In Turkey, religious Values are used to censor online ontent – Informed Comment

By Arzu Geybullayeva |

( Globalvoices.org ) Turkish authorities are increasingly censoring content online that does not fit Turkeys religious values, morality, and family values in recent years. The most recent example is an investigation launched by the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutors Office against Spotify.

The prosecutors office claims Spotify approved the playlist names.

The Office claims the music streaming platform, approved playlists that were insulting religious values and state officials. According to reports, the decision to launch the probe came after the Presidential Communication Center received a large volume of complaints that the playlists were fostering Islamophobia by insulting religious values and state officials.

Some of the playlist names include Songs Recep Tayyip Erdogan listens to when drinking raki, Songs God listened to when throwing Adam out of heaven, Songs prophet Ali listens to when driving high speed, and a podcast called Devlet Bahceli [leader of National People Party] concept hotel, Love with a girl wearing Shakira belt, according to Bianet reporting. It is not the songs specifically but the names of playlists that is drawing officials ire.

The prosecutors office claims Spotify approved the names of playlists, but according to Spotify rules, an individual user can create as many playlists as they wish without Spotifys approval or oversight.

One Twitter user shared the names of other playlists too, among them Gods ringtone, or Eve did not hear Gods announcement about banned fruit because she was listening to this playlist.

Others joked about which other platforms are next:

windows, excel and winzip are next!

Fear us!

Spotify facing investigation allegedly for insulting religious values and state leaders. Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutors Office launched an investigation against Spotify due to playlists names.

of course we will be investigating spotify when we have no issues thanks to our stellar justice system.

Spotify learned its lesson from generation Zs humor when creating playlists. Its managers must be in big shock, because this is probably the first time, they have ever faced an investigation of this nature.

This is not the first time Spotify finds itself in hot water in Turkey. In May 2021, the platform was ordered to remove inappropriate content from its site. In an interview with ArabNews, Cathryn Grothe, a research associate at Freedom House, said, Streaming services such as Spotify create a unique space where people can express themselves, relate to loved ones and friends over shared music or podcasts, and engage on a range of important issues, including human rights and politics.

Screenshot of Netflixs official Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous trailer via YouTube

Also in August 2022, the Chief Censor of Turkeys Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTK) launched a probe into Netflixs animated Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous series. We are determined not to allow content that may negatively impact our children and youth and that disregard our values, tweeted the head of RTK, Ebubekir Sahin. The show reportedly features LGBTQ+ characters.

In December 2021, RTK fined Netflix over the film More the merrier, claiming its plot and characters were immoral. The chief censor said the movie was based on a fiction in which homosexuality, incest relationships, and swinging are intensely experienced. In addition to getting a fine, the streaming platform was ordered to remove the film from its platform in Turkey.

In 2020, Netflix said it wont proceed with the local production of a film called If only (Simdiki Aklim Olsaydi) because RTK failed to approve the script of the show in which one of the characters was gay.

In 2019 RTK was granted powers to monitor online broadcasting ranging from on-demand platforms such as Netflix to regular and/or scheduled online broadcasts to amateur home video makers. Since then, online broadcasters have been required to obtain a license from RTK, meaning the organization frequently censors or rejects content it disapproves of. Netflix applied for a license the same year, while Spotify did so in October 2020 after RTK threatened to ban them otherwise.

Arzu Geybullayeva is Azerbaijani columnist and writer, with special focus in digital authoritarianism and its implications on human rights and press freedom in Azerbaijan.

This post is part of Advox, a Global Voices project dedicated to protecting freedom of expression online. All Posts

Written by Arzu Geybullayeva

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Featured image: Pixabay

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In Turkey, religious Values are used to censor online ontent - Informed Comment

US library defunded after refusing to censor LGBTQ authors: We will not ban the books – The Guardian

A small-town library is at risk of shutting down after residents of Jamestown, Michigan, voted to defund it rather than tolerate certain LGBTQ+-themed books.

Residents voted on Tuesday to block a renewal of funds tied to property taxes, Bridge Michigan reported.

The vote leaves the library with funds through the first quarter of next year. Once a reserve fund is used up, it would be forced to close, Larry Walton, the library boards president, told Bridge Michigan harming not just readers but the community at large. Beyond books, residents visit the library for its wifi, he said, and it houses the very room where the vote took place.

Our libraries are places to read, places to gather, places to socialize, places to study, places to learn. I mean, theyre the heart of every community, Deborah Mikula, executive director of the Michigan Library Association, told the Guardian. So how can you lose that?

We are champions of access, she added, including materials that might appeal to some in the community and not others. We want to make sure that libraries protect the right to read.

The controversy in Jamestown began with a complaint about a memoir by a nonbinary writer, but it soon spiraled into a campaign against Patmos Library itself. After a parent complained about Gender Queer: a Memoir, by Maia Kobabe, a graphic novel about the authors experience coming out as nonbinary, dozens showed up at library board meetings, demanding the institution drop the book. (The book, which includes depictions of sex, was in the adult section of the library.) Complaints began to target other books with LGBTQ+ themes.

One library director resigned, telling Bridge she had been harassed and accused of indoctrinating kids; her successor, Matt Lawrence, also left the job. Though the library put Kobabes book behind the counter rather than on the shelves, the volumes remained available.

We, the board, will not ban the books, Walton told Associated Press on Thursday.

A few months later, in March, an anonymous letter went to homes in the area. It criticized the pornographic memoir and the addition of transgender and gay books to the library, according to Lawrence. That fired a lot of people up and got them to start coming to our board meetings to complain, he said. The concern from the public was that its going to confuse children.

