This cryptographic tool aids secure authentication and ensures data message integrity across digital channels heres what to know about what a hash function is and how it works

Whats four letters and is both a tasty breakfast item as well as a plant with pointy leaves? If you guessed hash, then youre right! But hash has another meaning as well that relates to cryptography, and thats what were going to discuss here.

A hash function is a serious mathematical process that holds a critical role in public key cryptography. Why? Because its what helps you to:

You can find hash functions in use just about everywhere from signing the software applications you use on your phone to securing the website connections you use to transmit sensitive information online. But what is a hash function in cryptography? What does it do exactly to help you protect your businesss data? And how does hashing work?

Lets hash it out.

A term like hash function can mean several things to different people depending on the context. For hash functions in cryptography, the definition is a bit more straightforward. A hash function is a unique identifier for any given piece of content. Its also a process that takes plaintext data of any size and converts it into a unique ciphertext of a specific length.

The first part of the definition tells you that no two pieces of content will have the same hash digest, and if the content changes, the hash digest changes as well. Basically, hashing is a way to ensure that any data you send reaches your recipient in the same condition that it left you, completely intact and unaltered.

But, wait, doesnt that sound a lot like encryption? Sure, theyre similar, but encryption and hashing are not the same thing. Theyre two separate cryptographic functions that aid in facilitating secure, legitimate communications. So, if you hear someone talking about decrypting a hash value, then you know they dont know what theyre talking about because, well, hashes arent encrypted in the first place.

Well speak more to the difference between these two processes a little later. But for now, lets stick with the topic of hashing. So, what does hashing look like?

A simple illustration of what a hash function does by taking a plaintext data input and using a mathematical algorithm to generate an unreadable output.

Looks simple enough, right? But what happens under the surface of the hash function is where things get a lot more interesting (and complicated). Heres a great video that helps to break hash functions down:

So, how do you define a hash in a more technical sense? A hash function is a versatile one-way cryptographic algorithm that maps an input of any size to a unique output of a fixed length of bits. The resulting output, which is known as a hash digest, hash value, or hash code, is the resulting unique identifier we mentioned earlier.

So, why do we call it a one-way function? Frankly, its because of the computing power, time, and cost it would take to brute force it. Trying every possible combination leading to a hash value is entirely impractical. So, for all intents and purposes, a hash function is a one-way function.

When you hash data, the resulting digest is typically smaller than the input that it started with. (Probably the exception here is when youre hashing passwords.) With hashing, it doesnt matter if you have a one-sentence message or an entire book the result will still be a fixed-length chunk of bits (1s and 0s). This prevents unintended parties from figuring out how big (or small) the original input message was.

Hash functions are primarily used for authentication but also have other uses.

So, what makes for a strong hashing algorithm? There are a few key traits that all good ones share:

One purpose of a hash function in cryptography is to take a plaintext input and generate a hashed value output of a specific size in a way that cant be reversed. But they do more than that from a 10,000-foot perspective. You see, hash functions tend to wear a few hats in the world of cryptography. In a nutshell, strong hash functions:

Hash functions are a way to ensure data integrity in public key cryptography. What I mean by that is that hash functions serve as a check-sum, or a way for someone to identify whether data has been tampered with after its been signed. It also serves as a means of identity verification.

For example, lets say youve logged on to public Wi-Fi to send me an email. (Dont do that, by the way. Its very insecure.) So, you write out the message, sign it using your digital certificate, and send it on its way across the internet. This is what you might call prime man-in-the-middle attack territory meaning that someone could easily intercept your message (again, because public wireless networks are notoriously insecure) and modify it to suit their evil purposes.

So, now I receive the message and I want to know its legitimate. What I can do then is use the hash value your digital signature provides (along with the algorithm it tells me you used) to re-generate the hash myself to verify whether the hash value I create matches the one you sent. If it matches, great, it means that no one has messed with it. But if it doesnt well, metaphoric klaxons sound, red flags go up, and I know to not trust it.

Even if something tiny changed in a message you capitalize a letter instead of using one thats lowercase, or you swap an exclamation mark where there was a period its going to result in the generation of an entirely new hash value. But thats the whole idea here no matter how big or small a change, the difference in hash values will tell you that it isnt legitimate.

One of the best aspects of a cryptographic hash function is that it helps you to ensure data integrity. But if you apply a hash to data, does it mean that the message cant be altered? No. But what it does is inform the message recipient that the message has been changed. Thats because even the smallest of changes to a message will result in the creation of an entirely new hash value.

