Quantum Interpretations

To the average person, most quantum theories sound strange, while others seem downright bizarre.There are many diverse theories that try to explain the intricacies of quantum systems and how our interactions affect them.And, not surprisingly, each approach is supported by its group of well-qualified and well-respected scientists.Here, well take a look at the two most popular quantum interpretations.

Does it seem reasonable that you can alter a quantum system just by looking at it? What about creating multiple universes by merely making a decision?Or what if your mind split because you measured a quantum system?

You might be surprised that all or some of these things might routinely happen millions of times every day without you even realizing it.

But before your brain gets twisted into a knot, lets cover a little history and a few quantum basics.

The birth of quantum mechanics

Classical physics describes how large objects behave and how they interact with the physical world.On the other hand, quantum theory is all about the extraordinary and inexplicable interaction of small particles on the invisible scale of such things as atoms, electrons, and photons.

Max Planck, a German theoretical physicist, first introduced the quantum theory in 1900. It was an innovation that won him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1918.Between 1925 and 1930, several scientists worked to clarify and understand quantum theory.Among the scientists were Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrdinger, both of whom mathematically expanded quantum mechanics to accommodate experimental findings that couldnt be explained by standard physics.

Heisenberg, along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, created a formulation of quantum mechanics called matrix mechanics. This concept interpreted the physical properties of particles as matrices that evolved in time.A few months later, Erwin Schrdinger created his famous wave mechanics.

Although Heisenberg and Schrdinger worked independently from each other, and although their theories were very different in presentation, both theories were essentially mathematically the same. Of the two formulations, Schrdingers was more popular than Heisenbergs because it boiled down to familiar differential equations.

While today's physicists still use these formulations, they still debate their actual meaning.

First weirdness

A good place to start is Schrdingers equation.

Erwin Schrdingers equation provides a mathematical description of all possible locations and characteristics of a quantum system as it changes over time.This description is called the systems wave function.According to the most common quantum theory, everything has a wave function. The quantum system could be a particle, such as an electron or a photon, or even something larger.

Schrdingers equation won't tell you the exact location of a particle.It only reveals the probability of finding the particle at a given location.The probability of a particle being in many places or in many states at the same time is called its superposition. Superposition is one of the elements of quantum computing that makes it so powerful.

Almost everyone has heard about Schrdingers cat in a box.Simplistically, ignoring the radiation gadgets, while the cat is in the closed box, it is in a superposition of being both dead and alive at the same time.Opening the box causes the cat's wave function to collapse into one of two states and you'll find the cat either alive or dead.

There is little dispute among the quantum community that Schrdingers equation accurately reflects how a quantum wave function evolves.However, the wave function itself, as well as the cause and consequences of its collapse, are all subjects of debate.

David Deutsch is a brilliant British quantum physicist at the University of Cambridge. In his book, The Fabric of Reality, he said: Being able to predict things or to describe them, however accurately, is not at all the same thing as understanding them. Facts cannot be understood just by being summarized in a formula, any more than being listed on paper or committed to memory.

The Copenhagen interpretation

Quantum theories use the term "interpretation" for two reasons.One, it is not always obvious what a particular theory means without some form of translation.And, two, we are not sure we understand what goes on between a wave functions starting point and where it ends up.

There are many quantum interpretations.The most popular is the Copenhagen interpretation, a namesake of where Werner Heisenberg andNiels Bohr developed their quantum theory.

Werner Heisenberg (left) with Niels Bohr at a Conference in Copenhagen in 1934.

Bohr believed that the wave function of a quantum system contained all possible quantum states.However, when the system was observed or measured, its wave function collapsed into a single state.

Whats unique about the Copenhagen interpretation is that it makes the outside observer responsible for the wave functions ultimate fate. Almost magically, a quantum system, with all its possible states and probabilities, has no connection to the physical world until an observer interacts or measures the system. The measurement causes the wave function to collapse into one of its many states.

You might wonder what happens to all the other quantum states present in the wave function as described by the Copenhagen Interpretation before it collapsed?There is no explanation of that mystery in the Copenhagen interpretation. However, there is a quantum interpretation that provides an answer to that question.Its called the Many-Worlds Interpretation or MWI.

Billions of you?