The librarys refusal to submit to the demands led to a campaign urging residents to vote against renewed funding for the library. A group calling itself Jamestown Conservatives handed out flyers condemning Gender Queer for showing extremely graphic sexual illustrations of two people of the same gender, criticizing a library director who promoted the LGBTQ ideology and calling for making the library a safe and neutral place for our kids. On Facebook, the group says it exists to keep our children safe, and protect their purity, as well as to keep the nuclear family intact as God designed.

Residents ultimately voted 62% to 37% against a measure that would have raised property taxes by roughly $24 in order to fund the library, even as they approved similar measures to fund the fire department and road work. The library was one of just a few in the state to suffer such a loss, Mikula said: Most passed with flying colors, sometimes up to 80%.

The vote came as a shock to Lawrence, who left his job in part because of town officials criticism of the Patmos library and libraries across the US.

I knew that there were people that were upset about material in the library, but I figured that enough people would realize that what theyre trying to do with the removal of these books is antithetical to our constitution, particularly the first amendment, he said.

The vote comes as libraries across the US face a surge in demands to ban books. The American Library Association identified 729 challenges to library, school and university materials and services last year, which led to about 1,600 challenges or removals of individual books. That was up from 273 books the year before and represents the highest number of attempted book bans since we began compiling these lists 20 years ago, the ALA president, Patricia Wong, said in a press release.

Were seeing what appears to be a campaign to remove books, particularly books dealing with LGBTQIA themes and books dealing with racism, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, head of the ALAs office for intellectual freedom, told the Guardian last year. Celebrated books by Toni Morrison, Alison Bechdel and Ibram X Kendi are among those facing bans.

Im not quite sure what instigated the culture wars that were seeing, but libraries are certainly at the front end, Mikula said. Indeed, as states across the US move to deny LGBTQ+ rights, the ALAs No 1 most challenged book last year was Gender Queer.

When you remove those books from the shelf or you challenge them publicly in a community, what youre saying to any young person who identified with that narrative is, We dont want your story here, Kobabe told the New York Times in May.

Each library chooses its own collection, Mikula noted, an intensive process that involves staying abreast of whats new, listening to whats being requested, and weeding out selections that are rarely on loan.

Our librarians are qualified. They have advanced degrees, she said. We want to make sure that the people who have been hired to do this work are trusted and credible, and that theyre making sure that the full community is represented within their library. And that means having LGBTQ books.

If community members oppose the inclusion of certain books, there are formal means of requesting their removal, involving a review committee and ascertainment that the person making the appeal has actually read the book in question. But recently, she said, people have been going to board meetings, whether its a library board meeting or a school board meeting and saying, Heres a list of 300 books. We want them all to be removed from your library. And thats not the proper channel, but theyre loud and their voices carry.

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US library defunded after refusing to censor LGBTQ authors: We will not ban the books - The Guardian

US govt is worlds worst violator of freedom of press, not its protector – Multipolarista

(Se puede leer este artculo en espaol aqu.)

The US government employs many strategies to try to justify its intervention in the internal affairs and violation of the sovereignty of foreign nations. Chief among these deceptive tactics is Washingtons weaponization of accusations that its adversaries violate the freedom of expression.

This is quite ironic, given that the United States is the worlds leading violator of press freedoms, according to any consistent definition of the term.

And unlike the countries that Washington claims supposedly repress the freedom of expression within their borders, US government censorship of independent media outlets and suppression of alternative voices is global, hurting people across the planet.

The Joe Biden administration has in particular gone to great lengths to depict itself as a defender of civil liberties.

In May, the White House published a statement commemorating World Press Freedom Day. The purpose of the declaration was to portray Russia as a leading violator of free speech and the United States as its noble protector.

But the reality is Washington is guilty of exponentially more persecution of journalists than anything Moscow is even accused of.

There is no more gruesome symbol of the ludicrous hypocrisy of the United States portraying itself as a protector of press freedoms than its authoritarian persecution of the most famous journalist on Earth: Julian Assange.

The US governments ruthless attack on Assange, the founder and publisher of whistleblowing journalism website WikiLeaks, is likely the worst blow to freedom of speech carried out by any government in history, with dangerous implications for all human beings on the planet.

The US case against Assange essentially amounts to a criminalization of journalism.

Washington is seeking to extradite and prosecute Assange, an Australian national who has never lived in the United States, for the crime of publishing truthful information exposing US war crimes in other words, for doing the kind of journalism that any good reporter should do.

Assange is facing up to 175 years in prison on 18 charges. If it succeeds in the extradition process, the United States will likely throw the WikiLeaks publisher in a medieval-style dungeon, where he will be held in solitary confinement for the rest of his life.

Due to persecution by the United States and United Kingdom, Assange has already been essentially imprisoned for a decade. Starting in 2012, the WikiLeaks journalist sought refuge in Ecuadors embassy in London. He would end up being trapped there for seven years.

Journalist Julian Assange trapped in Ecuadors embassy in London in 2012

In 2015, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention determined that Assange had been arbitrarily detained and should be released and given compensation.

The British government ignored the UN legal experts. Instead, in 2019, UK authorities violated Ecuadors territorial integrity, entered the embassy, and kidnapped Assange (who by that time was a naturalized Ecuadorian citizen, in addition to his Australian nationality).

Since 2019, Assange has been subjected to draconian treatment in Britains maximum-security Belmarsh prison, held alongside people convicted of terrorism, murder, and other violent crimes.