Think of hashing kind of like you would a smoke alarm. While a smoke alarm doesnt stop a fire from starting, it does let you know that theres danger before its too late.

Nowadays, many websites allow you to store your passwords so you dont have to remember them every time you want to log in. But storing plaintext passwords like that in a public-facing server would be dangerous because it leaves that information vulnerable to cybercriminals. So, what websites typically do is hash passwords to generate hash values, which is what they store instead.

But password hashes on their own isnt enough to protect you against certain types of attacks, including brute force attacks. This is why you first need to add a salt. A salt is a unique, random number thats applied to plaintext passwords before theyre hashed. This provides an additional layer of security and can protect passwords from password cracking methods like rainbow table attacks. (Keep an eye out for our future article on rainbow tables in the next few weeks.)

Its also important to note that hash functions arent one-size-fits-all tools. As we mentioned earlier, different hash functions serve different purposes depending on their design and hash speeds. They work at different operational speeds some are faster while others are much slower. These speeds can aid or impede the security of a hashing algorithm depending on how youre using it. So, some fall under the umbrella of secure hashing algorithms while others do not.

An example of where youd want to use a fast hashing algorithm is when establishing secure connections to websites. This is an example of when having a faster speed matters because it helps to provide a better user experience. However, if you were trying to enable your websites to store passwords for your customers, then youd definitely want to use a slow hashing algorithm. At scale, this would require a password-cracking attack (such as brute force) that takes up more time and computing resources for cybercriminals. You dont want to make it easy for them, right?

But where do you find hash functions? Look no further than the technology surrounding you. Hashing is useful for everything from signing new software and verifying digital signatures to securing the website connections in your computer and mobile web browsers. Its also great for indexing and retrieving items in online databases. For example, hashing is used for verifying:

Hash functions can be found throughout public key cryptography. For example, youll find hash functions are facilitated through the use of:

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14 Certificate Management Best Practices to keep your organization running, secure and fully-compliant.

When you hash a message, you take a string of data of any size as your input, run it through a mathematical algorithm that results in the generation of an output of a fixed length.

In some methods of hashing, that original data input is broken up into smaller blocks of equal size. If there isnt enough data in any of the blocks for it to be the same size, then padding (1s and 0s) can be used to fill it out. Then those individual blocks of data are run through a hashing algorithm and result in an output of a hash value. The process looks something like this:

Of course, this process would look a bit different if you were hashing passwords for storage in an online server. That process would involve the use of a salt. Basically, youd add a unique, random value to the message before running it through the hashing algorithm. By even just adding a single character, then you get an entirely new hash value at the end of the process.

Okay, now that we know what a hash function is and what it does in a theoretical context, lets consider how it works logistically with a few examples. Lets say you have the following riddle from Gollum in The Hobbit as your input:

It cannot be seen, cannot be felt,Cannot be heard, cannot be smelt.It lies behind stars and under hills,And empty holes it fills.It comes out first and follows after,Ends life, kills laughter.

No, Im not going to give you the answer to the riddle if you havent already figured it out. But if you were to run that riddle through a SHA-256 hashing algorithm, the resulting output would look like this on your screen:

49FCA16A2271B34066DAA46492C226C4D4F61D56452A1E1A01A3201B234509A2

And here is an illustration that shows how we get from A to B:

What if you also decide to hash a smaller message? Say, for example, The Lord of the Rings. Then your output would look the same in terms of size (as shown below) so long as you use the same hashing algorithm:

01912B8E8425CFF006F430C15DBC4991F1799401F7B6BEB0633E56529FE148B9

Thats because both example strings are 256 bits, which display on your screen as 64 hexadecimal characters per string. No matter how large or how small the message, its always going to return an output that is the same size. Remember, hash algorithms are deterministic, so this means that they always result in the same size output regardless of the size of the input.

Now, if you were to take the same six-line riddle input and run it through an MD5 hash function, then youd wind up with a hash value that looks something like this instead:

B53CE8A3139752B10AAE878A15216598

As you can see, the output is quite a bit shorter. Thats because MD5 gives you a hash digest thats only 32 hexadecimal characters long. Its literally half the size of the digests that result from a SHA-256 hashing algorithm. But every time you run an MD5 hashing algorithm on a plaintext message, the resulting output will be the same size.

