attendees are asked to pre-register. Attendance is limited to 3,000 attendees, and preference is given to CU Boulder students, facultyor staff. Audience members are encouraged to submit questions for Perel via #EstherCU on Twitter or Facebook, which will be posed during a moderated Q&A following the speech.

Esther Perel is a highly distinguished speaker and psychotherapist, who has captured audiences with her enticing podcasts and books, said CU Boulder student Ally Roberts, chair of the Distinguished Speakers Board. Esthers insight in relationships and psychosocial health will challenge us to think critically about our own lives, especially in such an unprecedented landscape. DSB is bringing Esther to engage the CU community in a conversation, and give an opportunity to reflect on our own relationships.

Perel has hada therapy practice in New York City for more than 35 years. ANew York Times best-selling author of The State of Affairs and Mating in Captivity,Perel is recognized as one of todays most insightful and original voices on modern relationships.

Fluent in nine languages, Perel's celebrated TED Talks have garnered more than 30 million views and her best-selling books have been translated into nearly 30 languages. Perel is an executive producer and host of the award-winning podcast Where Should We Begin? She serves as an organizational consultant for Fortune 500 companies around the world.

Learn more on Perel's website.

The Distinguished Speakers Board is a student-run cost center of CU Student Government. The board strives to bring diverse speakers to campus that will intellectually challenge the student body, as well as spark meaningful dialogue surrounding relevant issues. Past speakers the board has hosted include Anderson Cooper, Trevor Noah, Bren Brown, Laverne Cox, Edward Snowden (via videoconference), Viola Davis, Scott Kellyand many more.

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Modern relationship expert Esther Perel to give virtual CU talk Feb. 18 - CU Boulder Today

Marty Baron and a turning point for the Washington Post – Columbia Journalism Review

Yesterday, Marty Baron announced that hes retiring as editor of the Washington Post, effective at the end of February. Baron arrived at the Post eight years ago after spells as executive editor at the Miami Herald and the Boston Globe (the latter immortalized by Liev Schreiber in Spotlight). In that time, the Post won ten Pulitzer prizes, was bought out by the billionaire Jeff Bezos, roughly doubled the size of its newsroom (which is still expanding), and adapted to the demands of the internet; the paper now has around three million digital subscribers, more than triple its 2016 total. Its long been rumored in media circles that Baron planned to step down sometime after the 2020 election. Yesterday, he told Paul Farhi, a media reporter at the Post, that his job is exhausting, and that hes ready to move on. With the internet being so big a part of it, its twenty-four/seven, three-sixty-five, Baron said. It means you never really get to disconnect.

In the hours after his announcement, tributes to Barons leadership poured in. Barton Gellman, a former national-security reporter at the Post (who is now at The Atlantic), praised Barons handling, in 2013, of the secrets that Edward Snowden leaked about the National Security Agency and shared with Gellman and others. I remember thinking he might throw me out of his office when I laid out my outlandish conditionsa windowless room, a heavy safe, encrypted email and so onfor bringing the Snowden documents to the Post, Gellman told Farhi, but every choice he made came from a place of courage and common sense and journalistic integrity. (That wouldnt be the last big national-security story that Baron would shepherd: in 2019, the Post published the Afghanistan Papers, a huge project revealing the deceptions behind Americas longest war. Thanks to the Trump news cycle, it did not get the sustained attention it deserved.) Jason Rezaian, a Post reporter who spent more than five-hundred days in jail in Iran, hailed Baron, who worked to secure his release, as a tireless advocate in public and behind closed doors. Dean Baquet, the executive editor of the New York Times, who had a friendly rivalry with Baron, said he made every institution he touched better. Margaret Sullivan, a media critic at the Post, called Baron a truly outstanding editor and said that American citizens owe him a standing ovation. Jay Rosen, a journalism professor at NYU, argued that during the Trump era, Baron made the Post a more essential read than the Times. I agree.