The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention once again condemned the UK government in 2019 for violating the freedoms and fundamental rights of the Australian journalist.

In Belmarsh, Assange has been held in solitary confinement for up to 23 hours per day. UN legal experts have repeatedly stated that this kind of prolonged solitary confinement, which is routinely carried out by the United States and Britain, amounts to psychological torture.

In other words, Julian Assange has been effectively imprisoned for a decade, has been subjected to grueling torture, and will likely spend the rest of his life in a US prison, all because he committed the crime of doing journalism.

It is impossible to imagine a tyranny more absolute than this. With the Assange case, the United States is establishing a precedent that says it can imprison any journalist or really any person on Earth, regardless of their nationality, throw them in a dungeon for the rest of their life, and torture them. All Washington needs to do is fabricate charges and claim that that individual violated its domestic laws.

Assange is not the only victim of this kind of Kafkaesque persecution by the US regime. The United States holds multiple political prisoners, including Black revolutionary journalist Mumia Abu-Jamal.

Although it has less than 5% of the worlds population, the United States has nearly 25% of its prisoners.

In its May statement onWorld Press Freedom Day, the Biden White House condemned Russia for passing a disinformation law intended to silence those speaking the truth.

The hypocrisy could hardly be any more ridiculous. The US government has used the canard of disinformation to censor news outlets and journalists from around the world, erasing their work and removing them from digital platforms.

While Washington accuses Moscow of violating the freedom of speech inside Russia, US censorship harms the entire planet.

In March, the US government forced YouTube to censor Russias major media network RT in every country on Earth. The European Union likewise banned Russian news outlets RT and Sputnik.

Washington and Brussels insisted this draconian violation of the freedom of speech was necessary because Moscow was supposedly spreading disinformation about the war in Ukraine. Their own media outlets, meanwhile, have constantly been exposed for disseminating fake news and misleading propaganda to justify illegal Western wars of aggression which explains why just 11% of North Americans trust television news, and only 16% believe newspapers.

YouTubes censorship of Russian media outlets did not just affect people in North America and Europe, but rather the entire world. And YouTube is not just a private company; it is owned by Google, which is inextricably linked to the US government.

All major Silicon Valley companies are US government contractors. Google, Facebook (which owns Instagram and WhatsApp), and Twitter have many billions of dollars of contracts with the US government agencies such as the CIA, FBI, National Security Agency (NSA), Department of Defense, and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), as well as police departments.

The US government uses Big Tech corporations in Silicon Valley as arms of soft power, censoring information that is inconvenient for its foreign-policy interests, violating the free speech of billions of people in foreign countries.

This censorship is often directly overseen by veterans of the US national security state.Google and Facebook have hired dozens of former CIA agentsand NATO press officers. Twitter has recruited many former FBI officers, and the top official overseeing Middle East-related content on Twitter is also a member of British Armys psychological warfare unit, which admits to waging information warfare.

Silicon Valley censorship has silenced countless media outlets and journalists in China, Russia, Iran, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Cuba, Syria, and other countries targeted by the US empire for destabilization

Iranian media outlets have been constantly censored by the US government and its soft-power arms in Silicon Valley. The US Justice Department has even seized the domain names of dozens of news websites that it alleged were being run by Iran and Yemen.

Irans top networkPress TV has had its social media accounts censored dozens of times. The US regime likewise robbed its domain name presstv.com.

The US Justice Department seized Irans domain name presstv.com.

This social media censorship nearly always serves US government interests.

Just a week before Nicaraguas elections in November 2021, Silicon Valley launches a coordinated purge of pro-Sandinista accounts on social media.

Hundreds of profiles on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook were censored. All of them were pro-Sandinista. Not a single account was from the US-backed right-wing opposition. On the contrary, Nicaraguans from the US-backed right-wing opposition are constantly promoted on social media, and verified while leftists are suspended.

The same was clear in the US-led coup attempt against Venezuela. Representatives from Venezuelas democratically elected government were suspended on Twitter, whereas US-appointed coup puppets like unelected putschist Juan Guaid and his gang of corrupt cronies were all verified and promoted.

While using vague allegations of disinformation to justify censoring these independent voices on social media, Silicon Valley corporations simultaneously take money from US state media outlets to run ads promoting propaganda against Washingtons adversaries.

In addition to direct censorship through suspensions, there is also more subtle censorship by Silicon Valley mega-corporations.

Google, for instance, distorts its algorithm in order to promote mainstream corporate media websites, and has a blacklist of outlets that it hides in search results. This means that independent media publications, especially left-wing and anti-imperialist pages, are severely hurt by the Google algorithm and get significantly less traffic.

Even DuckDuckGo, which markets itself as a Google alternative that protects privacy, engages in this political censorship. After Russia initiated its special military operation in Ukraine in February 2022, the website announced that it would be demoting in its search results any websites that it accuses of being pro-Russian.

While the United States persecutes journalists that expose its crimes and aggressively censors independent media outlets that operate inside its borders, Washington ironically claims to support independent media abroad.

In its May statement on World Press Freedom Day, the Biden White House called for supporting so-called independent media in foreign countries.

CIA cutouts like the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and National Endowment for Democracy (NED) have poured many millions of dollars into bankrolling media activists in countries where the United States seeks regime change.

The US government claims it is supporting civil society, but in reality it is funding political opposition groups that use the media as a weapon to destabilize Washingtons adversaries.

By definition, these media activists are not independent they are receiving funding from the US government in order to advance its political interests. They are essentially indirect employees of the US State Department, and instruments of Washingtons soft power.