Because the many-worlds interpretation is one of the strangest quantum theories, it has become central to the plot of many science fiction novels and movies.At one time, MWI was an outlier with the quantum community, but many leading physicists now believe it is the only theory that is consistent with quantum behavior.

The MWI originated in a Princeton doctoral thesis written by a young physicist named Hugh Everett in the late 1950s. Even though Everett derived his theory using sound quantum fundamentals, it was severely criticized and ridiculed by most of the quantum community. Even Everetts academic adviser at Princeton, John Wheeler, tried to distance himself from his student. Everette became despondent over the harsh criticism. He eventually left quantum research to work for the government as a mathematician.

The theory proposes that the universe has a single, large wave function that follows Schrdingers equation.Unlike the Copenhagen Interpretation, the MWI universal wave function doesnt collapse.

Everything in the universe is quantum, including ourselves. As we interact with parts of the universe, we become entangled with it.As the universal wave function evolves, some of our superposition states decohere. When that happens, our reality becomes separated from the other possible outcomes associated with that event. Just to be clear, the universe doesn't split and create a new universe. The probability of all realities, or universes, already exists in the universal wave function, all occupying the same space-time.

Schrdinger's Cat, many-worlds interpretation, with universe branching. Visualization of the ... [+] separation of the universe due to two superposed and entangled quantum mechanical states.

In the Copenhagen interpretation, by opening the box containing Schrdingers cat, you cause the wave function to collapse into one of its possible states, either alive or dead.

In the Many -Worlds interpretation, the wave function doesn't collapse. Instead, all probabilities are realized.In one universe, you see the cat alive, and in another universe the cat will be dead.

Right or wrong decisions become right and wrong decisions

Decisions are also events that trigger the separation of multiple universes. We make thousands of big and little choices every day. Have you ever wondered what your life would be like had you made different decisions over the years?

According to the Many-Worlds interpretation, you and all those unrealized decisions exist in different universes because all possible outcomes exist in the universal wave function.For every decision you make, at least two of "you" evolve on the other side of that decision. One universe exists for the choice you make, and one universe for the choice you didnt make.

If the Many-Worlds Interpretation is correct, then right now, a near infinite versions of you are living different and independent lives in their own universes.Moreover, each of the universes overlay each other and occupy the same space and time.

It is also likely that you are currently living in a branch universe spun off from a decision made by a previous version of yourself, perhaps millions or billions of previous iterations ago.You have all the old memories of your pre-decision self, but as you move forward in your own universe, you live independently and create your unique and new memories.

A Reality Check

Which interpretation is correct?Copenhagen or Many-Worlds?Maybe neither. But because quantum mechanics is so strange, perhaps both are correct.It is also possible that a valid interpretation is yet to be expressed. In the end, correct or not, quantum interpretations are just plain fun to think about.

Note: Moor Insights & Strategy writers and editors may have contributed to this article.

Disclosure: Moor Insights & Strategy, like all research and analyst firms, provides or has provided paid research, analysis, advising, or consulting to many high-tech companies in the industry, including Amazon.com, Advanced Micro Devices,Apstra,ARM Holdings, Aruba Networks, AWS, A-10 Strategies,Bitfusion,Cisco Systems, Dell, DellEMC, Dell Technologies, Diablo Technologies, Digital Optics,Dreamchain, Echelon, Ericsson, Foxconn, Frame, Fujitsu, Gen Z Consortium, Glue Networks, GlobalFoundries,Google,HPInc., Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HuaweiTechnologies,IBM, Intel, Interdigital, Jabil Circuit, Konica Minolta, Lattice Semiconductor, Lenovo, Linux Foundation, MACOM (Applied Micro),MapBox,Mavenir, Mesosphere,Microsoft,National Instruments, NetApp, NOKIA, Nortek,NVIDIA, ON Semiconductor, ONUG, OpenStack Foundation, Panasas,Peraso, Pixelworks, Plume Design,Portworx, Pure Storage,Qualcomm, Rackspace, Rambus,RayvoltE-Bikes, Red Hat, Samsung Electronics, Silver Peak, SONY,Springpath, Sprint, Stratus Technologies, Symantec, Synaptics, Syniverse,TensTorrent,TobiiTechnology, Twitter, Unity Technologies, Verizon Communications,Vidyo, Wave Computing,Wellsmith, Xilinx, Zebra, which may be cited in this article.

