Penal assassination: The gradual effort to kill Julian Assange – Independent Australia

Time is running out to save the life of Julian Assange, who doctors warn only has months left to live, writes Dr Binoy Kampmark.

THEY REALLY DO want to kill him. Perhaps it is high time that his detractors and sceptics, proven wrong essentially from the outset, admit that the U.S. imperium, along with its client states, is willing to see WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange perish in prison.

The locality and venue, for the purposes of this exercise, are not relevant. Like the Inquisition, the Catholic Church was never keen on soiling its hands, preferring the employ of non-church figures to torture its victims.

In the context of Assange, Britain has been a willing gaoler from the start, guided by the good offices of Washington and none too keen in seeing this spiller of secrets released into the world. Bail has been repeatedly and inexcusably refused, despite the threats posed by COVID-19, the publishers own deteriorating health and restrictions upon access, at regular intervals, to legal advice from his team.

Just as some banks are deemed too large to fail, Assange is considered too large a target to escape. Let loose again, he might do what he does best: reveal government venalities in war and peace and prove the social contract a gross deception and mockery of our sensibilities.

The UK legal system has been the ideal forum to execute the wishes of Washington. Each legal branch that has examined the extradition case has assiduously avoided the bigger picture: the attack on press freedom; exposing war crimes; illegal surveillance of a political asylee in an embassy compound; the breaches of privacy and legal confidentiality; the encroachments upon family life; the evidence on proposed abduction and assassination; the questionable conflicts of interest by some judicial members; and the collusion of State authorities.

Instead, the courts, from the outside, have taken a blade to cut away the meatiest, most solid of arguments, focusing on a sliver that would be, in due course, defeated. The sole decision that favoured Assange only did so by essentially regarding him as an individual whose mental fragility would compromise him in a U.S. prison facility.

In such a case, suicide would be virtually impossible to prevent. District Judge Vanessa Baraitser, who made the ruling, thought little of the publishers credentials, heartily agreeing with the prosecution that no journalist would have ever exposed the names of informants. (This farcical interpretation was rebutted convincingly in the Old Bailey trial proceedings.)

The rest has been a grotesque show of gargantuan proportions, with the High Court and the Supreme Court showing themselves to be political dunces or, which is not much better, dupes. Believing a number of diplomatic assurances by U.S. prosecutors on Assanges post-extradition fate, made after the original trial, seemed awfully close to a form of legal match-fixing. We all know that court cases and the law can be analogised as betting and having a punt, the outcome never clear till it arrives, but this was positively ludicrous.

To anyone following the trial and knowing the feeble nature of reassurances made by a State power, especially one with the heft of the United States, promises about more commodious accommodation, not being subject to brutal special administrative measures and also being allowed to apply for a return to Australia to serve the balance of the term was pure, stenchy balderdash.

Amnesty International is unequivocal on this point: diplomatic assurances are used by governments to circumvent various human rights conventions and the very fact that they are sought to begin with creates its own dangers:

The mere fact that States need to seek diplomatic assurances against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (other ill-treatment) is indicative of a risk of torture.

The U.S. prosecuting authorities have even gone so far as to weaken their own position, making their undertakings conditional. Typically, they shift the focus back on Assange, suggesting that he might influence matters by his own mischievous conduct. All in all, nothing said was binding and the glue holding the promises together might, at any given moment, dissolve.

Admirably, Assange continues to have some fiercely dedicated followers who wish him well and wish him out. Independent Australian MP Andrew Wilkie has the sort of certitude that can pulverise the attitudes of bleak sceptics, though even he must nurse a few doubts. In his address to supporters of Assange in Canberra, delivered on the lawns of the Australian Parliament, he was confident that keeping the pressure up would eventually lead to justice for the publisher.

In a crisp summation, Wilkie distilled the case:

The U.S. wants to get even and for so long the UK and Australia have been happy to go along for the ride because theyve put bilateral relationships with Washington ahead of the rights of a decent man.

Keep maintaining the rage, he urged his audience.

The matter is considered so urgent that Australian Doctors For Assange has warned that death may be peeking around the corner.

Spokesman Dr Robert Marr expressed his concern:

Medical examinations of Julian Assange in Belmarsh prison in the UK have revealed that he is suffering from severe life-threatening cardiovascular and stress-related medical conditions, including having a mini-stroke as a result of his imprisonment and psychological torture.

The organisation has written to U.S. Ambassador Caroline Kennedy

...requesting she urgently ask President Biden to stop the U.S. persecution of Australian citizen Julian Assange for merely publishing information provided to him and stop the U.S. attempt to extradite him from the UK.