These media activists constantly spread fake news, disinformation, and propaganda, and have played a key role in violent coup attempts in Nicaragua, Venezuela, Bolivia, Hong Kong, Syria, Belarus, and beyond.

The absurd hypocrisy of Washington persecuting independent journalists at home while funding them abroad highlights the deep cynicism of the US regimes information warfare tactics.

Washington may depict itself as the beacon of freedom and democracy, but its global empire is authoritarian and ruthless.

US government repression impacts everyone on Earth. As long as the United States maintains its empire, and continues to try to control all of the planets political and economic affairs, no country, and no individual, can ever be completely safe.

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US govt is worlds worst violator of freedom of press, not its protector - Multipolarista

Why Misinformation Comes From the Top as Well as the Bottom – Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Cameron English, Director of Bio-Sciences at American Council on Science and Health, offers a useful take on the need felt by some in power to crack down on Misinformation:

The uncomfortable truth is that academic scientists routinely publish questionable research that attracts widespread media attention, adding to the morass of inaccurate information circulating online. If we want to get this problem under control, we need our trusted sources to quit releasing untrustworthy information.

But the fact is, untrustworthy information pays:

It is true that researchers live and die by their grants; they either publish or perish, as the old saying goes. Often, that means academic scientists propose studies that have the best chance of being funded by risk-averse government agencies, not the best study to address the question they want to answer. While this helps explain why academics are incentivized to pursue the research they do, it also implicates funding institutions and universities (and the media), which gain from exaggerating the results of low-risk, low-grade studies. Misaligned incentives constitute a systemic problem.

Hes got a point. If the incentive structure in science rewards clickbait claims, Establishment wars on Misinformation become a form of corruption. If truth were a goal, the Establishment would address its own problems first.

Britains Royal Society (Britains equivalent of the National Academy of Sciences) came out earlier this year against censoring misinformation because science is about error correction, not about censorship. Second, they hinted (but didnt quite say) that much COVID news provided by official sources turned out to need correction. Wrong information was not all just coming from non-scientists or rogue scientists on blogs, Facebook, and Twitter.

Besides, censorship inflates the value of what is called the Liars Dividend: a phenomenon where someone can get away with lying by saying that something is fake news and if the media attempts to expose the lie it can backfire and only make the lie sound / seem even more credible. Urban Dictionary

Of course, the Liars Dividend could pay out in other ways too. Lets say alleged fake news is simply shut down by censorship that might be because it is false but might also be because it is an inconvenient truth. Facebook, for example, seems to be less comfortable than it used to be about censoring COVID-19 misinformation, perhaps because government pronouncements have not themselves been entirely straightforward. Also, the U.S. governments proposed Disinformation Board proposal is on hold, likely for related reasons.

In the real world, there is no pristine source of Correct Information. Nor is there any reason to believe that those who insist that their motive is to prevent Misinformation are entirely motivated only by a sincere devotion to truth. Many may also be protecting an organization, philosophy, or private interest, whether or not they recognize the fact.

Well let English have almost the last word: As a society, we either hold everybody to the same epistemic standard of scientific accuracy, or we accept that trusted sources themselves can peddle misinformation and continue to get away with (and profit from) it. In that case, censorship of others is merely a form of oppression.

You may also wish to read: New U.S. Disinformation Board on hold amid flak from both sides. Most current controversies are not clear divisions between True and Untrue or Right and Wrong. Government would merely reinforce the Establishment when it often needs a challenge. Fulfilling bipartisan fears, director Nina Jankowicz suggested that Twitter Blue Checks should be allowed to edit those who arent, you know, legit.

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Why Misinformation Comes From the Top as Well as the Bottom - Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence

What is open source software? | IBM

The open source way is a form of thinking and collaborating within the open source community. This philosophy is based on intellectual freedom and core principles: transparency, collaboration, delivery, inclusion, and community. The exchange of ideas and software developed by communities has driven creative, scientific, and technological advancement in such industries as: education, government, law, health, and manufacturing. This movement created a way for a global community to collaborate, share, and assist both individual and group goals through source code.

Open source software is collaborative, relying on community production and peer review to use, change, and share source code with each other. Developers share insights, ideas, and code to create more innovative software solutions both collectively and individually. This scalable and flexible software ensures that anyone with the source codecan modify, enhance, and redistribute it for better reusability and accessibility. Open source software operates with the underlying principles of peer production and mass collaboration, creating more sustainable software development forend users.

Closed source software(CSS) is proprietary softwarethat is not distributed to the public. The software is encrypted, so only the original authors who created the code exclusively have rights to legally copy, modify, update, and edit the source code. Closed software imposes restrictions on what the end user can do with the application, preventing users from modifying, sharing, copying, or republishing the source code.

In additional to open and closed source, FOSS (Free/Open Source Software) allows users access to software from a more philosophical perspective. Within FOSS, there is Free Software Foundation (FSF) to protect user freedoms and Open Source Initiative (OSI) to ensure the technical values of reliable software. There are a wide variety of free software licenses that can be used, modified, and sold commercially including: GPL, LGPL, and BSD licenses.

Some of the most popular open source software licenses include:

Original post:
What is open source software? | IBM

What Is Open-Source Software? (Definition and Examples)

By Indeed Editorial Team

Updated June 15, 2022 | Published July 21, 2021

Updated June 15, 2022

Published July 21, 2021

It's important to find software that can meet your requirements and deliver the functionality you desire. Open-source software can provide collaborative, effective and secure solutions for users. If you work in software development or a related field, its helpful to learn more about this type of software.