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The Schizophrenic World Of Quantum Interpretations - Forbes

March 30, 2020 Researchers at the University of Notre Dame, in partnership with those at Northwestern University, are a step closer to understanding how superconductors can be improved for reliability in future quantum computers.

The team, led by byMorten Eskildsen,professor in theDepartment of Physics at Notre Dameand William Halperin from Northwestern University, achieved a new discovery in the field of topological superconductivity. The materials are at the forefront of research in quantum computing and quantum sensing.

The team demonstrated in their paper, published in March in Nature Physics,that the superconducting compound UPt3breaks time-reversal symmetry, where superconducting electrons spontaneously circulate around a specific axis within the crystalline structure of the material.

The researchers used neutron-scattering experiments completed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee and at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France, to make the discovery, which had been predicted but had not been unambiguously detected before.

Topological properties of materials are being studied intensely because of their fundamental as well as practical importance, Eskildsen said. A classic example of topology is a Mbius strip that has only one surface and one edge. Here the twist is a robust feature that can only be undone by cutting the strip.

In solids, this concept is understood abstractly, referring to electronic properties that cannot be undone in a smooth manner. This provides what is known as topological protection, and is an avenue to increase reliability in novel electronic devices for quantum computation. Importantly, it is the understanding gained from the neutron scattering experiments, rather than the particular material, that will benefit the development of quantum devices.

The measurements were carried out at extremely low temperatures and high magnetic fields. The group looked at the properties of electric tornadoes or vortices in the material, and found a difference in their behavior depending on how the superconducting state was prepared. Specifically, their results show that the superconducting state in UPt3can be assigned a chirality, or handedness, and that this can be controlled by suitable magnetic field protocols.

In addition to Eskildsen, key collaborators included Keenan Avers and James Sauls from Northwestern University, as well as researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Institut Laue-Langevin, and the Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland.

The research at Notre Dame was supported by aU.S. Department of EnergyBasic Energy Science Grant. Research of the Northwestern team was supported by a U.S. Department of Energy Basic Energy Science Grant and the Northwestern-Fermilab Center for Applied Physics and Superconducting Technologies.

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About Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE)

The Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE) is an intellectual hub and community of researchers with the common goal of advancing academic and industrial efforts in the science and engineering of quantum information across CQE members, partners, and our region. The hub aims to promote the exploration of quantum information technologies and the development of new applications. The CQE facilitates interactions between research groups of its member and partner institutions and provides an avenue for developing and fostering collaborations, joint projects, and information exchange.

Source: Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE)

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Research Shows Evidence of Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry in Superconducting UPt3 - HPCwire

Preamble: Intermittently, I will be introducing some columns which introduce some seemingly outlandish concepts. The purpose is a bit of humor, but also to provoke some thought. Enjoy.

atom orbit abstract

God does not play dice with the universe, Albert Einstein is reported to have said about the field of Quantum Physics. He was referring to the great divide at the time in the physics community between general relativity and quantum physics. General relativity was a theory which beautifully explained a great deal of physical phenomena in a deterministic fashion. Meanwhile, quantum physics grew out of a model which fundamentally had a probabilistic view of the world. Since Einstein made that statement in the mid 1950s, quantum physics has proven to be quite a durable theory, and in fact, it is used in a variety of applications such as semiconductors.

One might imagine a past leader in computer science such as Donald Knuth exclaiming, Algorithms should be deterministic. That is, given any input, the output should be exact and known. Indeed, since its formation, the field of computer science has focused on building elegant deterministic algorithms which have a clear view of the transformation between inputs and outputs. Even in the regime of non-determinism such as parallel processing, the objective of the overall algorithm is to be deterministic. That is, despite the fact that operations can run out-of-order, the outputs are still exact and known. Computer scientists work very hard to make that a reality.

As computer scientists have engaged with the real world, they frequently face very noisy inputs such as sensors or even worse, human beings. Computer algorithms continue to focus on faithfully and precisely translating input noise to output noise. This has given rise to the Junk In Junk Out (JIJO) paradigm. One of the key motivations for pursuing such a structure has been the notion of causality and diagnosability. After all, if the algorithms are noisy, how is one to know the issue is not a bug in the algorithm? Good point.