What if you decided to run the riddle through a SHA-512 hashing algorithm? Then we go to the opposite end of the spectrum in terms of length and your digest would look something like this (a 512-bit hexadecimal string):

6DC1AAE5D80E8F72E5AF3E88A5C0FA8A71604739D4C0618182303EEEB1F02A0DBA319987D5B5F717E771B9DA1EAD7F3F92DC8BA48C064D41DD790D69D7D98B44

But arent hashing and encryption the same thing? Nope. Yes, theyre both cryptography functions that use algorithms as a part of their processes. But thats just about where the similarities end. We covered the differences between hashing and encryption in another article, so we arent going to rehash all of that here.

As you now know, a hash function is a one-way function. The idea is that you can use it to convert readable plaintext data into an unreadable hexadecimal string of digits but not the other way around. Encryption, on the other hand, is known as a two-way function. Thats because the whole point of being able to encrypt something is to prevent unauthorized or unintended parties from accessing the data. So, you encrypt data so that it can only be decrypted by the person who has the key.

Okay, we now know what hash functions are and how hashing algorithms work. Now its time to learn what some of the most common hash algorithms are. NIST provides guidance on hash functions as do several Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS).

A few examples of common hashing algorithms include:

Other examples of hash algorithms includeBLAKE 2 and BLAKE 3, RIPEMD-160, and WHIRLPOOL, among others.

Theres a lot to know about hash functions and hashing in general. What they are, what they do, how they operate, and where youll find them in use in computer communications and technologies.

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What Is a Hash Function in Cryptography? A Beginner's Guide - Hashed Out by The SSL Store - Hashed Out by The SSL Store

GlobalQuantum CryptographyMarket Research Report 2020-2025shares a versatile overview of the market scenario including the present as well as the future state of the market. The report delivers content on emerging trends, and market dynamics with respect to drivers, opportunities, and challenges. The report throws light on the assessment of previous growth developments. It highlights market overview, key players profiling, key developments, suppliers of raw materials, and dealers, among other information. It also consists of market size, sales, share, industry growth rate, and revenue. The report also comprises the research and development activities of these companies and provided complete data about their existing products and services. Detailed analysis of revenue generation scope and probabilities, manufacturer profile, production details, consumption patterns have been given. A detailed assessment of these factors is crucial for various market players in understanding the potential of investments across specific regional domains.

NOTE:Our analysts monitoring the situation across the globe explains that the market will generate remunerative prospects for producers post the COVID-19 crisis. The report aims to provide an additional illustration of the latest scenario, economic slowdown, and COVID-19 impact on the overall industry.

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Report Offerings In A Gist:

The report highlights key player profiles and the footprint on the competition terrain. The report has investigated principals, key players in the globalQuantum Cryptographymarket, geographical fragmentation, product type and its description, and market end-client applications. Other details such as production and consumption patterns along with revenue details have also been highlighted in the report. It also incorporates details on key vendors and manufacturers and helps readers in understanding profitable schemes and tactical decisions of prominent players.

This report focuses on the top players in the global market, like:

QuintessenceLabs, QuantumCTek, ID Quantique, Quantum Xchange, Crypta Labs, Qubitekk, Post-Quantum, Aurea Technologies, qutools, Infineon, Mitsubishi Electric, IBM, NuCrypt, Qasky, MagiQ Technologies, ISARA, QuNu Labs, HP, NEC, Toshiba, and Microsoft.

Product landscape overview:

Each product segments market share is given. The study also contains data regarding overall revenue and sales amassed by each product category.

Application scope summary:

The industry analysis leverages statistically supported data to determine the approximate values for the consumption value and volume of each application segment over the forecast timespan. The document also predicts the market share held by each application segment.

Global market size & share, by regions and countries/sub-regions:North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, and the Middle East and Africa.

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Key Highlights And Important Features That Are Covered In The Market Research Report Are:

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Global Quantum Cryptography Market 2020 by Growth Assessment, Competitive Strategies and Forecast to 2025 The Courier - The Courier

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Crunch numbers fast and at scale has been at the centre of computing technology. In the past few decades, a new type of computing has garnered significant interest. Quantum computers have been in development since the 1980s. They use properties of quantum physics to solve complex problems that cant be solved by classical computers.

Companies like IBM and Google have been continuously building and refining their quantum hardware. Simultaneously, several researchers have also been exploring new areas where quantum computers can deliver exponential change.

In the context of advances in quantum technologies, The Hindu caught with IBM Researchs Director Gargi Dasgupta.

Dasgupta noted that quantum computers complement traditional computing machines, and said the notion that quantum computers will take over classical computers is not true.

Quantum computers are not supreme against classical computers because of a laboratory experiment designed to essentially [and almost certainly exclusively] implement one very specific quantum sampling procedure with no practical applications, Dasgupta said.