In this article, we provide an open-source software definition with examples, explain its advantages, list reasons to use it and clarify what open-source licenses are.

Open-source software is computer software that allows anyone to use, study, change and distribute it for any purpose. It is often very collaborative with community members releasing open-source iterations with improved features or fixed bugs.

The source code is code programmers can manipulate to change the functionality of an application or program. By inspecting, altering and enhancing the source code, programmers can release additional open-source software that meets an expanded set of use cases.

Open-source copywriters often release the software under a license that allows users to change or use the software however they choose and to install it on as many computers as they want. They can use the software for educational, domestic, commercial or public administration use.

Related: What Is Software Development?

Here are some examples of different open-source software offerings:

Linux operating system: Linux is one of the most widely supported operating systems. It's frequently used in computers, mainframes, smartphones, servers and embedded devices.

Apache web server application: Apache is a web server platform that's free and maintained by an open community of developers. The server stores data, processes requests and serves web assets in an easily queried format.

VCL media player: The VCL media player is a portable, open-source media player and streaming server. The program is compatible with mobile platforms and with various operating systems.

Google Android: Android is an open-source, mobile device operating system. Google released android's source code so users could access information and create variants of the operating system, accessories and port devices. Android releases its code to avoid failures within its programs.

LibreOffice: LibreOffice is the latest in a long line of open-source office suite programs. It includes several applications that handle word processing, presentations, spreadsheets, formula editing, flow charts and databases.

Firefox browser: The Firefox browser, or just Firefox, is an open-source web browser that uses the Gecko rendering engine, another open-source software, to display web pages.

WordPress: WordPress is a content management system with customizable themes, accessible features and plug-in architecture. Plug-in architecture is a system designed to support bundles that increase a program's functionality.

Related: 9 Open-Source Python Developer Tools (With Features)

Open-source software is important not only to software developers and coders but to other professionals as well. It encourages users to collaborate, modify and expand existing software. Conversely, proprietary, or closed source software, often uses source code that only one developer, team or business can see and control. Users can't build on the existing software or manipulate it to better suit their needs. With open-source software, people from a variety of professions and interests can benefit and develop alternative versions that they release back to the public.

Related: What Are Applications?

There are several benefits to using open-source software, including:

Open-source software invites users to change and incorporate programs into their own projects. This can create environments of collaboration and sharing because many can benefit from a program's expanded functionality. People who create, test, use and promote open-source programs make up the community surrounding software. Sometimes, community members form groups and meet-ups to collaborate on new software versions.

Related: 16 Open Source Data Profiling Tools (Plus Benefits)

Many people choose to use open-source software because it's easier for them to examine the source code, manipulate programs to suit their needs and alter pieces that don't work for them. Open-source software doesn't have pre-defined applications so users can apply the program to a variety of instances or for whatever purpose they choose. It's easy to find community members that want certain features as well, and you can collaborate and discuss how to improve the source code to use in certain circumstances.

Because anyone can use open source software, it's a great resource for people learning to become programmers. Programming students can study the code and learn how to design software of their own. It also makes it easier for them to share their work with others and receive feedback that can help them improve their skills. More experienced programmers can contribute to someone's work by pointing out bugs and helping to remedy errors so other students can learn from them.

Related: Understanding Different Software Testing Methodologies

Some users consider open-source software to be less prone to errors than closed-source software. Because so many people are reviewing and contributing to the software, they may be more likely to catch others' mistakes or missing pieces. Proprietary software sometimes only has one author or a team of authors. With less support and fewer people reviewing the source code, closed-source programmers may miss things an open-source audience wouldn't.

Another reason some users prefer open-source software to proprietary software is that it's more secure. If they're working on long-term projects or revisiting an old project, they can be sure their tools stay functional and preserved. Because users often distribute their code publicly, their work won't disappear even if they stop working on it.

Developing programming and trouble-shooting skills for open source software programs can be valuable for employers. Some employers require their applicants to have experience working on open-source software. Some professions may use open-source software in their operations and others may request you possess the skills needed to work in specific programs. Learning about different software can help you bolster your resume and attract the attention of employers.

Related: How To Create a Software Testing Resume

If youre using any type of software for your work, its important to understand what open-source and closed-source software is and the main differences. The primary trait of each is who can use them. While open-source software has source code thats free to use by anyone, closed-source, or proprietary software, has source code thats only available to a specific team or organization. Here are other differences between open- and closed-source software:

Open-source software is available for free or at a low cost for licensing. The cost of closed-source software varies based on factors such as scale, users, features and length of use. To use closed-source software, you may be required to buy a license and agree to terms of use.

With open-source software, youre able to manipulate and adjust the source code to fit your specific needs. There may be some limitations based on the open-source license you have and the provider may require a professional, such as a developer, who can manipulate the code. You cant change closed-source software in-house. Instead, you can make requests to the proprietary owners to address issues such as bugs.

Unlike closed-source software, open-source often doesnt come with support teams to aid you or answer questions. Open-source users often require their expert team or rely on online forums to find answers. Closed-source software has support teams to address issues you may have with the software.

Related: What Are Support Technicians?

Anyone can view the code for open-source software, which can increase its security because there are more people available to identify and correct issues within the code. Using closed-source software, you can't fix bugs yourself but you receive security in knowing that other users cant manipulate the code. While using either type, your information remains secure.

Typically, closed-source software is more user-friendly, but open-source software can be easier to use for certain tasks. The usability also depends on the proficiency of the user for either type of software. Since users pay for closed-source software, the owners prioritize optimizing the user experience.