With machine learning, computer science has transitioned to a model where one trains a machine to build an algorithm, and this machine can then be used to transform inputs to outputs. Since the process of training is dynamic and often ongoing, the data and the algorithm are intertwined in a manner which is not easily unwound. Similar to quantum physics, there is a class of applications where this model seems to work. Recognizing patterns seems to be a good application. This is a key building block for autonomous vehicles, but the results are probabilistic in nature.

In quantum physics, there is an implicit understanding that the answers are often probabilistic Perhaps this is the key insight which can allow us to leverage the power of machine learning techniques and avoid the pitfalls. That is, if the requirements of the algorithm must be exact, perhaps machine learning methods are not appropriate. As an example, if your bank statement was correct with somewhat high probability, this may not be comforting. However, if machine learning algorithms can provide with high probability the instances of potential fraud, the job of a forensic CPA is made quite a bit more productive. Similar analogies exist in the area of autonomous vehicles.

Overall, machine learning seems to define the notion of probabilistic algorithms in computer science in a similar manner as quantum physics. The critical challenge for computing is to find the correct mechanisms to design and validate probabilistic results.

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Is Machine Learning The Quantum Physics Of Computer Science ? - Forbes

The interdisciplinary team of researchers from UChicago, University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University and Argonne National Laboratory won the $2,500 first-place award for Best Paper. Their research examined how the VQE quantum algorithm could improve the ability of current and near-term quantum computers to solve highly complex problems, such as finding the ground state energy of a molecule, an important and computationally difficult chemical calculation the authors refer to as a killer app for quantum computing.

Quantum computers are expected to perform complex calculations in chemistry, cryptography and other fields that are prohibitively slow or even impossible for classical computers. A significant gap remains, however, between the capabilities of todays quantum computers and the algorithms proposed by computational theorists.

VQE can perform some pretty complicated chemical simulations in just 1,000 or even 10,000 operations, which is good, Gokhale says. The downside is that VQE requires millions, even tens of millions, of measurements, which is what our research seeks to correct by exploring the possibility of doing multiple measurements simultaneously.

Gokhale explains the research in this video.

With their approach, the authors reduced the computational cost of running the VQE algorithm by 7-12 times. When they validated the approach on one of IBMs cloud-service 20-qubit quantum computers, they also found lower error as compared to traditional methods of solving the problem. The authors have shared their Python and Qiskit code for generating circuits for simultaneous measurement, and have already received numerous citations in the months since the paper was published.

For more on the research and the IBM Q Best Paper Award, see the IBM Research Blog. Additional authors on the paper include Professor Fred Chong and PhD student Yongshan Ding of UChicago CS, Kaiwen Gui and Martin Suchara of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at UChicago, Olivia Angiuli of University of California, Berkeley, and Teague Tomesh and Margaret Martonosi of Princeton University.

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Research by University of Chicago PhD Student and EPiQC Wins IBM Q Best Paper - Quantaneo, the Quantum Computing Source

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Global Quantum Computing for Enterprise Market 2020 Report With Segmentation, Analysis On Trends, Growth, Opportunities and Forecast Till 2024 - News...

IT stakeholders throughout markets are delighted by the potential customers of quantum computing, but it will take a whole lot a lot more source to make sure both the technologys all set for a large swimming pool of customers, and also those very same customers prepare to release it.

Thats according to a brand-new study by the International Data Corporation (IDC) qualified Quantum Computing Adoption Trends: 2020 Survey Findings, which has actually assembled information and also end-user metrics from over 2,700 European entities associated with the quantum ball, and also the people managing quantum financial investments.

Despite the slower price of quantum fostering total( financial investments consist of in between 0 2 percent of yearly budget plans), end-users are confident that quantum computing will placed them at an affordable benefit, supplied that very early seed financial investment gets on hand.

The favorable overview adheres to the growth of brand-new models and also very early progression in markets such as FinTech, cybersecurity and also production.

Made up of those that would certainly look after financial investment in quantum in their organisations, participants pointed out far better company knowledge information event, enhanced expert system (AI) capacities, in addition to increased effectiveness and also efficiency of their cloud-based systems and also solutions, as one of the most amazing applications.