ICYMI: Vladimir Putin, Alexei Navalny, and journalisms power to drive protest

Not that everything has gone smoothly for Baronin recent months, in particular, the Post has had to reckon with newsroom tensions around issues of race, representation, and the treatment of its staff. A year ago this week, Baron suspended Felicia Sonmez, a politics reporter at the paper, and upbraided her for a real lack of judgment after she tweeted (innocuously) about a past rape allegation against the basketball star Kobe Bryant in the hours after Bryant was killed in a helicopter crash. Hundreds of Sonmezs colleagues signed a letter supporting her, accusing Post management of seeking repeatedly to control Sonmezs speech on sexual violence, and of failing to protect her after her Bryant tweet triggered a wave of threats and abuse against her. A few days later, Sonmez was reinstated; Baron pledged a review of the Posts social-media policies, but did not apologize. This was not an isolated incident: around the same time, the Daily Beasts Maxwell Tani reported that Baron had also censured Wesley Lowery, a Pulitzer prize-winning Post journalist, over his tweets about media coverage of race. At the time, Lowery did not directly address the story, but did tweet asking, Whats the point of bringing diverse experiences and voices into a room only to muzzle them? He has since left the Post for CBS, and been a leading voice in the industry-wide debate about the meaning of objectivity. (Yesterday, Lowery tweeted a smiley face twenty minutes after Barons retirement was confirmed.)

Last April, the findings of a report about the Posts social-media policies circulated internally; it concluded, based on interviews with staff, that management may be quicker to forgive the indiscretions of white men and newsroom stars than those of women, minorities, and less high-profile reporters. Such inequities havent been limited to social media. In 2019, the Posts union conducted a pay study and found that women and people of color in the newsroom earned less than white men; last summer, a number of Black journalists who had left the Post spoke out, online and in interviews with Ben Smith, the media columnist at the Times, about what they perceived to be barriers to their professional advancement at the paper. This place just seems to run off its best people, Soraya Nadia McDonald, who left the Post for The Undefeated, a site owned by ESPN, told Smith. (In the same, mammoth story on tensions at the paper, Smith reported that Baron killed a story that Bob Woodward wanted to run outing the then-Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh as a liar, and was left infuriated by an article the Post ran about people getting high before watching the movie Cats, which he felt glorified recreational drug use.) The Post has since filled new editorial roles focused on raceincluding the post of managing editor for diversity and inclusion that was filled by Krissah Thompson, a veteran of the paperbut, as Business Insiders Steven Perlberg reported recently, numerous Post staffers feel that the internal reckoning is incomplete. In his exit note, Baron acknowledged that, despite progress, the Post still needs a wider diversity of life experiences and backgrounds represented in our newsroom and reflected in our coverage.

Barons departure doesnt just come at a natural inflection point in the national political news cycle, but at a moment of philosophical introspection for the news business. The calls for a new approach by Lowery and others have often been caricatured, by traditionalists, as a capitulation of rigor and fairness to subjectivity and opinion, but in reality, rigor is central to the reformers visionrecognizing the flawed assumptions of the old model of objectivity isnt inimical to hard-hitting journalism, but should bolster it. The Post isnt the only outlet to have initiated a changing of the guard since this broader conversation started, but it is the most powerful to be seeking a new top editor, and the paper now has an opportunity to prove that righting the errors of Barons approach will only strengthen his legacy as an editorial powerhouse. As Smith noted last year, Barons tenure has been defined by a steadfast adherence to the longstanding rules of newspaper journalism and the defense of the institution. I wrote at the time that assessing the merit and continued relevance of those rules requires seeing them as separate from the institution. That will soon be someone elses job.

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ICYMI: How much do we need to know about domestic terrorists?

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Marty Baron and a turning point for the Washington Post - Columbia Journalism Review

Letter: Pray for the best | Opinion | news-journal.com – Longview News-Journal

Pray for the best

Although I have not watched the inauguration of President Joe Biden, I do have some concerns that I hope his administration will address.