Also Read: Keeping secrets in a quantum world and going beyond

For quantum computers to be widely used, and more importantly, have a positive impact, it is imperative to build programmable quantum computing systems that can implement a wide range of algorithms and programmes.

Having practical applications will alone help researchers use both quantum and classical systems in concert for discovery in science and to create commercial value in business.

To maximise the potential of quantum computers, the industry must solve challenges from the cryogenics, production and effects materials at very low temperatures. This is one of the reasons why IBM built its super-fridge to house Condor, Dasgupta explained.

Quantum processors require special conditions to operate, and they must be kept at near-absolute zero, like IBMs quantum chips are kept at 15mK. The deep complexity and the need for specialised cryogenics is why at least IBMs quantum computers are accessible via the cloud, and will be for the foreseeable future, Dasgupta, who is also IBMs CTO for South Asia region, noted.

Quantum computing in India

Dasgupta said that interest in quantum computing has spiked in India as IBM saw an many exceptional participants from the country at its global and virtual events. The list included academicians and professors, who all displayed great interest in quantum computing.

In a blog published last year, IBM researchers noted that India gave quantum technology 80 billion rupees as part of its National Mission on Quantum technologies and Applications. They believe its a great time to be doing quantum physics since the government and people are serious as well as excited about it.

Also Read: IBM plans to build a 1121 qubit system. What does this technology mean?

Quantum computing is expanding to multiple industries such as banking, capital markets, insurance, automotive, aerospace, and energy.

In years to come, the breadth and depth of the industries leveraging quantum will continue to grow, Dasgupta noted.

Industries that depend on advances in materials science will start to investigate quantum computing. For instance, Mitsubishi and ExxonMobil are using quantum technology to develop more accurate chemistry simulation techniques in energy technologies.

Additionally, Dasgupta said carmaker Daimler is working with IBM scientists to explore how quantum computing can be used to advance the next generation of EV batteries.

Exponential problems, like those found in molecular simulation in chemistry, and optimisation in finance, as well as machine learning continue to remain intractable for classical computers.

Quantum-safe cryptography

As researchers make advancement into quantum computers, some cryptocurrency enthusiasts fear that quantum computers can break security encryption. To mitigate risks associated with cryptography services, Quantum-safe cryptography was introduced.

For instance, IBM offers Quantum Risk Assessment, which it claims as the worlds first quantum computing safe enterprise class tape. It also uses Lattice-based cryptography to hide data inside complex algebraic structures called lattices. Difficult math problems are useful for cryptographers as they can use the intractability to protect information, surpassing quantum computers cracking techniques.

According to Dasgupta, even the National Institute of Standards and Technologys (NIST) latest list for quantum-safe cryptography standards include several candidates based on lattice cryptography.

Also Read: Google to use quantum computing to develop new medicines

Besides, Lattice-based cryptography is the core for another encryption technology called Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). This could make it possible to perform calculations on data without ever seeing sensitive data or exposing it to hackers.

Enterprises from banks to insurers can safely outsource the task of running predictions to an untrusted environment without the risk of leaking sensitive data, Dasgupta said.

Last year, IBM said it will unveil 1121-qubit quantum computer by 2023. Qubit is the basic unit of a quantum computer. Prior to the launch, IBM will release the 433-qubit Osprey processor. It will also debut 121-qubit Eagle chip to reduce qubits errors and scale the number of qubits needed to reach Quantum Advantage.

The 1,121-qubit Condor chip, is the inflection point for lower-noise qubits. By 2023, its physically smaller qubits, with on-chip isolators and signal amplifiers and multiple nodes, will have scaled to deliver the capability of Quantum Advantage, Dasgupta said.

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IBMs top executive says, quantum computers will never reign supreme over classical ones - The Hindu

Overview for Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Helps in providing scope and definitions, Key Findings, Growth Drivers, and Various Dynamics.

Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Data and Acquisition Research Study with Trends and Opportunities 2019-2024The study of Quantum Cryptography Solutions market is a compilation of the market of Quantum Cryptography Solutions broken down into its entirety on the basis of types, application, trends and opportunities, mergers and acquisitions, drivers and restraints, and a global outreach. The detailed study also offers a board interpretation of the Quantum Cryptography Solutions industry from a variety of data points that are collected through reputable and verified sources. Furthermore, the study sheds a lights on a market interpretations on a global scale which is further distributed through distribution channels, generated incomes sources and a marginalized market space where most trade occurs.

Along with a generalized market study, the report also consists of the risks that are often neglected when it comes to the Quantum Cryptography Solutions industry in a comprehensive manner. The study is also divided in an analytical space where the forecast is predicted through a primary and secondary research methodologies along with an in-house model.