From the Australian perspective, we can already see that there is a go-slow, cautious approach to Assanges fate, which also serves the lethal agenda being pursued by the U.S. prosecutors. Despite a change of the guard in Canberra, the status quo on power relations between the two countries remains unaltered.

Everyone, bar Assange, seems to have time to wait. But in terms of life and health, the time in question is almost done.

Dr Binoy Kampmark was a Cambridge Scholar and is a lecturer at RMIT University. You can follow Dr Kampmark on Twitter @BKampmark.

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Penal assassination: The gradual effort to kill Julian Assange - Independent Australia

Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss accused of cruelty over Rwanda-style deal promises – The Guardian

Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss have been accused of cruelty and immorality for promising more Rwanda-style deals to remove asylum seekers from the UK, as charities claimed the pair were pandering to party members hardline views.

Amnesty International led criticism of immigration plans announced over the weekend by the Tory leadership candidates, saying the dreadful pledges would come at great human and financial cost.

Other human rights groups, opposition parties and the rightwing Adam Smith Institute thinktank also condemned the proposals on grounds ranging from ethics to the crippling costs.

Hostile briefings by the two camps intensified over the weekend as they prepared for a crunch TV debate hosted by the BBC on Monday evening, with ballot papers set to drop through members letterboxes in just over a week.

The row about immigration threatened to overshadow their latest announcements, with Sunak pledging to take tougher action against China by banning its network of Confucius Institutes, while Truss announced plans to cut red tape for freeports and create new investment zones with fewer planning restrictions.

Both promised to push ahead with the plan to send hundreds of asylum seekers to Rwanda, which stalled last month after an intervention by the European court of human rights.

Sunak said he would do whatever it takes to get the Rwanda plan off the ground and operating at scale and vowed to pursue more migration partnerships with other countries.

In a 10-point plan on immigration, Sunak said he would cap the number of refugees the UK accepted each year, tighten the definition of who qualified to claim asylum, and withhold aid money from countries that refused to take back those whose claims were denied and criminals.

In an article for the Sunday Express, Boris Johnson insisted he had delivered a key pledge to take back control of Britains borders, but the former chancellor contradicted that assessment.

We do not have control of our borders, Sunak said, adding that immigration should be legal, orderly and controlled but at the moment, its none of those things.

Sunaks plan to house migrants in cruise ships instead of hotels to save money was criticised by Trusss campaign, which said the move would be likely to amount to arbitrary detention and a breach of domestic and international law. Pressed in a media interview on whether his proposals would be legal, Sunak did not give clear assurances, instead insisting no option should be off the table.

The foreign secretary also said she was determined to see the Rwanda policy through to full implementation as well as exploring other countries where we can work on similar partnerships.

She pledged not to cower before the European convention on human rights, and to reform Britains relationship with the Strasbourg-based court of human rights so it works better.

Although she is, unlike Sunak, a Brexit convert who voted remain in the 2016 EU referendum, the foreign secretary is seeking to present herself as the true heir to Johnson who will finish the job of overhauling immigration policy.

Frontline Border Force capacity would be increased by 20% if she became prime minister, Truss promised, allowing more Channel patrols to take place to help curb the number of small boat crossings.

Truss and Sunak were accused by Amnesty International UK of making promises and policy based on nothing more than what is thought to appeal to some Conservative party members.

Steve Valdez-Symonds, the charitys refugee and migrant rights programme director, said it was the same as it had been for the last three years, and added: It is why our asylum system has collapsed into chaos and backlogs all at great human and financial cost.

He said: It is dreadful that those who aspire to lead are showing no capacity for leadership, which requires focus on what is possible, necessary and lawful.

Instead, they are setting out on the same dismal course of blaming people fleeing persecution, lawyers and courts for all the ills that our politicians continue to heap upon everyone, rather than taking responsibility for making our asylum system work fairly and efficiently.

Zehrah Hasan, advocacy director at the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants, also said both politicians were showing their fierce commitment to cruelty and immorality by trying to abdicate all responsibility for people forced to move to the UK.

She continued: They want to expand the hostile environment and ramp up the brutalisation of refugees for political point-scoring. Their plans will only destroy more lives and tear more families apart.

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Concerns were also raised over the value-for-money feasibility of the Rwanda plans, which have cost taxpayers 120m in exchange for up to 200 asylum seekers being relocated.

Emily Fielder, head of communications for the Adam Smith Institute, said it was ineffectual because in reality, barely any flights to Rwanda will take off, leaving an asylum system continuing to struggle with a huge backlog and crippling costs.

