Column: Should COVID-19 Kill the First Amendment? – The Herald-Times

Lesley Spatta| Guest columnist

The death rate of the smallpox pandemic in 1903 was 30%. The court in Jacobson vs. Massachusetts ruled in favor of the state of Massachusetts and allowed the local smallpox vaccine mandate to remain. The individuals choosing to forgo the vaccine would be assessed a $5 fine. The equivalent of $5 today is approximately $150. The cost today of not being vaccinated is your job and the entrance to higher education. The cumulative cost of either one of these is far more than $150.

The federal government has never mandated a vaccine nor has this government made Emergency Use Vaccines compulsory. Many journalists are using the Cambridge, Massachusetts, smallpox mandate to claim legal precedence of federal government vaccine mandates. There is no legal precedence for federal vaccine mandates, nor is there a precedence for job termination due to non vaccination.

There was an article on the front page of the Herald-Times recently that outlined the journey of an Ivy Tech nursing student applying for the religious exemption for the COVID-19 vaccine ("'I would give up everything,'" Sept. 15, 2021). Most of the article read like government propaganda for a federal vaccine mandate instead of an article in support of the students First Amendments right. I thought journalists were protected by the First Amendment. Are we in perilous times?

The Religious Freedom Restoration Act protects the free exercise of religion even in times of pandemics. Rep. Charles E. Schumer, a Democrat, from New York sponsored the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993. The act prohibits any agency, department, or official of the United States or any state (from the government) from substantially burdening a persons exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability.

The city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, assessed a $5 fine on the unvaccinated. The $5 fine would be considered the least restrictive means of furthering the governments compelling interest. A compelling interest by the government is one that is essential or necessary rather than a matter of choice or preference.

The Jacobson vs. Massachusetts decision was not a federal mandate. Again, the decision gave power to the state of Massachusetts. The fine assessed to Henning Jacobson was only $5. The burden on the unvaccinated was not substantial.

COVID-19 has killed many, but must it kill the First Amendment? Many lives have been lost to protect this freedom. If COVID-19 kills the First Amendment, our country will die with it.

Lesley Spatta is a U.S. history teacher andresident of Spencer, Indiana.

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Column: Should COVID-19 Kill the First Amendment? - The Herald-Times

Our view: Violence chills First Amendment rights to free speech, assembly and petition – Joplin Globe

On Saturday, abortion rights advocates met at the intersection of Seventh Street and Range Line Road in Joplin to exercise several of their First Amendment rights: the right to free speech, the right to peaceably assemble and the right to petition the government.

A group of anti-abortion advocates soon joined them on another corner of the busy intersection, exercising those same rights.

But according to social media and police reports, the rallies turned violent when the two sides clashed, and an individual who was supporting the anti-abortion side was arrested and cited by Joplin police for alleged misdemeanor assault of at least one abortion rights protester.

This violence hopefully was an anomaly. Protests and rallies have always taken place at Seventh and Range Line, one of the most visible intersections in the city, for a variety of causes racial justice, immigration and abortion are just a few examples and rarely, if ever, have they become physically violent.

Violence should be condemned, regardless of what side of the issue you support. It does nothing to advance ones cause and redirects peoples attention away from the issue to the behavior.

Its presence also chills the First Amendment rights that people were exercising in the first place. The threat of violence aims to deter people from protesting, to intimidate them enough that they back off, take down their signs, stop chanting and maybe even cancel future protests.

That behavior isnt protected under the First Amendment.

In the United States, the First Amendment guarantees the freedom to express ones views, to peacefully assemble with others who share those views, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. But these rights are not boundless attempts to intimidate and coerce through threats of violence, stalking and armed paramilitary activity are not constitutionally protected, notes the Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection at the Georgetown University Law Center.

That means, according to the institute, that the First Amendment protects the right to free speech and to associate with others who share similar views, but it doesnt protect violent or unlawful conduct, even if the person engaging in it intends to express an idea.

All viewpoints and perspectives should be allowed to be expressed, and violence should not be tolerated.