While the innovation itself still has a lengthy means to precede its practical for organisations, also when it is, IT directors stress over high prices refuting them accessibility, restricted expertise of the area, scarcity of essential sources in addition to the high degree of details entailed within the innovation itself.

However, with such large applications and also possibility of the technology, quantum area makers and also vendors are established on making the innovation readily available for as wide a swathe of customers as feasible that implies production it easy to use, and also readily available to business with even more restricted source, as cloud-based Quantum-Computing- as-a-Service (QCaaS).

According to Heather Wells, the IDCs elderly study expert of Infrastructure Systems, Platforms, and also Technology, Quantum computing is the future market and also facilities disruptor for companies wanting to make use of big quantities of information, expert system, and also artificial intelligence to speed up real-time company knowledge and also introduce item growth.

Many organizations from many industries are already experimenting with its potential.

These understandings more mention one of the most prominent applications and also methods of quantum innovation, that include cloud-centric quantum computing, quantum networks, facility quantum formulas, and also crossbreed quantum computing which takes in 2 or even more adaptions of quantum technological opportunities.

The future appears significantly encouraging for quantum computing mass fostering, nonetheless, those business creating should act rapidly to make its very early power easily accessible to organisations in order to protect the financial investment to drive the innovations real future possibility.

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The future's bright for quantum computing but it will need big backing - The Union Journal

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Why would you be thinking about quantum computing? Yes, it may be two years or more before quantum computing will be widely available, but there are already quite a few organizations that are pressing ahead. I'll get into those use cases, but first - Lets start with the basics:

Classical computers require built-in fans and other ways to dissipate heat, and quantum computers are no different. Instead of working with bits of information that can be either 0 or 1, as in a classical machine, a quantum computer relies on "qubits," which can be in both states simultaneously called a superposition thanks to the quirks of quantum mechanics. Those qubits must be shielded from all external noise, since the slightest interference will destroy the superposition, resulting in calculation errors. Well-isolated qubits heat up quickly, so keeping them cool is a challenge.

The current operating temperature of quantum computers is 0.015 Kelvin or -273C or -460F. That is the only way to slow down the movement of atoms, so a "qubit" can hold a value.

There have been some creative solutions proposed for this problem, such as the nanofridge," which builds a circuit with an energy gap dividing two channels: a superconducting fast lane, where electrons can zip along with zero resistance, and a slow resistive (non-superconducting) lane. Only electrons with sufficient energy to jump across that gap can get to the superconductor highway; the rest are stuck in the slow lane. This has a cooling effect.

Just one problem though: The inventor, MikkoMttnen, is confident enough in the eventual success that he has applied for a patent for the device. However, "Maybe in 10 to 15 years, this might be commercially useful, he said. Its going to take some time, but Im pretty sure well get there."

Ten to fifteen years? It may be two years or more before quantum computing will be widely available, but there are already quite a few organizations that are pressing ahead in the following sectors:

An excellent, detailed report on the quantum computing ecosystem is: The Next Decade in Quantum Computingand How to Play.

But the cooling problem must get sorted. It may be diamonds that finally solve some of the commercial and operational/cost issues in quantum computing: synthetic, also known as lab-grown diamonds.

The first synthetic diamond was grown by GE in 1954. It was an ugly little brown thing. By the '70s, GE and others were growing up to 1-carat off-color diamonds for industrial use. By the '90s, a company called Gemesis (renamed Pure Grown Diamonds) successfully created one-carat flawless diamonds graded ILA, meaning perfect. Today designer diamonds come in all sizes and colors: adding Boron to make them pink or nitrogen to make them yellow.

Diamonds have unique properties. They have high thermal conductivity (meaning they don't melt like silicon). The thermal conductivity of a pure diamond is the highest of any known solid. They are also an excellent electrical insulator. In its center, it has an impurity called an N-V center, where a carbon atom is replaced by a nitrogen atom leaving a gap where an unpaired electron circles the nitrogen gap and can be excited or polarized by a laser. When excited, the electron gives off a single photon leaving it in a reduced energy state. Somehow, and I admit I dont completely understand this, the particle is placed into a quantum superposition. In quantum-speak, that means it can be two things, two values, two places at once, where it has both spin up and spin down. That is the essence of quantum computing, the creation of a "qubit," something that can be both 0 and 1 at the same time.