She added: Rather than governing by press release, the Conservative party should look towards engaging more constructively with our European partners, introducing safe routes for those fleeing persecution and implementing vital reforms to clear the backlog of legacy asylum cases.

Yvette Cooper, the shadow home secretary, said it was dismal to see Sunak and Truss competing to extend an unworkable, unethical, unaffordable, high fraud risk Rwanda scheme that she said would only make trafficking worse.

The Liberal Democrats said both leadership candidates wanted to throw away more good money after bad and should never be trusted again with taxpayers money, let alone trusted to treat asylum seekers with decency and respect.

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Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss accused of cruelty over Rwanda-style deal promises - The Guardian

What has quantum computing got to do with AI? – Verdict

Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the key industry trends after decades of just being a researchers dream. From conversations with Alexa and Siri to Waymo (Google) and Teslas vehicles driving themselves, OpenAIs GPT-3 writing prose like a human, and DeepMind (Google)s AlphaZero beating human chess grandmasters, it is becoming clear that AI is now mature enough to resolve real-life problems and is often faster and better at it than humans.

Elsewhere in the tech industry, several visionaries are working towards developing quantum computers, which seek to leverage the properties of quantum physics to perform calculations much faster than todays computers.

At this point, you cannot be blamed for wondering: what exactly has quantum computing got to do with AI?

Algorithmic complexity is a somewhat obscure mathematical concept that connects the work being done by AI researchers and quantum computing pioneers.

Computational complexity theory, a field sitting across mathematics and computer science, focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource usages, such as space (memory) and time. In essence, a computational problem is a task that can be solved by a computer mechanically following the mathematical steps defined in an algorithm.

For instance, consider the problem of sorting the numbers in a list. One possible algorithm, called Selection Sort, consists of repeatedly finding the minimum element (in ascending order) from the unsorted part of the list (initially, all of it) and putting it at the beginning. This algorithm effectively maintains two sub-lists within the original list as it works its way through: the already sorted part and the remaining unsorted part. After several passes of this process, the outcome is a sorted list from smaller to larger. In terms of time complexity, this is expressed by the complexity of N2, where N means the size or number of elements in the list. Mathematicians have come up with more efficient, albeit more complex sorting algorithms, such as Cube Sort or Tim Sort, both of which have an N x log(N) complexity. Sorting a list of 100 elements is a simple task for todays computers but sorting a list of a billion records might be less so. Therefore, the time complexity (or the number of steps in the algorithm in relation to the size of the input problem) is very important.

To solve a problem faster, one can either use a faster computer or find a more efficient algorithm that requires fewer operations, which is what lower time complexity means. However, it is clear that in the case of problems of exponential complexity (for instance, N2 or 2N), the math works against you, and with larger problem sizes it is not realistic to just use faster computers. And this is precisely the case in the field of artificial intelligence.

First, we will look at the computational complexity of the artificial neural networks used by todays artificial intelligence (AI) systems. These mathematical models are inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. They learn to identify or categorize input data, by seeing many examples. They are a collection of interconnected nodes or neurons, combined with an activation function that determines the output based on the data presented in the input layer and the weights in the interconnections.

To adjust the weights in the interconnections so that the output is useful or correct, the network can be trained by exposure to many data examples and backpropagating the output loss.

For a neural network with N inputs, M hidden layers, where the i-th hidden layer contains mi hidden neurons, and k output neurons, the algorithm that adjusts the weights of all neurons (called a backpropagating algorithm) will have a time complexity of:

To put things in context, the popular OpenAIs GPT-3 model, which is already capable of writing original prose with fluency equivalent to that of a human, has 175 billion parameters (or neurons). With an M in the billions, this AI model currently takes months to train, even using powerful server computers in large cloud data centers. Furthermore, AI models are going to continue growing in size, so the situation will get worse over time.

Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics, specifically superposition and entanglement, to store data and perform computations. The expectation is that they can execute billions of simultaneous operations, therefore providing a very material speedup for highly complex problems, including AI.

While classical computers transmit information in bits (short for binary digits), quantum computers use qubits (short for quantum bits). Like classical bits, qubits do eventually have to transmit information as a one or zero but are special in that they can represent both a one and a zero at the same time. A qubit is considered to have a probability distribution, e.g., it is 70% likely to be a one and 30% likely to be a zero. This is what makes quantum computers special.

There are two essential properties in quantum mechanics that quantum computers take advantage of: superposition and entanglement.