Trump pardoned some despicable people and didnt pardon those deserving of pardons. Will President Biden pardon Julian Assange who is dying in Belmarsh prison in London? Or Edward Snowden in Russia? All they did is reveal things the U.S. government did not want the public to know war crimes and spying on U.S. citizens.

After four years of Russiagate allegations, will Biden restore vital diplomatic relations with Russia and restore vital nuclear arms treaties? These treaties make the world safer as to prevent an accidental nuclear conflagration. Will he renounce first use of nuclear weapons and stop the trillion dollar program to create new and better nukes?

Will Biden address the question of Israeli human rights violations and restore funding to the Palestinian refugee organization, UNRWA, which was defunded under Trump? Or will he continue to satisfy Israels wildest dreams as Trump did?

Will Biden address any of the vast problems that led to Trump being elected in the first place or will he continue to ignore them as the Democratic Party has done for so long? Pray he will not continue endless wars and sanctions on countries that have not attacked us. Will he restore the Iran peace deal, the JCPOA? Can only pray for the best.

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Letter: Pray for the best | Opinion | news-journal.com - Longview News-Journal

SolarWinds Is Not the ‘Hack of the Century.’ Its Blowback for the NSA’s Longtime Dominance of Cyberspace – Common Dreams

Last month, the private security firm FireEye discovered a widespread breach of government and corporate computer networks through a so-called "supply chain" exploit of the network management firm SolarWinds, conducted by nation-state-level hackers, widely thought to be Russia. Most coverage of the breach featured ominous headlines and quotes from current and former government officials describing it as the biggest hack of modern times. Occasionally, buried in one of the closing paragraphs, there was an official quoted admitting that, so far, only "business networks" were known to be compromisedsensitive but unclassified email systems and data on job descriptions and HR functions.

"Like our nuclear policy before it, the stated goal is deterrence, but the actual goal is to create a cover for unchecked aggression and dominance."

These stories lack context of the true state of cyber espionage over the last few decades. The SolarWinds hack is certainly a large and very damaging breach, but one could almost pick at random any five or ten of the hundreds of codename programs revealed in the Snowden documents that would top it. The mother of all supply chain attacks (that we know of publicly) may have been the clandestine American role behind CryptoAGwhich allowed the NSA to sell scores of foreign governments broken cryptographic systems through which it was possible to crack the encryption on their top-level government and military communications for decades. And of course the first, and one of the only, actual cyberattacks in history was the Stuxnet program conducted by Israeli and American services against Iranian nuclear centrifuges.

Yet the American public may be left with the impression that Russian hacking poses a uniquely aggressive and destabilizing threat to the international order, and therefore must be punished. News coverage has been leadened with apoplectic quotes from senior officials and lawmakers that the breach represents "virtually a declaration of war," that we need to "get the ball out of their hands and go on offense," that "we must reserve our right to unilateral self-defense," and even that "all elements of national power must be placed on the table" (All elements? Tanks? Nuclear weapons?). This kind of hyperbolic reaction cannot be driven by sincere shock at the idea of a government hacking into and spying on another governments networks. More plausibly, it is driven by outrage at the idea of any other nation challenging the United States' overwhelming dominance to date in network espionage.

The Pentagon has so far responded to the breach by proposing a rearrangement of the organizational chart for our cyber army. And if history is any guide, Congress will respond as they have to past intelligence failures: by throwing more money at the bureaucracy to feed its legion of private contractors. In other words: more of what contributed to this breach in the first place. The ever-growing feeding frenzy for beltway bandits not only increases the attack surface for foreign hackers, it ensures that Congress does not have the capacity (even if it had the will) to understand and oversee increasingly complex supply chains to ensure basic security standards for the very companies who will be called on to fix these vulnerabilities. Few were even aware of the ubiquity of SolarWinds presence across so many of our government networks, and the lax security practices of this key software provider have only come under scrutiny retroactively. According to reports, the update server for SolarWinds softwarean incredibly sensitive key piece of any software supply chainwas publicly accessible by a default password that had leaked to the internet in 2019, and the company had been warned both by its employees and by independent security researchers.