If that isnt weird enough, there is the issue of entanglement. A microwave pulse can be directed at a pair of qubits, placing them both in the same state. But you can "entangle" them so that they are always in the same state. In other words, if you change the state of one of them, the other also changes, even if great distances separate them, a phenomenon Einstein dubbed, spooky action at a distance. Entangled photons don't need bulky equipment to keep them in their quantum state, and they can transmit quantum information across long distances.

At least in the theory of the predictive nature of entanglement, adding qubits explodes a quantum computer's computing power. In telecommunications, for example, entangled photons that span the traditional telecommunications spectrum have enormous potential for multi-channel quantum communication.

News Flash: Physicists have just demonstrated a 3-particle entanglement. This increases the capacity of quantum computing geometrically.

The cooling of qubits is the stumbling block. Diamonds seem to offer a solution, one that could quantum computing into the mainstream. The impurities in synthetic diamonds can be manipulated, and the state of od qubit can held at room temperature, unlike other potential quantum computing systems, and NV-center qubits (described above) are long-lived. There are still many issues to unravel to make quantum computers feasible, but today, unless you have a refrigerator at home that can operate at near absolute-zero, hang on to that laptop.

But doesnt diamonds in computers sound expensive, flagrant, excessive? It begs the question, What is anything worth? Synthetic diamonds for jewelry are not as expensive as mined gems, but the price one pays at retail s burdened by the effect of monopoly, and so many intermediaries, distributors, jewelry companies, and retailers.

A recent book explored the value of fine things and explains the perceived value which only has a psychological basis.In the 1930s, De Beers, which had a monopoly on the world diamond market and too many for the weak demand, engaged the N. W. Ayers advertising agency realizing that diamonds were only sold to the very rich, while everyone else was buying cars and appliances. They created a market for diamond engagement rings and introduced the idea that a man should spend at least three months salary on a diamond for his betrothed.

And in classic selling of an idea, not a brand, they used their earworm taglines like diamonds are forever. These four iconic words have appeared in every single De Beers advertisement since 1948, and AdAge named it the #1 slogan of the century in 1999. Incidentally, diamonds arent forever. That diamond on your finger is slowly evaporating.

The worldwide outrage over the Blood Diamond scandal is increasing supply and demand for fine jewelry applications of synthetic diamonds. If quantum computers take off, and a diamond-based architecture becomes a standard, it will spawn a synthetic diamond production boom, increasing supply and drastically lowering the cost, making it feasible.

Many thanks to my daughter, Aja Raden, an author, jeweler, and behavioral economist for her insights about the diamond trade.

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Quantum computing is right around the corner, but cooling is a problem. What are the options? - Diginomica

The worlds tech industry will be shaped by China, artificial intelligence, cancel culture, and other key trends, according to the Future Today Institutes 2020 Tech Trends Report.

Now in its thirteenth year, the document is put together by the Future Today Institute and director Amy Webb, who is also a professor at New York Universitys Stern School of Business. The report attempts to recognize connections between tech and future uncertainties, like the outcome of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as the spread of diseases like COVID-19.

Among major trends in the report, 2020 is expected to be the synthetic decade.

Soon we will produce designer molecules in a range of host cells on demand and at scale, which will lead to transformational improvements in vaccine production, tissue production, and medical treatments. Scientists will start to build entire human chromosomes, and they will design programmable proteins, the report reads.

Augmentation of senses like hearing and sight, social media scaremongering, new ways to measure trust, and Chinas role in the growth of AI are also listed among key takeaways.

Artificial intelligence is again the first item highlighted on the list, and the tech Webb says is sparking a third wave of computing comes with positives, like the role AlphaFold can play in discovering cures for diseases, as well as negatives, like AIscurrent impact on the criminal justice system.

Tech giants in the U.S. and China like Amazon, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft in the United States and Tencent and Baidu in China continue to deliver the greatest impact. Webb predicts how these companies will shape the world in her 2019 bookThe Big Nine.

Those nine companies drive the majority of research, funding, government involvement, and consumer-grade applications of AI. University researchers and labs rely on these companies for data, tools, and funding, the report reads. Big Nine AI companies also wield huge influence over AI mergers and acquisitions, funding AI startups, and supporting the next generation of developers.

Other AI trends include synthetic data, a military-tech industrial complex, and systems made to recognize people.