When a qubit is both a one and a zero at the same time, it is said to be in a superposition. Superposition is the general name for the condition when a system is in multiple states at once and only assumes a single state when it is measured. If we pretend that a coin is a quantum object, a superposition can be imposed when the coin is flipped: there is only a probability of the coin being either heads or tails. Once the coin has landed, we have made a measurement, and we know whether the coin is heads or tails. Likewise, only when we measure the spin of an electron (similar to the coin landing) do we know what state the electron is in and whether it is a one or a zero.

Quantum particles in superposition are only useful if we have more than one of them. This brings us to our second fundamental principle of quantum mechanics: entanglement. Two (or more) particles that are entangled cannot be individually described, and their properties depend completely on one another. So, entangled qubits can affect each other. The probability distribution of a qubit (being a one or zero) depends on the probability distribution of all other qubits in the system.

Because of that, the addition of each new qubit to a system has the effect of doubling the number of states that the computer can analyze. This exponential increase in computer power contrasts with classical computing, which only scales linearly with each new bit.

Entangled qubits can, theoretically, execute billions of simultaneous operations. It is obvious that this capability would provide a dramatic speedup to any algorithm with complexities in the range of N2, 2N, or NN.

Because of the impressive potential of quantum computing, while hardware teams continue to work on making these systems a reality (the largest to date is IBMs 127-Qubit Eagle system), software researchers are already working on new algorithms that could leverage this simultaneous computation capability, in fields such as cryptography, chemistry, materials science, systems optimization, and machine learning/AI. It is believed that Shors factorization quantum algorithm will provide an exponential speedup over classical computers, which poses a risk to current cryptographic algorithms.

Most interestingly, it is believed quantum linear algebra will provide a polynomial speed-up, which will enormously improve the performance of our artificial neural networks. Google has launched TensorFlow Quantum, a software framework for quantum machine learning, which allows rapid prototyping of hybrid quantum-classical ML models. IBM, also a leader in quantum computing, recently announced that it has found mathematical proof of a quantum advantage for quantum machine learning. However, while the likes of IBM and Google are vertically integrated (thus developing both the hardware systems and the software algorithms) there is also a very interesting group of quantum software startups including Zapata, Riverlane, 1Qbit, and, to a certain degree, Quantinuum (since Cambridge Quantum Computing merged with Honeywell and rebranded, it is not a pure software company anymore), to name just a few.

As quantum hardware becomes more powerful and quantum machine learning algorithms are perfected, quantum computing is likely to take a significant share of the AI chips market. For a more detailed discussion on AI chips and quantum computing, please take a look at our thematic reports on AI, AI chips, and quantum computing.

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What has quantum computing got to do with AI? - Verdict

New phase of matter with 2D time created in quantum computer – Cosmos

Quantum computers hold the promise of revolutionising information technology by utilising the whacky physics of quantum mechanics. But playing with strange, new machinery often throws up even more interesting and novel physics. This is precisely what has happened to quantum computing researchers in the US.

Reported in Nature, physicists who were shining a pulsing laser at atoms inside a quantum computer observed a completely new phase of matter. The new state exhibits two time dimensions despite there still being only a singular time flow.

The researchers believe the new phase of matter could be used to develop quantum computers in which stored information is far more protected against errors than other architectures.

See, what makes quantum computers great is also what makes them exceedingly tricky.

Unlike in classical computers, a quantum computers transistor is on the quantum scale, like a single atom. This allows information to be encoded not just using zeroes and ones, but also a mixture, or superposition, of zero and one.

Hence, quantum bits (or qubits) can store multidimensional data and quantum computers would be thousands, even millions of times faster than classical computers, and perform far more efficiently.

But this same mixture of 0 and 1 states in qubits is also what makes them extremely prone to error. So a lot of quantum computing research revolves around making machines with reduced flaws in their calculations.

Read more: Australian researchers develop a coherent quantum simulator

The mind-bending property discovered by the authors of the Nature paper was produced by pulsing a laser shone on the atoms inside the quantum computer in a sequence inspired by the Fibonacci numbers.

Using an extra time dimension is a completely different way of thinking about phases of matter, says lead author Philipp Dumitrescu, a research fellow at the Flatiron Institutes Centre for Computational Quantum Physics in New York City, US. Ive been working on these theory ideas for over five years and seeing them realised in experiments is exciting.

The teams quantum computer is built on ten atomic ions of ytterbium which are manipulated by laser pulses.

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Quantum mechanics tells us that superpositions will break down when qubits are influenced (intentionally or not), leading the quantum transistor to pick to be either in the 0 or 1 state. This collapse is probabilistic and cannot be determined with certainty beforehand.