Here another tragic irony emerges: whatever internal channels were used to warn of these security lapses were clearly not effective, but if a whistleblower had taken this kind of sensitive national security information to the presspublication of which perhaps could have forced action and prevented a major act of espionage against our governmentthey would have put themselves at risk of prosecution under the Espionage Act.

"If reports are true that Russia was behind SolarWinds, and was using its access to case physical infrastructure networks in the U.S., their motivation may have been to gain a small measure of deterrence against the overwhelming superiority of American offensive capabilities."

So while the pundits clamor for retaliation and Washington bickers about rearranging the desks at Fort Meade, we still do not get a debate on alternatives that might better serve the American people. In secret, and without public consultation, the NSA long ago decided to use our privileged position sitting atop the internet backbone not to secure it; to level up the safety of key systems for all its users (but to poke more holes in it); and to stockpile exploits and hoard vulnerabilities in order to dip its hands into nearly every network, communications protocol, and computer system of consequence on the planet, both foes and allies alike.

Even our defensive strategy has become a policy of aggression. Dubbed "defend forward," it has us maintaining backdoors and software implants on key infrastructure systems around the world, as a way of keeping a loaded gun pointed at any real or potential adversary. Like our nuclear policy before it, the stated goal is deterrence, but the actual goal is to create a cover for unchecked aggression and dominance. If reports are true that Russia was behind SolarWinds, and was using its access to case physical infrastructure networks in the U.S., their motivation may have been to gain a small measure of deterrence against the overwhelming superiority of American offensive capabilities.

The wisdom of such an aggressive posture towards the global internet was one of the key questions Edward Snowden posed to the public after his disclosures. We should not fail to consider it as we increasingly get a taste of what the rest of the world has been subjected to by American spies for decades.

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SolarWinds Is Not the 'Hack of the Century.' Its Blowback for the NSA's Longtime Dominance of Cyberspace - Common Dreams

Ascending the summit – Exhibition World

Paddy Cosgrave, CEO of tech conference Web Summit, recently sat down with Tarsus Group CEO and SISO Chair Douglas Emslie, to discuss the future of virtual and hybrid events.

As CEO of one of the worlds largest tech conferences, Web Summit, Paddy Cosgrave is familiar with the world of virtual and hybrid events. His company has been creating software to streamline the process of running large-scale, digitally connected events since it was founded in 2009, while also integrating that technology into the extremely successful Web Summits themselves.

Since the first Web Summit in 2010, the event has now grown to a global brand that welcomes 70,000 people to Lisbon every year. The company also runs sister events RISE Conference in Hong Kong, Collision in Toronto, SURGE in Bangalore and MoneyConf in Dublin.

Since the pandemic began, Web Summit has been forced to take all of its exhibitions and conferences into the virtual space, but it has more experience doing so than most. Web Summit is a highly tech-integrated show, where everything from registration to ticketing and interacting with stands is done through phone apps, QR codes and other kinds of technology.

Cosgrave recently sat down with Doug Emslie, CEO of Tarsus Group and SISO Chair, to discuss how his company organized a successful virtual edition of one its shows Collision at Home and how organisers and exhibitors can maximise their return on investment for virtual events.

Minglingand virtual tomatoes

Cosgraves key message was that the value of virtual events is to be found in one-to-one networking, not in endless streams of digital content. He stressed that what all exhibitors want from any event is lead generation, and this can still be achieved without face-to-face interaction. In fact, Cosgrave said that in many ways a purely digital event can provide more opportunities for one-to-one networking than a physical event.

You can hold more meetings online, when youre not walking from one end of a giant hall to another, so certainly it can be more efficient, he said. He then outlined how Collision at Home made use of a mingle feature which delegates could use at any time, whether during sessions or in dedicated networking breaks.