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Key players in the global Quantum Cryptography Solutions market covered in Chapter 4:SeQureNetQuantum XchangeQuNu LabsAurea TechnologiesHPMicrosoftInfineonToshibaID QuantiqueQuantumCTekIBMCrypta LabsQaskyQubitekkNuCryptMagiQ TechnologiesISARAQuintessenceLabsMagiQ Technologies, Inc.Mitsubishi ElectricPost-QuantumToshibaNEC

In Chapter 11 and 13.3, on the basis of types, the Quantum Cryptography Solutions market from 2015 to 2026 is primarily split into:SolutionsServices

In Chapter 12 and 13.4, on the basis of applications, the Quantum Cryptography Solutions market from 2015 to 2026 covers:Government and defenseBFSIRetailHealthcareAutomotiveOthers

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2026) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13:North America (Covered in Chapter 6 and 13)United StatesCanadaMexicoEurope (Covered in Chapter 7 and 13)GermanyUKFranceItalySpainRussiaOthersAsia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 8 and 13)ChinaJapanSouth KoreaAustraliaIndiaSoutheast AsiaOthersMiddle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 9 and 13)Saudi ArabiaUAEEgyptNigeriaSouth AfricaOthersSouth America (Covered in Chapter 10 and 13)BrazilArgentinaColumbiaChileOthersRegional scope can be customized

For a global outreach, the Quantum Cryptography Solutions study also classifies the market into a global distribution where key market demographics are established based on the majority of the market share. The following markets that are often considered for establishing a global outreach are North America, Europe, Asia, and the Rest of the World. Depending on the study, the following markets are often interchanged, added, or excluded as certain markets only adhere to certain products and needs.

Here is a short glance at what the study actually encompasses:Study includes strategic developments, latest product launches, regional growth markers and mergers & acquisitionsRevenue, cost price, capacity & utilizations, import/export rates and market shareForecast predictions are generated from analytical data sources and calculated through a series of in-house processes.

However, based on requirements, this report could be customized for specific regions and countries.

Brief about Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Report with [emailprotected]https://hongchunresearch.com/report/quantum-cryptography-solutions-market-size-2020-113741

Some Point of Table of Content:

Chapter One: Report Overview

Chapter Two: Global Market Growth Trends

Chapter Three: Value Chain of Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market

Chapter Four: Players Profiles

Chapter Five: Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Analysis by Regions

Chapter Six: North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Seven: Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Eight: Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Nine: Middle East and Africa Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Ten: South America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Eleven: Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Segment by Types

Chapter Twelve: Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Segment by Applications 12.1 Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 12.1.1 Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 12.1.2 Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 12.2 Government and defense Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12.3 BFSI Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12.4 Retail Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12.5 Healthcare Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12.6 Automotive Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12.7 Others Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Chapter Thirteen: Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026) continued

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List of tablesList of Tables and Figures Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2020-2026) Figure Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Share by Type in 2019 & 2026 Figure Solutions Features Figure Services Features Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Size Growth by Application (2020-2026) Figure Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Share by Application in 2019 & 2026 Figure Government and defense Description Figure BFSI Description Figure Retail Description Figure Healthcare Description Figure Automotive Description Figure Others Description Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Quantum Cryptography Solutions Industry Development Table SWOT Analysis Figure Porters Five Forces Analysis Figure Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2026 Table Industry News Table Industry Policies Figure Value Chain Status of Quantum Cryptography Solutions Figure Production Process of Quantum Cryptography Solutions Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Quantum Cryptography Solutions Figure Major Company Analysis (by Business Distribution Base, by Product Type) Table Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region) Table SeQureNet Profile Table SeQureNet Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Quantum Xchange Profile Table Quantum Xchange Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table QuNu Labs Profile Table QuNu Labs Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Aurea Technologies Profile Table Aurea Technologies Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table HP Profile Table HP Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Microsoft Profile Table Microsoft Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Infineon Profile Table Infineon Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Toshiba Profile Table Toshiba Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table ID Quantique Profile Table ID Quantique Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table QuantumCTek Profile Table QuantumCTek Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table IBM Profile Table IBM Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Crypta Labs Profile Table Crypta Labs Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Qasky Profile Table Qasky Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Qubitekk Profile Table Qubitekk Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table NuCrypt Profile Table NuCrypt Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table MagiQ Technologies Profile Table MagiQ Technologies Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table ISARA Profile Table ISARA Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table QuintessenceLabs Profile Table QuintessenceLabs Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table MagiQ Technologies, Inc. Profile Table MagiQ Technologies, Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Mitsubishi Electric Profile Table Mitsubishi Electric Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Post-Quantum Profile Table Post-Quantum Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table Toshiba Profile Table Toshiba Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Table NEC Profile Table NEC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020) Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2015 Table Global Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019 Figure North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Middle East and Africa Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020) Table North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015 Figure North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019 Table North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020) Table North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015 Figure North America Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019 Figure United States Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Canada Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Mexico Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) Growth (2015-2020) Table Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015 Figure Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019 Table Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020) Table Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015 Figure Europe Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019 Figure Germany Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure UK Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure France Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Italy Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Spain Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Russia Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020) Table Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015 Figure Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019 Table Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020) Table Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015 Figure Asia-Pacific Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019 Figure China Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Japan Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South Korea Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Australia Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure India Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Southeast Asia Quantum Cryptography Solutions Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Middle East and Africa Quantum Cryptography Solutions Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020) continued