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Our view: Violence chills First Amendment rights to free speech, assembly and petition - Joplin Globe

Opinion: Misinformation versus the First Amendment ClarkCountyToday.com – clarkcountytoday.com

Nancy ChurchillDangerous Rhetoric

When looking for information on the health crisis, we often see fact checks and accusations of misinformation. But, who decides what information is true or false? Fact checking organizations frequently lie or post misleading information themselves, in order to support an official narrative. Only later does the truth rise to the surface of the public awareness. Truth comes forward due to investigative reporting, public testimony, and a free press.

The Founding Fathers considered freedom of speech to be vital for the proper function of our government and our society. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states (in part) that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press

In 1949, in the case of Terminiello v. Chicago, U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas wrote that the function of free speech is to invite dispute. It may indeed best serve its high purpose when it induces a condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger. (https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/page/first-amendment-timeline). An open public debate serves a higher purpose; through conversation and public discourse, humanity collectively searches for better solutions to our mutual problems.

Its not a new thing for those in authority to want to suppress information that threatens their authority and power. In an article about the development of the printing press (https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-press), we learn that In 1501, Pope Alexander VI promised excommunication for anyone who printed manuscripts without the churchs approval. Twenty years later, books from John Calvin and Martin Luther spread, bringing into reality what Alexander had feared.

Between 1615 and 1633, Galileo was persecuted by the Catholic Church due to his support of Copernican heliocentrism (Earth rotating daily and revolving around the sun). He was tried by the Catholic Church, condemned by the Roman Inquisition and placed on house arrest in 1633 for the remainder of his life. Today, he is known as the father of modern science! Catholic authorities could condemn the man, but the ideas could not be suppressed forever.

Presenting scientific studies that challenge the status quo is not a personal attack on anyone. It is the duty of all people, regardless of their training and background, to be open minded and seriously consider available data. I recently heard in an interview that over 250,000 scientific studies on COVID-19 had been published by the end of September, 2021. At the very least, thats a lot of data to review. There is NO scientific consensus on the effectiveness of the new shots or about their safety.

Concerned Americans fear that our government and our health systems have been captured by the medical-industrial complex, which is earning record profits. We are now facing a future filled with endless booster shots, which apparently will only be effective for a short time. We have legitimate concerns about the safety and efficacy of the experimental treatments. These concerns need to be investigated, not disparaged or swept under the rug.

We also have scientific news from other countries to consider. These countries have seen success using inexpensive alternative therapies that are currently unavailable in our community. If these alternative therapies are not effective, then why are El Salvador and Uttar Pradesh, India, seeing success using Ivermectin? (https://newsrescue.com/the-undeniable-ivermectin-miracle-indias-240m-populated-largest-state-uttar-pradesh-horowitz/) Unlike the mandated shots, Ivermectin has a 60-year track record of doing no harm ( https://covid19criticalcare.com/ivermectin-in-covid-19/ ). Why are these alternate medicines not available in the U.S.? Its a valid question that deserves an honest answer and a congressional investigation or two.

If mask mandates and vaccine passports are vital to control this illness, why are countries like Finland, Norway and Sweden dropping those requirements? (https://fee.org/articles/how-finland-and-norway-proved-sweden-s-approach-to-covid-19-works/) Why are COVID treatments being forced on persons who already have natural immunity from a previous infection? Studies show that natural immunity is more robust than the mandated shots. (https://www.theblaze.com/op-ed/horowitz-15-studies-that-indicate-natural-immunity-from-prior-infection-is-more-robust-than-the-covid-vaccines#toggle-gdpr) Why not reserve those limited experimental treatments for those who really need them?

These legitimate concerns must be addressed persuasively with valid scientific studies and honest public dialogue. Remember, the function of free speech is to invite dispute. As weve been told, science evolves. That evolution needs to continue in the public sphere without censorship. If public debate is being attacked and demeaned, it is to the benefit of some power structure. The question is, which one?

Nancy Churchill is the state committeewoman for the Ferry County Republican Party. She may be reached at DangerousRhetoric@pm.me. The opinions expressed in Dangerous Rhetoric are her own.

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Opinion: Misinformation versus the First Amendment ClarkCountyToday.com - clarkcountytoday.com

Mark Levin on the current ‘assault’ on freedom of speech – Fox News

This is a rush transcript from "Life, Liberty & Levin," October 10, 2021. This copy may not be in its final form and may be updated.