You can press a button and it launches a three minute call with who we think is the best person available at that moment for you to meet. And at the end of three minutes itll close and you can rate the call, and we use that feedback to refine the algorithm that matches you with other delegates.

We actually found the majority of people who attended Collision at Home were using these one-to-one interactions. People loved the idea that theres a three-minute clock, and when it runs out the conversation is just over. Because lets be honest, weve all been in conversations on show floors with people where youre thinking ok great great, I actually need to go youre too polite to cut it short. People loved the efficiency and the volume of people they could meet. And also we keep a record of who you met, so following up is very easy.

Alongside the mingle feature, Collision at Home allowed delegates to provide realtime feedback on speakers at the event. This included the ability to throw virtual tomatoes at speakers by posting tomato emojis in the chat. I think watching long streams of content on these platforms can get a bit dull, so just adding a bit of fun was important. It adds another realtime dimension, says Cosgrave.

Virtual return on investment

Moving on to the more serious topic of how online events can provide return on investment, Doug Emslie noted that many virtual events have struggled to provide value to exhibitors. Cosgrave agreed, and said that the first thing Web Summit did after cancelling their in-person events was to provide all exhibitors a full refund if they wanted, or the option to transfer to 2021.

We wanted to force ourselves to create value in our online conference. Its a false economy to partially charge people we needed to create a compelling experience that people were willing to pay for, he said. Because we build software as well as running events, we knew intuitively that Microsoft, Amazon, Mercedes, etc are primarily after lead generation. And we were able to deliver that with Collision from Home.

Perhaps it is this laser focus on providing digital networking opportunities that has allowed the company to continue thriving even during the Covid-19 pandemic. Cosgrave points out that Web Summit has let nobody go since March, and were continuing to hire relatively aggressively. Weve hired about 35 more people between March and now, overwhelmingly in engineering and related roles.

Online conferences can make money. The lights are still on. If you run a big event, you have to be able to create these bespoke experiences for your partners, and I think a lot of that is around giving people the chance to meet one on one.

Bono, Blair and Edward Snowden

Web Summit has grown into a very successful event, especially considering its relatively short history. Cosgrave says that in 2018, his team were offered 17m a year by the city of Valencia to relocate their event from Lisbon, and also received bids from cities in France, Germany and Italy. They ultimately decided to stay put in Portugal: Lisbon is an amazing city, and we know the people.

Emslie noted that Web Summit attracts a regular crop of high-profile celebrities both from the tech industry and further afield. The event has welcomed Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, U2 frontman Bono, Tony Blair and Edward Snowden among others in previous years. But Cosgrave says he doesnt plan to use this popularity to expand outside of tech events. Instead, he sees things moving in the other direction.

I think every company is increasingly a software company. 120 years ago there were companies who said oh, well never use electricity. But of course everyone uses electricity, and youre daft if you dont.

In a dream world for me, the online conference platform is the first step to helping some of the biggest events in the world do everything from ticketing to registration to badging. Hopefully by 2022 or 2023 well be helping some very big shows with all the software needs they have. I think one of the problems with big shows is they have different software for ticketing, registration, an attendee app. They dont really talk to each other.

Youre using half a dozen different providers, but were trying to build the whole ecosystem. If anything comes out of all this, hopefully its that our software will start to be used by other people that organise large shows.

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Ascending the summit - Exhibition World

The Happiness Project: 12 Culture-Shapers on How to Find Joy in Tough Times – GQ Magazine

Roddy Ricch: I dont go looking for happiness in thingsI look for happiness within myself. If you cant nd happiness within yourself, then you dont have happiness. Theres nothing in the world that can give you happiness but something inside of you.

David Lynch: One thing Ive noticed is that many of us, we do what we call work, for a goal, for a result. And in the doing, it's not that much happiness. And yet that's our life going by. If you're transcending every day... it eventually comes to: It doesn't matter what your work is, you just get happy in the work, you get happy in the little things and the big things. And if the result isn't what you dreamed of, it doesn't kill you if you enjoyed the doing of it. It's important that we enjoy the doing of our life.