Even if you keep all the atoms under tight control, they can lose their quantumness by talking to their environment, heating up, or interacting with things in ways you didnt plan, Dumitrescu says. In practice, experimental devices have many sources of error that can degrade coherence after just a few laser pulses.

So, quantum computing engineers try to make qubits more resistant to outside effects.

One way of doing this is to exploit what physicists call symmetries which preserve properties despite certain changes. For example, a snowflake has rotational symmetry it looks the same when rotated a certain angle.

Time symmetry can be added using rhythmic laser pulses, but Dumitrescus team added two time symmetries by using ordered but non-repeating laser pulses.

Other ordered but non-repeating structures include quasicrystals. Unlike typical crystals which have repeating structure (like honeycombs), quasicrystals have order, but no repeating pattern (like Penrose tiling). Quasicrystals are actually the squished down versions, or projections, of higher-dimensional objects. For example, a two-dimensional Penrose tiling is a projection of a five-dimensional lattice.

Could quasicrystals be emulated in time, rather than space? Thats what Dumitrescus team was able to do.

Whereas a periodic laser pulse alternates (A, B, A, B, A, B, etc), the parts of the quasi-periodic laser-pulse based on the Fibonacci sequence are the sum of the two previous parts (A, AB, ABA, ABAAB, ABAABABA, etc.). Like a quasicrystal, this is a two-dimensional pattern jammed into a single dimension. Hence, theres an extra time symmetry as a boon from this time-based quasicrystal.

The team fired the Fibonacci-based laser pulse sequence at the qubits at either end of the ten-atom arrangement.

Using a strictly periodic laser pulse, these edge qubits remained in their superposition for 1.5 seconds an impressive feat in itself given the strong interactions between qubits. But, with the quasi-periodic pulses, the qubits stayed quantum for the entire length of the experiment around 5.5 seconds.

With this quasi-periodic sequence, theres a complicated evolution that cancels out all the errors that live on the edge, Dumitrescu explains. Because of that, the edge stays quantum-mechanically coherent much, much longer than youd expect. Though the findings bear much promise, the new phase of matter still needs to be integrated into a working quantum computer. We have this direct, tantalising application, but we need to find a way to hook it into the calculations, Dumitrescu says. Thats an open problem were working on.

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New phase of matter with 2D time created in quantum computer - Cosmos

Pasqal, BASF to collaborate on quantum compute-powered weather modeling – VentureBeat

Paris-based Pasqal, a full-stack neutral atom quantum computing provider, and BASF, the multinational chemical juggernaut, are announcing a new partnership focused on weather modeling and other computational fluid dynamics applications. The problem space relies on solving complex nonlinear differential equations, a task for which, it turns out, Pasqals hardware and algorithms are especially well-suited.

Benno Broer, Pasqals Chief Commercial Officer, who was CEO of Qu & Co. which was focused on quantum algorithms and software, and merged with the erstwhile hardware-focused Pasqal in January of this year.

Broer explained that Pasqals hardware platform implements qubits (quantum bits), using individually trapped atoms that are manipulated with laser beams, and that the company produces 100-qubit systems today. The neutral atom platform supports something called analog mode, which enables addressing all of those qubits concurrently, thereby enabling an important quantum computing behavior called entanglement, where multiple qubits act as a single system and influence each other.

Building on this, Pasqals algorithm technology can implement quantum neural networks, the quantum computing equivalent of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), a subset of physics-informed machine learning (PIML). In the PIML world, models can be trained using a combination of data and equations that describe the laws of physics underlying the modeled phenomena.

PIML techniques can be used to solve differential equations, which is the key to attacking computational fluid dynamics applications, including weather modeling. According to Pasqals press release, BASF can then use parameters generated by the weather models to simulate crop yields and growth stages, as well as to predict drift when applying crop protection products.

The weather modeling further serves BASFs digital farming product portfolio, including an advanced crop optimization platform. This takes quantum computing down from the ivory tower, and applies it, quite literally, in the field.

Perhaps even more intriguing, Broer told VentureBeat the equations used to model short-term weather patterns and those for long-term climate modeling are, in fact, similar. Scaling up the time dimension can allow the technology being applied to weather modeling in the near future to be applicable to climate modeling later, and perhaps be used to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Given the heatwaves impacting so many regions across the world this week, even the potential of quantum computing to help mitigate climate change impact is good news indeed. And if were going to tech our way out of this (the phrase attributed to Kleiner Perkins chairman John Doerr), then an approach that combines quantum computing and physics-informed machine learning seems like a good start.