Related: Customer Experience vs. User Experience: What's the Difference?

If your team has the expertise, you can create new features with open-source software. However, if you want updates or require new features with closed-source software, you must request these features from the proprietary owners. Being able to make upgrades and customize the software for your goals is a major benefit of using open-source software.

Open-source licenses allow users to use open-source software for whatever purpose they want. The licenses define the way users can employ, evaluate, change and release software. Some open-source licenses, called copyleft licenses, grant users free use with the stipulation that they have to share their source code alongside their version of the program. Other licenses prevent programmers from charging licensing fees on the program versions they create.

A common misconception about open-source software is that it's free. This isn't always true. Software programmers can charge for software they've created or altered. Many times, however, they choose to provide services and support at a cost rather than the software itself. This can help them generate revenue even if the open-source license requires them to release their source code when they sell the software. In these cases, they charge to help users install, use and troubleshoot the software.

Related: 5 Types of Software Licenses To Know

Please note that none of the companies mentioned in this article is affiliated with Indeed.

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What Is Open-Source Software? (Definition and Examples)

55+ Best Open Source PC Software for almost Everything

If you are on the look for software that will make your life easier, in even the smallest way you have stumbled upon the right article. But here is what makes the following list even better, they are all free! Read on to find out more.

When you get a new laptop or desktop computer, it is customary to install a few applications from the play store that you know you will need in the long term.

Some of these options are paid for either in bulk or as per usage by the user. Another type of software, that is used by millions of people across the globe is called open-source software.

The use of this ranges over a plethora of applications and fields and is available for anyone to use at any time.

But before we get into the list of some of the best options out there, let us first understand what exactly open-source software means.

Open-Source Software (OSS) is unlike general software which has source code that only the creators or someone with explicit permission can modify and utilize.This type of software is known as proprietary or closed source software.

On the contrary, the open-source software has a source code that any user can examine, modify, and improve.

The source code of any software is the part that the users usually dont see. Accessing it is useful only to computer programmers who can manipulate and run the code to change or fix how it works.

The open-source software available can also be repurposed by any individual or company to build on and develop new software that can also be distributed amongst users.

The open-source software brings people together in a sense of community over the internet and although some spend hours, days, or even years contributing to the software, they might not earn any return from it if it is available solely as only open-source software.

To access any information on the internet, it is necessary to have a web browser some of which are incredibly popular.

However, with the pressing issues of privacy, security, and data collection, it is important to explore other options and see what suits you best.

The following options of open-source software and easy to find and download and range across new to old in the market.

There are several paid options available on the market that seem to be the only option to keep up with the creative industry standard.

However, the following open-source software makes this free and easy. These are even used by professionals, so get started today and breakthrough any financial barriers that stood between you and your designing dreams!

3D modeling software is useful for a plethora of applications and can be used to simulate and develop many projects, ideas, and even businesses.

Finding the right tool can be slightly expensive since the paid software is more on the expensive side.

Here is a list of some open-source software that caters to the needs of several fields without compromising on the quality- whether you are a beginner or an advanced user.

With the development of content creators and many platforms to share even short videos as a way to fame video editing is a must-have tool in your box.

Good editing can be the difference between a poorly shot video and a viral masterpiece this ranges from lighting to transitions and even manipulation of individual frames.

If you are just getting started then one of the OSS listed below might be the first step to great skill and fun.

Although most operating systems come with a video player they may not support all video formats. This problem can easily be solved by using an open-source video player. Any one of the following is easy to procure and use, and are quite popular among users.

If you are into reading or writing, ebooks are the new popular way to go. However, if you are just getting into it, finding the right software might be a little difficult.

Given below are some open source options that you can download and use for free, starting now.

Streaming videos is an exponentially growing field that is of use to both professional and passion purposes. This includes content creators, influencers, start-up owners, among others who have something to share with the general public.

In addition to being a fun hobby, live streaming is also a profitable career opportunity if you find the right audience for it.

If you are ready to get started, or if you are on the lookout for a free-to-use software to shift to, below is a list that will help.

There is an abundant number of open source audio software options available for musicians, video makers, game makers.

So whether you are a professional, or just beginning, rest assured that the following list has a few software that will fit your purpose without costing you a dime.

If you are getting into programming, using a code editor could be highly beneficial to you.

While some IDEs come equipped with a code editor which takes care of the indentation and differentiating the elements, the following options are great light-weight alternatives.

If you want software that will help you create or open zip files- this is the right place to start. There are very popular software like Winrar available for compressing and extracting files but they are paid.

The following software options make this easy, free, and even includes some additional features.

Map software acts as an interface for users to read and write and contribute to mapping data. This is very popular in recent times, mainly for navigational purposes.

Although not all maps that we use, some map software is actually open source and is developed on data collected from the users globally.

Game Engine is a software that implements game architecture and framework to both professional and amateur game creators along with a set of features.

This is used to create, visualize and build video games quickly and efficiently. Using an open-source game engine offers customizable features made to fit each individual user.

Below is a list of the best options if this is something you are interested in.

Virtual Machine (VM) software provides an environment that emulates a computer system of the same or different operating system like the one it is running on.

This is a great substitute for an alternative machine as they perform all the functions that another computer would perform.

Following is a list of some open-source Virtual Machine software that are great options if you are looking for one.

The umbrella term NMS itself spreads across several applications.

Some software may be useful for monitoring and tracking network traffic and its trend, while other software may respond solely to particular events based on pre-set triggers.