Samantha Bee: So can a person be too happy? I mean, I think you could conate happiness with being too naive about the world or anything. But I think people who are happy are great. We should learn from them.

Drew Barrymore: [laughs] According to station managers, at the rst week of my show, I was too happy! They were like: Is she going to be this enthusiastic the entire season? Because its too much. I just didnt know what to do with the note. I felt a little embarrassed, you know, and then I kind of just started laughing and I was like, Yeah, no, I see it tooI really am fucking excited, arent I?

Anthony Hopkins: I know nothing. I dont know anything. My favorite story is The Appointment in Samarra. About the servant who goes to the market to get goods for the caliph, and in the marketplace he sees Death. Death beckons to him, so he gets on his horse and he runs back to his master and says, I saw Death in the marketplace. Can you lend me your fastest steed? I must go off to Samarra tonight, to be with my family. Yeah, go, go. So the master himself goes down, and he sees Death in the marketplace and goes up to him and says, You wanted to talk to my servant. What was your message for him? Death says, I just wanted to tell him Im going to meet him tonight in Samarra. [laughs] Enjoy it while it lasts. Enjoy it while it lasts. Because we dont know. We know nothing.

Tracy Morgan: I just forget what made me unhappy, or try to find out where the communication breakdown took place, fix it, and move forward. Keep moving forward. You got tomorrow. And you know what they say about tomorrow, right? [Morgan starts singing down the phone] "The sunll come out...tomorrow! So you got to hang on till tomorrow! There'll be sun..." [Morgan stops singing his Annie showtune, as though he has finished. But then he starts right up again] Just thinking about that tomorrow! Must be able to hang on till tomorrow. There'll be sun..." Know what I told you at the beginning of the conversation that makes me happy? The sun. [Starts singing for a third time] "The sunll come out...!" The sun will come out tomorrow! You want to stay upset? Can't stay upset. At some point that sun's gonna come out, regardless.

Roxane Gay: I think happiness is extraordinarily important. And I also think its incredibly elusive.

Jeremy O. Harris: I think Ive gotten more comfortable being unhappy as Ive gotten older.

David Lynch: Bliss is our nature. Were supposed to be happy. Were not supposed to be sad. Were not supposed to be suffering. Were supposed to be happy campers enjoying life and being kind to one another, and getting along, and making sure that were all happy and were all together on this beautiful trip.

Roddy Ricch: Being happy, its all just about perspective.

Chelsea Manning: Its the absence of feeling overwhelmed.

Tracy Morgan: Im looking to make people feel happy. Thats why I do what I do.

Samantha Bee: I guess were all striving to achieve it. Isnt that what were all trying to do?

Drew Barrymore: Even though I dont know what it is exactly, its what I wish for everyone.

Chris Heath is a GQ correspondent.

What else inspires happiness for our 12 interviewees? Read more about the music, the art, and the fashion that they discussed with Chris Heath.

A version of this story originally appears in the February 2021 issue with the title "The Happiness Project."

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The Happiness Project: 12 Culture-Shapers on How to Find Joy in Tough Times - GQ Magazine

12 Culture-Shapers on the Songs That Make Them Happy – GQ Magazine

Roxane Gay: Hypnotize, by the Notorious B.I.G. It's just a great songgreat lyric, great beat. You know, I'm a Gen X-er, and so 90s hip-hop is really my wheelhouse. And so even though I wasn't necessarily having a great life back then, I still think very fondly of the music. And I know all of the wordsPoppa been smooth since days of Underoos. [laughs] It's just so clever; it's the wordplay of it. You automatically know what he's talking about: He's been smooth since he was a little boy wearing Underoos. So great, just so great.

Anthony Hopkins: There's a wonderful Louis Armstrong...what was that? "What a Wonderful World"? And Tom T. Hall, a great country and Western singer, had a wonderful one: "Old Dogs, Children and Watermelon Wine." I like that contentment: old dogs, little children, watermelon wine.