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Pasqal, BASF to collaborate on quantum compute-powered weather modeling - VentureBeat

"Quantum is for everyone:" An all-girls computing camp gives young coders a head start – KGUN 9 Tucson News

TUCSON, Ariz. (KGUN)Its the worlds first ever free all-girls quantum computing summer camp. This week-long program is being hosted in Tucson in partnership with the University of Arizona and the Girl Scouts of Southern Arizona.

Qubit by Qubit is a non-profit pushing this initiative nationwide. Program manager Gabbie Meis says, weve taught over 14,000 students virtually since 2013. But this camp is hosted in-person.

Meis says the camp is about harnessing the power of quantum mechanics to power a whole new type of computer called 'quantum computers'.

Experts in the field of quantum computing say this developing technology will eventually be so powerful, we will use it to solve problems traditional computers cant.

Meis says, huge problems that deal with a big amount of data. Some examples include climate change.

Michelle Higgins, the camp organizer from the University of Arizona, says, there will be more individualized and more precise healthcare, better communication systems, and things that perhaps dont go down when we have huge storms.

Girls are encouraged to pursue a career in quantum because it is currently a male-dominated industry.

Higgins says, in the past there have been more men going into the field and thats what they see now.

She adds, "quantum really has a marketing problem because we automatically think, 'oh we have to be a genius, I have to be like Einstein, I have to have my PhD to understand'."

But thats not the case. The camp is meant to do the opposite in hopes of encouraging girls to get a start in physics early on. Meis says for anyone interested, there are no prerequisites for the camp, so we have girls that have never even coded on a computer before, to some that have created their own game. So we like to say quantum is for everyone.

The camp will be hosted again next summer.

-Heidi Alagha is an anchor and reporter for KGUN 9. Heidi spent 5 years as the morning anchor in Waco where she was named the best anchor team by the Texas Associated Press. Share your story ideas and important issues with Heidi by emailing heidi.alagha@kgun9.com or by connecting on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.

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"Quantum is for everyone:" An all-girls computing camp gives young coders a head start - KGUN 9 Tucson News

Enterprise Quantum Computing Market Size, Scope, Growth Opportunities, Trends by Manufacturers And Forecast to 2029 This Is Ardee – This Is Ardee

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Enterprise Quantum Computing Market Size, Scope, Growth Opportunities, Trends by Manufacturers And Forecast to 2029 This Is Ardee - This Is Ardee

Noida boy with 100% in PCM wants to explore the universe with physics and quantum computing research – India Today

DPS Greater Noida's Akshar Kishore, who scored 100% in physics, chemistry and maths in the CBSE 12th result 2022, wants to explore the universe with deep research in physics and quantum computing.

Delhi Public School, Greater Noida's Akshar Kishore scored 99.6% in the CBSE 12th result 2022 released on Friday and became the science topper of the school. He scored a full 100% marks in physics, chemistry and maths.

Commenting on the achievement, Akshar Kishore said, I have always focussed on the process and never on the result. I analysed and adapted myself as per new requirements and worked hard for it.

Akshar Kishore is planning to do deep research in physics and quantum computing.

"Akshar deserves the heartiest appreciation for his hard work in academics. He has really held my head high. I wish Akshar all the best for his higher studies, said, Professor DK Jha, Head of the Department, Physics, Delhi Public School, Greater Noida.

Appreciating Akshars performance, Upasana Chandra, Department of Physics, Delhi Public School, said that, he has always been a sincere, obedient, interactive and respectful child who was focussed on his studies and keen to learn concepts at depth.

"During Covid, he was one of the children who was always ready to respond to the questions asked by the teachers and never hesitated to voice his queries. May he achieve everything in life he wishes for," Chandra said.

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Noida boy with 100% in PCM wants to explore the universe with physics and quantum computing research - India Today

Examining the Future of Crypto – Money Morning Australia – Money Morning

In 1995, Bill Gates released the first edition of The Road Ahead, his take on the implications of personal computing.

The implications were so drastic that Gates revised the book a mere year later, admitting he vastly underestimated how important and how quickly the internet would come to prominence.

Humbled, Bill Gates came to a generalisation:

We always overestimate the change that will occur in the next two years and underestimate the change that will occur in the next ten. Dont let yourself be lulled into inaction.

Gates wasnt the first to realise people overestimate short-term potential while underestimating long-term potential.

In 1995, the journal Massachusetts Review pinned the genesis of the idea to sci-fi author Arthur C Clarke:

Arthur Clarke has noted that we tend to overestimate what we can do in the near future and grossly underestimate what can be done in the distant future. This is because the human imagination extrapolates in a straight line, while real world events develop exponentially like compound interest.

The perils of extrapolating in a straight line is something my colleague Ryan Dinse has written about a lot.