About HongChun Research: HongChun Research main aim is to assist our clients in order to give a detailed perspective on the current market trends and build long-lasting connections with our clientele. Our studies are designed to provide solid quantitative facts combined with strategic industrial insights that are acquired from proprietary sources and an in-house model.

Contact Details: Jennifer GrayManager Global Sales+ 852 8170 0792[emailprotected]

NOTE: Our report does take into account the impact of coronavirus pandemic and dedicates qualitative as well as quantitative sections of information within the report that emphasizes the impact of COVID-19.

As this pandemic is ongoing and leading to dynamic shifts in stocks and businesses worldwide, we take into account the current condition and forecast the market data taking into consideration the micro and macroeconomic factors that will be affected by the pandemic.

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Quantum Cryptography Solutions Market Size 2020 Analysis By Industry Share, Emerging Demands, Growth Rate, Recent & Future Trends, Opportunity,...

The overall work is a collection of multimedia vignettes illustrating mathematical concepts. Visitors to the piece will see a knotical (nautical) scenefeaturing a bay, a boat, and a sea monsterexploring concepts in knot theory. A large handmade quilt composed of blocks depicts various forms of cryptography, while a soaring lighthouse is topped with a stained-glass dodecahedron.

A dizzying variety of artistic mediums comprise the work, including ceramics, temari balls (a Japanese thread-art form), knitted and crocheted objects, quilts, 3D printing, welded steel, woodworking, textile embellishment, origami, metal-folding, and water-sculpted brick.

After being unveiled in December 2021, the traveling installation will appear in venues such as art museums, universities, science museums, and mathematical and scientific institutes. After completing its sojourn, Mathemalchemy will be on permanent display at Duke University.

The project is a testament to creativity, problem-solving, and dedication. Many of us dont realize that art or math works arent typically creations of instant genius. Instead, drawing the perfect nose or proving a new mathematical result may take hours, days, or years of learning, effort, and repeated attempts.

Sklar was inspired to work on the project by her interest in humanistic mathematics: The notion that mathematics is, at heart, a human endeavor.She also got involved as part of a lifelong mission to popularize math for those who dont think of themselves as math people.

I want to bring more people into mathematics, generate interest, and make the interest last, she says.

See more here:
By the Numbers: PLU Professor Collaborates on a New Artwork Illuminating the Beauty of Math - Pacific Lutheran University

According to the report published by Zeal Insider, the Global Quantum Cryptography Services Share, Forecast Data, In-Depth Analysis, And Detailed Overview, and Forecast, 2013 2026 generated $xx.xx billion in 2016, and is estimated to reach $xx.xx billion by 2023, registering a CAGR of xx.xx% from 2017 to 2023. The report offers an extensive analysis of the changing market dynamics, key winning strategies, business performance, major segments, and competitive scenario.

Global Quantum Cryptography Services market research report includes reliable economic, international, and country-level forecasts and analysis to provide holistic view on Quantum Cryptography Services market. It also offers complete analysis on competitive market and thorough analyses of the supply chain to make understand users about the changing market trends. This will help them to offer products and services to their customers according to the changing needs.

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Market, By Types:

Market, By Applications:

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Quantum Cryptography Services market report has used top-down and bottom-up approach to make a complete report on Quantum Cryptography Services market. Further, it has used reliable data from trusted sources to evaluate and validate the size of the entire market along with its sub-markets. Various qualitative as well as quantitative research has been conducted to analyze Quantum Cryptography Services market thoroughly. Key players involved in the manufacturing of Quantum Cryptography Services market are identified through secondary survey and on that basis, maximum shareholding companies are identified and profiled in the Quantum Cryptography Services market report.