David Lynch: Oh, man, so many songs just thrill me to the core, so many songs. Music is a huge emotional rush, sometimes a thrill beyond the beyond. Richard Strausss song, the first one of the Four Last Songs, it was in Wild at Heart, I can't remember the name of it [At Sunset (Im Abendrot)]just put that music on loud and I could start crying, it's so beautiful.

Goldie Hawn: The song Happy, by Pharrell. Its not just that its about happiness. It's that he actually created a sound and lyrics, and in every way, shape, or form, the song embodies happiness, and makes you want to dance and fly and feel good and enjoin with others. It embodies exactly what the song says.

Phoebe Bridgers: Tons of songs make me happy. I like "If It Makes You Happy," by Sheryl Crow. It's like just enough of a guilty pleasureI feel like it's as popular as it should be, but ironic enough to make me laugh too. The verses make zero sense, but I feel like I know what it means. Whatever gets you through the day, you know.

Drew Barrymore: Ethel Merman. Let's see, what is the song called? [starts singing] I've got the sun in the morning and the moon at night... Every time I hear that song, I'm happy.

Samantha Bee: There's so many ones that make you feel like you want to cry. I reach for music when I'm sad or alone. Not really when I'm at my peak of happiness. In the car, as a family, we listen to lots of really cheesy pop music. And that really makes me happy. We put on Sirius Hits 1 and just scroll through music. We listen to a lot of BTS.

David Lynch: Adagio for Strings, by Samuel Barber, Andr Previn's version.

Roddy Ricch: Pharrell, "Happy." The fact that Pharrell could make a song like that was crazy. It was mind-blowing to meit showed me that he was far past his years. At the same time, the song is talking about being happy all the time, so how could you not be happy, listening to that?

Phoebe Bridgers: Every Cure song, pretty much. I think it's the idea of a bunch of people who've experienced sadness having kind of a party. "Lovesong" and "Friday I'm in Love" and "Just Like Heavenyou kind of can't be sad and listen to that stuff.

Chelsea Manning: I listen to a lot of melodic trance music from the late 90s and up to the mid-2000s whenever I want to just feel happy: Ibiza beach echoey electronic sounds, like with seagulls making seagull noises. I have these old CDs of trance music from that era, because I've been listening to this stuff since I was a teenager. I'll listen to a set of maybe Armin van Buuren in the early 2000s.

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12 Culture-Shapers on the Songs That Make Them Happy - GQ Magazine

Comparing presidential pardons through the years – New York Post

Donald Trump may have issued more than 200 clemency grants many of them to family and political supporters but the number is far smaller than the thousands of pardons issued by Democratic presidents for nearly a century.

A recent study comparing presidential pardons by the Pew Research Center shows that Trump granted clemency to just 2 percent of the 11,611 who applied, among the lowest for any president in history.

Barack Obama, who granted clemency to 5 percent of those who petitioned him, commuted the sentences of 1,715 prisoners, most of whom had been convicted of low-level, non-violent drug offenses, said Jeffrey Crouch, an expert on presidential pardons at American University in Washington, D.C.

The clemency initiative, which began in 2014, sought to commute the sentences of federal inmates who had served at least 10 years on non-violent drug charges, had demonstrated good conduct in prison and would have received much lower sentences if they had been convicted of the same offense now. The program was discontinued in Obamas second term after a report from the Department of Justices inspector general found that the initiative was poorly planned.

Among the controversial recipients of Obamas acts of clemency was Chelsea Manning, the Army intelligence analyst convicted of leaking US military and diplomatic secrets to Wikileaks in 2010. Mannings 35-year prison sentence was commuted in January, 2017.

But Obamas long list is dwarfed by that of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who granted more than 3,600 pardons and commutations during his 12 years in office. Many of these were for people who had been convicted for Prohibition-era crimes after the constitutional ban on alcohol was lifted during Roosevelts first year in office in 1933. Roosevelt also offered clemency to hundreds who were serving prison terms for sedition because they opposed the US entrance into World War I in 1917.