If you are looking to perform any of these functions you are sure to find a fully functional software that is not only useful but also open source and hence free to use. Following are a few options that may fit what you are looking for.

While Windows and Mac remain the most popular options for operating systems, they are not for everyone. So if you are looking for something else to try out the following options might suit your needs a bit better.

They are all free and open source.

Torrent client is a software used to download files (especially large ones) from something called a peer to peer system. This software allows the users to find specific files, download them at high speeds, and manage a file list easily.

The process of creating a model of a proposed system or operation is known as simulation. Some software is used for niche application simulations that mirror a real-world performance of an action.

Considering the sciences, physics simulation software can aid research and development. Below is the list of open source software that you can utilize for physics simulations.

Whether you are looking for software for personal or professional purposes to create, edit, manage and organize documents doing so without any additional costs can be great.

Although many people still use Microsoft 365, given below is a list of open-source office software that will cater to all your needs, for free.

You may be interested in these topics:

Best dating apps in India for Relationships

Best Essential Gadgets for Online Teaching in India

Best Digital E-writing Pad for Teachers & Students

Best Graphic Tablets in India for Photoshop, Designers & Teaching

Top Free Horoscope Apps for Android and iPhone

Notice: This article is updated now with even more OSS, and the credit goes to r/software subreddit for helping me to improve this list.

Members also pointed out that some software that is mentioned in the list is not open source, but as they are completely free to use, so Im keeping them.

The above lists include the best open-source software currently available across several applications. However, this is in no way an exhaustive list, given the number of open-source software out there.

If you have a niche application in mind and are wondering if there might be software for that, that will not dent your wallet you can be almost certain that there is something for you just an internet search away.

Always take a minute to appreciate the creators of this software that do so more for the good of its users than for any personal monetary benefit, and if you can look into donating towards further development.

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55+ Best Open Source PC Software for almost Everything

The US Military Should Red-Team Open Source Code – Defense One

The U.S. military routinely engages in red-teamingsearching for weaknesses in its war plansby having its own members role-play as adversaries. Software security researchers also red-team, using the same adversary mindset to conduct penetration testing and to find and fix flaws in software.

Unfortunately, theres an aspect of modern U.S. military operations that has so far escaped this devils-advocate approach: the open-source software that underpins military missions.

The secret of all modern software is that it is mostly open-sourcethat is, code created by enthusiasts (and companies) around the world and released for anyone to study and use. Whether its your iPhone app, military mission-planning software, spy-plane computer, or big-data analytic tool, its open-source software all the way down.

Building apps with open-source components reduces time and cost. And by exposing its source code, open-source software invites the world to find and even fix the inevitable bugs. But open source software, like all software, has security flaws. Nearly a decade ago, the Heartbleed OpenSSL bug exposed information such as credit card details for nearly all web users. More recently, the log4j flaw let attackers easily take over control of affected computers, ranging from Minecraft servers to software from Apple and Amazon.

It is also the case that malicious actors can and do tamper with open-source software. Just the known cases of open-source software supply-chain compromises number in the thousands.

Fortunately, the militarys red-teaming instincts can help reduce the threat. First, the U.S. military ought to undertake a software census to understand the open-source software components embedded into the software it uses. A good model is a recent Harvard University-Linux Foundation analysis for corporate entities.

Second, the military should red-team the open-source software components on which it has become dependent. The military could fund organizations like the Open Source Technology Improvement Fund that have a track record of exactly this type of work. In addition, the military could assign its own personnel to help with this task, building the software security skills of its own members. The military could even directly assist the Open Source Security Foundation with a nascent related initiative called Alpha-Omega. Alternatively, open-source software bug bounties, paid by the military, could spur security researchers around the world to find and report bugs.

Third, the security bugs identified should be fixed and fixed quickly. Military members with expertise in software can provide bug fixes directly to the open-source software maintainers. The military could also fund third parties or the maintainers directly to fix the bugs. At the very least, the security flaws should be discreetly reported to the relevant open-source software projects.

Fourth, rinse and repeat. The open-source software that the military depends on will change. Additionally, open-source software projects are constantly evolving, fixing some bugs and inevitably introducing new bugs too. These facts mean that this whole process ought to be repeated periodically.

In the wake of log4j, the open source software vulnerability that led one observer to declare that the internet is on fire, the Open Source Security Foundation recently proposed red-teaming 200 major open-source projects a year at a cost of roughly $40 million a year. For the military, thats budget dust. In short, the military could reduce the security vulnerabilities lurking in its software, improve aggregate software security for all Americans and humanity, and increase the probability of mission success, all with an investment in open source software red-teaming.

The military tries to never go into battle without red-teaming its plan. Its time to apply that same technique to open-source software.

John Speed Meyers is a security scientist at Chainguard. Zack Newman is a software engineer at Chainguard. Jacobo McGuire is a summer policy research intern at Chainguard.

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The US Military Should Red-Team Open Source Code - Defense One

80 percent of enterprises use open source software and nearly all worry about security – BetaNews

A new study reveals that while 80 percent of enterprises are using open source software (OSS) -- set to rise to 99 percent in the next year -- a mere one percent say they aren't worried about security.

The report from Synopsys, based on research by Enterprise Strategy Group (ESG), shows that in response to high profile supply chain attacks 73 percent of respondents say they have increased their efforts significantly to secure their organizations' software supply chain.