In fact, he even wrote a book about the benefits of exponential investing. As he explained in his book:

Us humans arent used to thinking exponentially. We usually think linearly, in the sense that small incremental changes follow a linear path of change.

Thats why exponential trends shock us with their impact.

This funny little graphic explains it well:

Can we use our historical underestimation of the future to improve our forecasts?

Maybe. But even if we couldnt, guessing the future has merit.

As novelist Nevil Shute noted:

No man can see into the future, but unless somebody makes a guess from time to time and publishes it to stimulate discussion it seems to me that we are drifting in the dark, not knowing where we want to go or how to get there.

So lets dispel the dark were drifting in and ask where crypto is headed.

What will Bitcoin [BTC] and crypto look like in 2030 and beyond?

Well, not everything, but what would the 2030s look like if the world took on a great decentralisation project?

While many think of bitcoin as nothing but a currency, bitcoins protocol and the underlying blockchain technology have much wider implications.

Princeton computer science professor Arvind Narayanan wrote that bitcoins underlying technology may cause a rethink on centralised institutions:

Bitcoins apparent success at decentralising currency may cause a rethinking of other centralised institutionsones dealing with stocks, bonds, property titles, and more. Can block chain technology be applied to decentralise them as well? And if decentralisation is technically possible, is it also financially sensible and beneficial to society?

Blockchain technology can be applied far and wide.

In 2030, you might even find yourself buying a smart car using the blockchain without even needing to meet the seller.

As Narayanan writes:

Consider the situation where Alice owns a smart car and wants to sell it to Bob. The ability to transfer control digitally opens up interesting possibilities. For example, Alice might be travelling overseas, and to fund further travel expenses might want to sell her car, which is physically parked in her driveway back home. With an Internet connection, Bob could pay Alice for the car with Bitcoin, Alice can remotely transfer ownership to Bob with the block chain used by the car, and Bob can drive away with his new car.

As long as the currency used for payment and the car ownership coexist on the same block chain, Alice and Bob can form a single atomic transaction that simultaneously transfers ownership of the car and the payment for the car. Specifically, the transaction would specify two inputs: Alices ownership and Bobs payment; and specify two outputs: the ownership to Bob and the payment to Alice.

Like with smart car sales, blockchain technology may also change the way we conduct real estate transactions.

Real estate, cars, assets blockchain can change the way we conduct sales via whats known as smart property.

Smart property is an asset that has access to the blockchainand can be controlled via the blockchain, be that by means of transactions, transfers, or contracts.

If we can connect property to the blockchain, we are one step closer to making real the promise of the Internet of Things (IoT):

As researchers Konstantinos Christidis and Michael Devetsikiotis noted in a paper on blockchains and the IoT (emphasis added):

The combination of blockchains and IoT can be pretty powerful. Blockchains give us resilient, truly distributed peer-to-peer systems and the ability to interact with peers in a trustless, auditable manner. Smart contracts allow us to automate complex multi-step processes.

The devices in the IoT ecosystem are the points of contact with the physical world.

We believe that the continued integration of blockchains in the IoT domain will cause significant transformations across several industries, bringing about new business models and having us reconsider how existing systems and processes are implemented.

Now, on to something less upbeat for cryptos futurethe threat posed by quantum computing.

As a piece in the New Scientist explains (emphasis added):

The bitcoin network is kept secure by computers known as miners that use a cryptographic algorithm called SHA-256, which was created by the US National Security Agency. Breaking this code is essentially impossible for ordinary computers, but quantum computers, which can exploit the properties of quantum physics to speed up some calculations, could theoretically crack it open.

Of course, quantum computing is not just a threat to crypto. Quantum computing poses a threat to cryptography in general.

As computer scientist Mark Webber wrote in a recent paper:

Although bitcoin is secure for the foreseeable future, there are concerns about other encrypted data with a much wider window of vulnerability. An encrypted email sent today can be harvested, stored and decrypted in the future once a quantum computer is available a so-called harvest now, decrypt later attack, which some security experts believe is already happening.

Now, what does bitcoin is secure for the foreseeable future mean exactly?

It means that while quantum computing can, in theory, pose a serious risk to bitcoins protocol, the quantum computing power required to be a viable threat does not exist today.

Webber calculated that breaking bitcoins encryption in a 10-minute window would require 1.9 billion qubits or quantum bits (equivalent to standard computing bits). Breaking the encryption in an hour requires about 320 million qubits, which drops all the way to 13 million qubits if breaking the encryption in a day.

Currently, the most powerful quantum computers have about 130 qubits, well below the threshold.