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In 1974, Gerald Ford pardoned his predecessor Richard Nixon.

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They have paid the penalty that the law imposed on them, wrote Roosevelt in 1933 of the war protestors. The emergency that made it necessary to punish them has long expired.

Roosevelts actions touched on the very essence of presidential pardon power, which is enshrined in Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution. The presidential pardon sought to restore the tranquility of the commonwealth, according to founding father Alexander Hamilton.

Gerald Ford believed he was doing just that when he issued a pardon in 1974 to his predecessor Richard Nixon for all offenses against the United States, a reference to the Watergate scandal that resulted in Nixons resignation. Ford said the pardon was necessary to end the divisions in the country a decision that ultimately ruined the Michigan Republicans political career, historians say.

He got crushed in the 1974 midterms, said Andrew Rudalevige, a professor of government at Bowdoin College in Maine. But Ford felt that the investigation of Nixon was taking up all the oxygen of his presidency and that his administration would not be able to act proactively on anything. At the time, Ford was trying to stem huge inflation and wrap up the war in Vietnam, he said. The Nixon pardon caused an uproar among his political opponents who accused Ford of making a deal with Nixon to pardon him in exchange for the presidency.

In addition to its role in healing divisions, presidential pardons can also address miscarriages of justice, Rudalevige said.

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In his first full day as president in 1977, Democrat Jimmy Carter issued a blanket amnesty to more than 200,000 draft dodgers who fled the country or failed to register for the draft during the Vietnam War. Before leaving office, he issued 566 pardons, including the commutation of the sentence for heiress Patty Hearst, who robbed a bank after she was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army terrorist group. She was later pardoned by President Clinton.

At its heart, the pardon is a check on the judicial branch, said Rudalevige. Hamilton used it to restore the tranquility of the commonwealth, but the other normal mechanism is to use it for a prisoner who is very old, and finally to address miscarriages of justice.

Some presidents have drawn criticism for issuing pardons for family members and political allies what Rudalevige called a failure to drain the swamp. In his two terms in office, Clinton issued 459 pardons, including one to his half-brother Roger Clinton who served a year in prison on a drug conviction, and another to fugitive businessman and longtime supporter Marc Rich, indicted on tax evasion and for busting sanctions against Iran.

While Republican George H. W. Bush issued only 77 pardons during his four years in office, 1989 to 1993, he closed the chapter on the Iran-Contra scandal, in which the US sold weapons to Iran and financed the Contra rebels in Central America, by pardoning many of its key players, including his own aide Elliott Abrams and former secretary of defense Caspar Weinberger.

For his part, Trump largely used his pardon power to help his political supporters. He pardoned Charles Kushner, the father of son-in-law Jared Kushner, for tax evasion and retaliating against a witness in 2004. He also used his pardon power to help former political advisors such as Paul Manafort, Roger Stone and Stephen Bannon.

But some of Trumps pardons also extended to those serving sentences for non-violent drug convictions. He commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, whose case was brought to his attention by reality TV star Kim Kardashian West. He gave Johnson a full pardon on Aug. 28, 2019. Trump also issued a pardon to Michael Harry-O Harris, an initial backer of Death Row Records, who served 30 years of a life sentence for conspiracy to commit murder. Harris petitioned for release in 2019 after contracting the coronavirus while also suffering from an auto-immune disorder in prison.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt 3,687

Harry S. Truman 2,004

Dwight D. Eisenhower 1,157

John F. Kennedy 575

Lyndon B. Johnson 1,187

Richard Nixon 926

Gerald Ford 409

Jimmy Carter 566

Ronald Reagan 406

George H.W. Bush 77

Bill Clinton 459

George W. Bush 200

Barack Obama 1,927

Donald Trump 237

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Comparing presidential pardons through the years - New York Post