Visit the Future Today Institute website to read the full report, which flags trends that require immediate action and highlights trends by industry.

Webb urges readers to digest the 366-page report in multiple sittings, rather than trying to read it all at once. She typically debuts the report with a presentation to thousands at the SXSW conference in Austin, Texas, but the conference was cancelled due to COVID-19.

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Quantum computing, AI, China, and synthetics highlighted in 2020 Tech Trends report - VentureBeat

UC Riverside (UCR) is set to lead a project focused on enabling scalable quantum computing after winning a $3.75 million Multicampus-National Lab Collaborative Research and Training Award.

The collaborative effort will see contributions from UC Berkeley, UCLA and UC Santa Barbara, with UCR acting as project coordinator.

Scalable quantum computing

Quantum computing is currently in its infancy but it is expected to stretch far beyond the capabilities of conventional computing in the coming years. Intensive tasks such as modeling complex processes, finding large prime numbers, and designing new chemical compounds for medical use are what quantum computers are expected to excel at.

Quantum information is stored on quantum computers in the form of quantum bits, or qubits. This means that quantum systems can exist in two different states simultaneously as opposed to conventional computing systems which only exist in one state at a time. Current quantum computers are limited in their qubits, however, so for quantum computing to realize its true potential, new systems are going to have to be scalable and include many more qubits.

The goal of this collaborative project is to establish a novel platform for quantum computing that is truly scalable up to many qubits, said Boerge Hemmerling, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at UC Riverside and the lead principal investigator of the three-year project. Current quantum computing technology is far away from experimentally controlling the large number of qubits required for fault-tolerant computing. This stands in large contrast to what has been achieved in conventional computer chips in classical computing.

3D printed ion trap microstructures

The research team will use advanced 3D printing technology, available at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, to fabricate microstructure ion traps for the new quantum computers. Ions are used to store qubits and quantum information is transferred when these ions move in their traps. According to UCR, trapped ions have the best potential for realizing scalable quantum computing.

Alongside UCR, UC Berkeley will enable high-fidelity quantum gates with the ion traps. UCLA will integrate fiber optics with the ion traps, UC Santa Barbara will put the traps through trials in cryogenic environments and demonstrate shuttling of ion strings while the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory will be used to characterize and develop new materials. The project coordinator, UCR, will develop simplified cooling schemes and research the possibility of trapping electrons with the traps.

We have a unique opportunity here to join various groups within the UC system and combine their expertise to make something bigger than a single group could achieve, Hemmerling stated. We anticipate that the microstructure 3D printed ion traps will outperform ion traps that have been used to date in terms of the storage time of the ions and ability to maintain and manipulate quantum information.

He adds, Most importantly, our envisioned structures will be scalable in that we plan to build arrays of interconnected traps, similar to the very successful conventional computer chip design. We hope to establish these novel 3D-printed traps as a standard laboratory tool for quantum computing with major improvements over currently used technology.

Hemmerlings concluding remarks explain that many quantum computing approaches, while very promising, have fallen short of providing a scalable platform that is useful for processing complex tasks. If an applicable machine is to be built, new routes must be considered, starting with UCRs scalable computing project.

Early quantum technology work involving 3D printing has paved the way for UCRs future project. When cooled to near 0K, the quantum characteristics of atomic particles start to become apparent. Just last year, additive manufacturing R&D company Added Scientific 3D printed the first vacuum chamber capable of trapping clouds of cold atoms. Elsewhere, two-photon AM system manufacturer Nanoscribe introduced a new machine, the Quantum X, with micro-optic capabilities. The company expects its system to be useful in advancing quantum technology to the industrial level.

The nominations for the 2020 3D Printing Industry Awards are now open. Who do you think should make the shortlists for this years show? Have your say now.

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Featured image showsUniversity of California, Riverside campus. Photo via UCR.

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UC Riverside to lead scalable quantum computing project using 3D printed ion traps - 3D Printing Industry

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Global Quantum Computing Market: Analysis By Solution Type (Hardware, Software, Full Stack), Application (Optimization, Simulation, Sampling, Machine learning), End User, By Region, By Country (2020 Edition): Market Insight, Competition and Forecast (2020-2025)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The Global Quantum Computing Market, valued at USD 101.12 Million in the year 2019 has been witnessing unprecedented growth in the last few years on the back of need for secure communication and digitization.