But lets remember Bill Gatess adage about underestimating the future.

As Webber elaborated (emphasis added):

This large physical qubit requirement implies that the Bitcoin network will be secure from quantum computing attacks for many years (potentially over a decade). The Bitcoin network could nullify this threat by performing a soft fork onto an encryption method that is quantum secure, but there may be serious scaling concerns associated with the switch.

Secure for many years, but not inherently immune.

Developments in quantum computing are definitely something to monitor.

No one can see the future, but its worthwhile sometimes to venture guesses.

With that in mind, here are some questions I have about the future of crypto.

Thinking about them may give us glimpses of the future.

In 10 years, how many people will own bitcoin? Will it be 10% of the global population? 30%?

In 10 years, will we use bitcoin predominantly to transact buy and sell goods and services or will we store bitcoin as investments?

Will bitcoin remain the dominant cryptocurrency in 2030?

Will the blockchain have a wide, mainstream application by 2030? In what sector? Healthcare, smart contracts, real estate?

Now, there are many other questions we can pose. Im sure you have plenty.

If youre interested in crypto, the blockchain, and bitcoin, then I highly recommend you check out the upcoming seminar hosted by Ryan, our veteran crypto expert.

To register, for free, to attend The Great Crypto Lock-Up Seminar this Thursdayjust go here.

Regards,

Kiryll Prakapenka,For Money Morning

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Examining the Future of Crypto - Money Morning Australia - Money Morning

One gene could boost plants resilience to extreme weather and store more carbon – Inverse

Plants are truly the Earths custodians as they grow roots into the soil, they take carbon down with them, storing it there. These roots also safeguard the plants resilience, insulating the land from the effects of extreme weather, like drought. If roots can grow deeper and steeper, a new paper suggests, they can take carbon down farther and optimize nutrient and water uptake in the plants even more.

Whats new In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers announce the discovery of a gene that helps direct plant roots direction and depth into the ground below. The discovery could enable engineered crops that harness the genes abilities to make the crop plant grow steeper and deeper roots In turn, this would make the crop more resilient to drought caused by climate change, and help to store carbon taken in from the atmosphere further underground.

X-ray micro-computed tomography scan image of Morex (wild-type) and egt1 (mutant) roots in soil, showing major differences in seminal root growth angle. Mutant roots show steeper root phenotype compared to the wild-type.Dr. Riccardo Fusi, University of Nottingham.

Root angle controls how efficiently plants can capture water and nutrients. For instance, shallow roots best capture phosphate which accumulates in the top-soil region, while steeper roots are better for foraging for water and nitrate in deeper soil layers, Rahul Bhosale, a co-author and assistant professor at the University of Nottingham, says in a statement.

Steeper roots are also important for helping bury carbon deeper into soil, he adds.

The discovery We have found that mutants lacking function of the EGT1 gene exhibit a steeper growth angle in all classes of roots, says Haoyu Lou, a co-author on the study and a researcher at the University of Adelaide, in a statement. The gene was discovered in wheat and barley.

Remarkably, the roots behave as if they are overly sensitive to gravity they are unable to grow outwards from the plant, and instead grow straight down.

If farmers were to harness the power of the gene using traditional breeding techniques, they could select plants that show straighter, deeper roots by mapping them using X-Ray technology. Alternatively, crops could be modified to lack a functional EGT1 gene and achieve steeper, deeper, more resilient roots.

Read more about this study.

A cryostat from a quantum computer.picture alliance/picture alliance/Getty Images

Nature is full of patterns: Jazzy geometrics, sizzling stripes, delightful dots. But none can hold a candle to the rare beauty of the Fibonacci sequence. This is a set of numbers that helps to describe the intricate design of a sunflowers head or a romanesco cauliflower. It could also help propel quantum computing from remaining largely in theory to being used in reality.

As Rahul Rao reports for Inverse, scientists used a laser to create a new phase of matter that switches states to a Fibonacci-like rhythm in time, like a ticking clock pedulum.

The matter consists of ten ions of ytterbium, a rare earth element quite common in quantum computers, caged in an electric field.

There are special types of phases of quantum matter which have protected quantum information, says Philipp Dumitrescu, a theoretical physicist formerly at the Flatiron Institute in New York City and the papers lead author.

Those phases of matter can cancel out all sorts of errors.

Thats what the matter created here may be able to do, the study suggests. Time will tell if the breakthrough leads to a new leap for quantum computing, but it's one of the many intricate steps physicists must take to translate the theory to the real world.

Read the full story.

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One gene could boost plants resilience to extreme weather and store more carbon - Inverse