Steps taken include the adoption of some form of multi-factor authentication technology (33 percent), investment in application security testing controls (32 percent), and improved asset discovery to update their organization's attack surface inventory (30 percent). Despite those efforts, 34 percent of organizations report that their applications have been exploited due to a known vulnerability in open source software within the last 12 months, with 28 percent having suffered a previously unknown zero-day exploit found in open source software.

Pressure to improve software supply chain risk management has shone a spotlight on software Bills of Materials (SBOMs). But exploding OSS usage and lackluster OSS management has made the compilation of SBOMs complex -- the ESG research shows that 39 percent of survey respondents marked this task as a challenge of using OSS.

"As organizations are witnessing the level of potential impact that a software supply chain security vulnerability or breach can have on their business through high-profile headlines, the prioritization of a proactive security strategy is now a foundational business imperative," says Jason Schmitt, general manager of the Synopsys Software Integrity Group. "While managing open source risk is a critical component of managing software supply chain risk in cloud-native applications, we must also recognize that the risk extends beyond open source components. Infrastructure-as-code, containers, APIs, code repositories -- the list goes on and on and must all be accounted for to ensure a holistic approach to software supply chain security."

The findings also suggest that although developer-focused security and 'shifting left' -- a concept focused on enabling developers to conduct security testing earlier in the development lifecycle -- is growing among organizations building cloud-native applications, 97 percent of organizations have experienced a security incident involving their cloud-native applications within the last 12 months.

Faster release cycles are also presenting security challenges. Application development (41 percent) and DevOps (45 percent) teams agree that developers often skip established security processes, while a majority of application developers (55 percent) agree that security teams lack visibility into development processes.

You can find out more on the Synopsys site.

Photo Credit: sunabesyou/Shutterstock

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80 percent of enterprises use open source software and nearly all worry about security - BetaNews

Boeing joins the ELISA Project as a Premier Member to Strengthen its Commitment to Safety-Critical Applications – PR Newswire

Boeing to lead New Aerospace Working Group

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 11, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Today, the ELISA (Enabling Linux in Safety Applications) Project announced that Boeing has joined as a Premier member, marking its commitment to Linux and its effective use in safety critical applications. Hosted by the Linux Foundation, ELISA is an open source initiative that aims to create a shared set of tools and processes to help companies build and certify Linux-based safety-critical applications and systems.

"Boeing is modernizing software to accelerate innovation and provide greater value to our customers," said Jinnah Hosein, Vice President of Software Engineering at the Boeing Company. "The demand for safe and secure software requires rapid iteration, integration, and validation. Standardizing around open source products enhanced for safety-critical avionics applications is a key aspect of our adoption of state-of-the-art techniques and processes."

As a leading global aerospace company, Boeing develops, manufactures and services commercial airplanes, defense products, and space systems for customers in more than 150 countries. It'salready using Linux in current avionics systems, including commercial systems certified to DO-178C Design Assurance Level D. Joining the ELISA Project will help pursue the vision for generational change in software development at Boeing. Additionally, Boeing will work with the ELISA Technical Steering Committee (TSC) to launch a new Aerospace Working Group that will work in parallel with the other working groups like automotive, medical devices, and others.

"We want to improve industry-standard tools related to certification and assurance artifacts in order to standardize improvements and contribute new features back to the open source community. We hope to leverage open source tooling (such as a cloud-based DevSecOps software factory) and industry standards to build world class software and provide an environment that attracts industry leaders to drive cultural change at Boeing," said Hosein.

Linux is used in all major industries because it can enable faster time to market for new features and take advantage of the quality of the code development processes. Launched in February 2019, ELISA works with Linux kernel and safety communities to agree on what should be considered when Linux is used in safety-critical systems. The project has several dedicated working groups that focus on providing resources for system integrators to apply and use to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively on their systems.

"Linux has a history of being a reliable and stable development platform that advances innovation for a wide range of industries," said Kate Stewart, Vice President of Dependable Embedded Systems at the Linux Foundation. "With Boeing's membership, ELISA will start a new focus in the aerospace industry, which is already using Linux in selected applications. We look forward to working with Boeing and others in the aerospace sector, to build up best practices for working with Linux in this space."

Other ELISA Project members include ADIT, AISIN AW CO., Arm, Automotive Grade Linux, Automotive Intelligence and Control of China, Banma, BMW Car IT GmbH, Codethink, Elektrobit, Horizon Robotics, Huawei Technologies, Intel, Lotus Cars, Toyota, Kuka, Linuxtronix. Mentor, NVIDIA, SUSE, Suzuki, Wind River, OTH Regensburg, Toyota and ZTE.

Upcoming ELISA Events

The ELISA Project has several upcoming events for the community to learn more or to get involved including:

For more information about ELISA, visit https://elisa.tech/.

About the Linux Foundation

Founded in 2000, the Linux Foundation and its projects are supported by more than 2,950 members. The Linux Foundation is the world's leading home for collaboration on open source software, hardware, standards, and data. Linux Foundation projects are critical to the world's infrastructure including Linux, Kubernetes, Node.js, ONAP, Hyperledger, RISC-V, and more. The Linux Foundation's methodology focuses on leveraging best practices and addressing the needs of contributors, users, and solution providers to create sustainable models for open collaboration. For more information, please visit us at linuxfoundation.org.

The Linux Foundation has registered trademarks and uses trademarks. For a list of trademarks of The Linux Foundation, please see its trademark usage page: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/trademark-usage. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.

Media Contact:Maemalynn Meanor[emailprotected]

SOURCE ELISA Project

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Boeing joins the ELISA Project as a Premier Member to Strengthen its Commitment to Safety-Critical Applications - PR Newswire