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Quantum Cryptography Services Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast To 2026 MagiQ Technologies, Quantum XC, Qubitekk,...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is actively shaping both the industrial and consumer worlds, and by 2023, consumers, companies, and governments will install 40 billion IoT devices globally.

Smart tech finds its way to every business and consumer domain there isfrom retail to healthcare, from finances to logisticsand a missed opportunity strategically employed by a competitor can easily qualify as a long-term failure for companies who dont innovate.

Moreover, the 2020s challenges just confirmed the need to secure all four components of the IoT Model: Sensors, Networks (Communications), Analytics (Cloud), and Applications.

One of the top candidates to help in securing IoT is Quantum Computing, while the idea of convergence of IoT and Quantum Computing is not a new topic, it was discussed in many works of literature and covered by various researchers, but nothing is close to practical applications so far. Quantum Computing is not ready yet, it is years away from deployment on a commercial scale.

To understand the complexity of this kind of convergence, first, you need to recognize the security issues of IoT, second, comprehend the complicated nature of Quantum Computing.

IoT systems diverse security issues include:

Classical computing relies, at its ultimate level, on principles expressed by a branch of math called Boolean algebra. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time or bits. While the time that each transistor or capacitor need be either in 0 or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be made to switch state. As we progress to smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over.

In a quantum computer, several elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used with either their charge or polarization acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each of these particles is known as a quantum bit, or qubit, the nature and behavior of these particles form the basis of quantum computing.

The two most relevant aspects of quantum physics are the principles of superposition and entanglement.

Taken together, quantum superposition and entanglement create an enormously enhanced computing power. Where a 2-bit register in an ordinary computer can store only one of four binary configurations (00, 01, 10, or 11) at any given time, a 2-qubit register in a quantum computer can store all four numbers simultaneously, because each qubit represents two values. If more qubits are added, the increased capacity is expanded exponentially.

One of the most exciting avenues that researchers, armed with qubits, are exploring, is communications security.

Quantum security leads us to the concept ofquantum cryptographywhich uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure against being compromised without the knowledge of the sender or the receiver of the messages.

Essentially, quantum cryptography is based on the usage of individual particles/waves of light (photon) and their intrinsic quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem (because it is impossible to measure the quantum state of any system without disturbing that system).

Quantum cryptography uses photons to transmit a key. Once the key is transmitted, coding, and encoding using the normal secret-key method can take place. But how does a photon become a key? How do you attach information to a photon's spin?

This is where binary code comes into play. Each type of a photon's spin represents one piece of information -- usually a 1 or a 0, for binary code. This code uses strings of 1s and 0s to create a coherent message. For example, 11100100110 could correspond with h-e-l-l-o. So a binary code can be assigned to each photon -- for example, a photon that has a vertical spin ( | ) can be assigned a 1.

Regular, non-quantum encryption can work in a variety of ways but, generally, a message is scrambled and can only be unscrambled using a secret key. The trick is to make sure that whomever youre trying to hide your communication from doesnt get their hands on your secret key. But such encryption techniques have their vulnerabilities. Certain products called weak keys happen to be easier to factor than others. Also, Moores Law continually ups the processing power of our computers. Even more importantly, mathematicians are constantly developing new algorithms that allow for easier factorization of the secret key.

Quantum cryptography avoids all these issues. Here, the key is encrypted into a series of photons that get passed between two parties trying to share secret information. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle dictates that an adversary cant look at these photons without changing or destroying them.

With its capabilities, quantum computing can help address the challenges and issues that hamper the growth of IoT. Some of these capabilities are:

Quantum computing is still in its development stage with tech giants such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft putting in resources to build powerful quantum computers. While they were able to build machines containing more and more qubits, for example, Google announced in 2019 they achieved Quantum Supremacy, the challenge is to get these qubits to operate smoothly and with less error. But with the technology being very promising, continuous research and development are expected until such time that it reaches widespread practical applications for both consumers and businesses.

IoT is expanding as we depend on our digital devices more every day. Furthermore, WFH (Work From Home) concept resulted from COVID-19 lockdowns accelerated the deployment of many IoT devices and shorten the learning curves of using such devices. When IoT converges with Quantum Computing under Quantum IoT or QIoT, that will push other technologies to use Quantum Computing and add Quantum or Q to their products and services labels, we will see more adoption of Quantum hardware and software applications in addition to Quantum services like QSaaS, QIaaS, and QPaaS as parts of Quantum Cloud and QAI (Quantum Artificial Intelligence) to mention few examples.

A version of this article first appeared onIEEE-IoT.