Quantum Computing is the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena and it promises to address problems that conventional computing solutions cannot handle. Increasing need for secure communication and digitization and race to make Quantum computer commercially feasible among the leading countries is one of the major reasons behind the increasing Quantum Computing market globally. Additionally, emergence of advance applications, need for secure communication and digitization is likely to supplement the Quantum Computing market value in the near future.

Among the solution type in the Quantum Computing market (Hardware, Software and Full Stack), all the three are gaining popularity globally and is expected to keep growing in the forecast period. Companies are likely to make major investment in hardware and software individually than on full stack.

Among Application (Optimization, Simulation, Sampling, Machine learning), optimization will be the mostly used application in Quantum computing and is expected to keep grow in future. And Machine learning will also show rapid growth. Among End User (Aerospace & Defense, BFSI, R&D, Healthcare, and Others), Aerospace and defense is leading the end user of quantum computing, and in future we can expect BFSI to use Quantum computing more. All the end-user sectors users are expected to use more of QC in the near future.

The North American market is expected to lead the global market in the forecast period because of intensive investment on research and development of Quantum computers. Additionally, support by government and race for quantum supremacy is expected to infuse market growth tremendously. Additionally, the major involvement of technology leaders such as IBM Corporation, Google, and Intel will be fuelling the growth of Quantum computing market.

Key Target Audience

Key Topics Covered:

1. Report Scope and Methodology

2. Strategic Recommendations

2.1 Focus should be on very strong technical team

2.2 Investment in R&D of technology and development.

3. Quantum Computing: Product Overview

4. Global Quantum Computing Market: Sizing and Forecast

4.1 Market Size, By Value, Year 2015-2019

4.2 Market Size, By Value, Year 2020-2025

4.3 Global Economic & Industrial Outlook

5. Global Quantum Computing Market Segmentation, By Solution Type

5.1 Global Quantum Computing Market: By solution type

5.2 Competitive Scenario of Global Quantum Computing Market: By solution type (2019 2025)

5.3 By Hardware - Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

5.4 By Software- Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

5.5 By Full Stack - Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

6. Global Quantum Computing Market Segmentation, By Application

6.1 Competitive Scenario of Global Quantum Computing Market: By Application (2019 & 2025)

6.2 By Optimization- Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

6.3 By Simulation - Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

6.4 By Sampling - Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

6.5 By Machine learning- Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

7. Global Quantum Computing Market Segmentation, By End User

7.1 Competitive Scenario of Global Quantum Computing Market: By End User (2019 & 2025)

7.2 By Aerospace and Defense- Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

7.3 By BFSI - Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

7.4 By R&D - Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

7.5 By Healthcare- Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

7.6 By others- Market Size and Forecast (2015-2025)

8. Global Quantum Computing Market: Regional Analysis

8.1 Competitive Scenario of Global Quantum Computing Market: By Region (2019 & 2025)

9. North Americas Quantum Computing Market: An Analysis

10. Europe Quantum Computing Market: An Analysis

11. Asia Pacific Quantum Computing Market: An Analysis

12. Rest of World Quantum Computing Market

13. Global Quantum Computing Market Dynamics

13.1 Global Quantum Computing Market Drivers

13.2 Global Quantum Computing Market Restraints

13.3 Global Quantum Computing Market Trends

14. Market Attractiveness

14.1 Market Attractiveness Chart of Global Quantum Computing Market - By Solution Type (Year 2025)

14.2 Market Attractiveness Chart of Global Quantum Computing Market - By Application (Year 2025)

14.3 Market Attractiveness Chart of Global Quantum Computing Market - By End User, Year-2025)

14.4 Market Attractiveness Chart of Global Quantum Computing Market - By Region, Year-2025)

15. Competitive Landscape

15.1 Market Share Analysis

15.2 Competitive Positioning (Leaders, Challengers, Followers, Niche Players)

16. Company Profiles (Business Description, Financial Analysis, Business Strategy)

16.1 Microsoft

16.2 Google

16.3 IBM

16.4 Intel

16.5 D-wave systems

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/raio0z

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Global Quantum Computing Market (2020 to 2025) - Investment in R&D of Technology and Development is Strategically Important - ResearchAndMarkets.com -...