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The Convergence of Internet of Things and Quantum Computing - BBN Times

Eth 2.0 is looking at its first hard fork this year.

The Ethereum Foundation-backed research team is currently organizing schematics for a mid-2021 backward-incompatible change to the Beacon Chain, according to a Jan. 14 developers call.

This hard fork is really not a hard fork in the traditional sense, Teku client project manager Ben Edgington pointed out. Rather, its a warmup before sharding and a merge of the Eth 1.x and Beacon Chain.

The word fork is heavily overloaded in blockchain usage. In fact, there shouldnt even be a fork when this upgrade is done, in the sense of the network ending up with multiple competing chains, he wrote in his Eth 2.0 blog post on Jan. 15.

The upgrade is likely to include the following code changes, although these changes have yet to be fully agreed upon:

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Ice Age on Eth 2.0?

One additional feature that is being considered is the inclusion of the difficulty bomb, also known as the Ice Age. The difficulty bomb which kicks into gear at pre-set block heights is a mining adjustment mechanism originally added to the Eth 1.x blockchain in 2015. It makes mining incrementally more difficult over time in an effort to keep developers motivated to build Eth 2.0.

To date, the Ice Age has been postponed three times on the proof-of-work (PoW) Ethereum blockchain in the Byzantium (2017), Constantinople (2019) and Muir Glacier (2020) hard forks.

The difficulty bomb is a staple of Ethereum as it pushes economic incentives on developers to keep innovating on the baselayer. Yet, its unlikely to be included in Eth 2.0 as theres already an economic force pushing Beacon Chain development, Ryan told CoinDesk in a yet-to-be-released Mapping Out Eth 2.0 podcast.

There is no Ice Age on the Beacon Chain, but it essentially has a forcing function because right now there is 2.5 million ETH locked into the system, Ryan said. Theres no way developers in the community at that order of magnitude would allow it to live in parallel and not have it do anything more.

The decision to include or not include a difficulty adjustment feature like the Ice Age into Eth 2.0 itself comes down to how you see the Ethereum blockchain progressing after Eth 2.0 is complete, he said. Some want further innovation while some think ossification similar to Bitcoins blockchain is the way to go.

Some want to continue to upgrade and iterate and bring in the latest cryptography into Layer 1. Im sure the debate whether an Ice Age should exist in Ethereum 2.0 will center around some of those ideas of ossification versus continual upgrades, Ryan said.

Eth 2.0 reaches all-time high for network participation

Pulse Check Jan. 27

The Ethereum 2.0 network continues to grow at a steady pace and at near-perfect user participation levels. On Saturday, Jan. 23, Eth 2.0 reached its highest daily average network participation rate at 99.46%. This indicates that, despite a growing number of participants, validators on Eth 2.0 are largely engaged in securing the network and earning rewards.

As background, the economics of Ethereum 2.0 operates on a sliding scale of rewards that adjusts dynamically based on the total number of active validators. The larger the number of validators staked on Eth 2.0, the lower the total amount of rewards issued on the network. (Read more about Eth 2.0s monetary policy here.)

The daily average of rewards earned per validator dipped to a seven-week low on Thursday, Jan. 21, at 0.007235 ETH. However, due to the bullish price activity of ether in the crypto markets, the value of rewards earned on the network has increased 81.47% over the same time period. In other words, because the ETH price has risen, validators are earning more on average per day in U.S. dollar (USD) terms.

Breakdown of Eth 2.0 user deposits

One other useful metric for evaluating ongoing network health and decentralization is the breakdown of user deposits on Eth 2.0. According to a tool still in beta testing by blockchain explorer Etherscan, roughly 50% of all ETH deposits are made by cryptocurrency exchanges and staking pools.

This suggests an equal balance between individuals choosing to stake using their own hardware and software and those who choose to rely on a service provider to do it for them. Shifts in this distribution over time will indicate growing advantages as well as disadvantages, swaying users towards one method of staking on Eth 2.0 versus another.

For now, the even distribution of Eth 2.0 depositors is a strong indicator that running hardware independently versus relying on a provider to do it for you are both equally attractive options for users.

Validated takes: Further reading from the past week

Factoid of the week

Factoid of the Week Jan. 27

Well soon be incorporating data directly from CoinDesks own Eth 2.0 validator node in our weekly analysis. All profits made from this staking venture will be donated to a charity of our choosing once transfers are enabled on the network. For a full overview of the project, check out our announcement post.

Link:
Valid Points: What to Expect When Ethereum 2.0 Undergoes Its First 'Hard Fork' - CoinDesk - Coindesk