MARK LEVIN, FOX NEWS HOST: Hello, America. I'm Mark Levin, and this is LIFE, LIBERTY & LEVIN.

We have two great guests tonight: Senator Josh Hawley, who is helping to lead the charge against tyranny in this country, and Christopher Rufo with the Manhattan Institute, an expert on critical race theory.

And this program tonight is about liberty -- your liberty. It's about speech -- your speech, your freedom of association. It's about your school districts, it is about your kids in the classroom it is about your neighborhoods and communities -- all of which are under assault by the Biden administration, specifically the Attorney General the United States, Merrick Garland, and his Department of Justice.

Let's begin at the beginning. The First Amendment to the Constitution, which you would think they would understand over there at the Department of Justice, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."

"To petition the government for a redress of grievances." We are focused on free speech, freedom of association, and the petition the government for a redress of grievances. The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, the Bill of Rights, is under attack by the Attorney General of the United States, Merrick Garland and his staff.

And now, we've learned it is also under attack by Joe Biden's staff, as well as others at the White House in a coordinated attack to try and silent parents and taxpayers, the citizens of this nation who elect their school boards, who send their children into these classrooms. Why? Well, because they're challenging the poison, the rot, the radical Marxist propaganda that is being taught to your children from kindergarten through 12th grade.

And apparently, that is too much for them to tolerate.

Ladies and gentlemen, this is the memo that will go down in history as one of the most egregious violations of your liberty. It is a memo that is signed by Merrick Garland. It is a memo that has gone to the Criminal Division of the Justice Department, the National Security Division, and the Civil Rights Division, the Executive Office of U.S. Attorneys, the Federal Bureau of Investigation -- as if this is kind of an East German Stasi.

And make no mistake about it, parents in this country, they are going to spy on you, they're going to gather Intelligence on you. They are going to track you and the organizations you belong to, and a special phone number is set up, so a teacher or a bureaucrat, or a union, or whomever thinks if you're threatening or harassing them, they will set loose the F.B.I. to come to your home and to interview you.

Among other things in this memo, loose language, like they're going to look at efforts to intimidate individuals based on their views. They're going to be committing to using their authority and their resources. They have a dedicated line of communication for threat reporting.

Now there's a problem here. The Federal government has absolutely no authority whatsoever in the classroom, in the school district, at board meetings. Period. There is no Federal nexus of any kind whatsoever, and they know it, and I'm going to prove that to you in a minute.

Moreover, the Constitution of the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Nazis can march in Skokie, Illinois, at that time of mostly Jewish community. They had ruled on the Supreme Court that you can burn the American flag as a representation of speech, and on and on and on.

But if you're a parent, and you go to a school board member and you're raising your voice or even hollering, or you have a sign that they think is offensive, or you're warning school board members that you're going to defeat them. Well, apparently that's a threat. That is a lie.

The Department of Justice has gone rogue again. And this is an attack on your liberty, the liberty of the entire country. And of course, the propaganda corrupt media is mostly silent. They walk in lockstep with this administration or any Democrat, for that matter.

There's an organization called America First Legal, and there is a letter that was sent to the Inspector General of the Department of Justice, by Reed Rubinstein, and he is a senior counsel for this group and I want to tell you what they have uncovered.

Listen to part of this letter because this shows how pernicious this has become with the Biden administration, the Democrats, the teachers unions, the bureaucrats in the education establishment, and of course, the Democrats.

Our understanding the facts, they write to the Inspector General, this in part, "In early September, Biden administration stakeholders (that will be the unions, the school boards and so forth) held discussions regarding avenues for potential Federal action against parents with a key Biden Domestic Policy Council official, (who they call Jane Doe #1) and White House staff (who they call John Doe #1). Stakeholders also held discussions with senior Department officials (that's the Department of Justice) including at least one political appointee in the department's Civil Rights Division, (Jane Doe #2)."

"Jane Doe #1 and John Doe #1 and others in the White House separately expressed concern regarding the potential partisan political impact of parent mobilization and organization around school issues in the upcoming midterm elections."

This is about as sleazy and untoward as it gets. "Upon information and belief at the express direction of or with the express consent of Jane Doe #1, Jane Doe #2 and other Biden administration officials developed a plan to use a letter from an outside group, which they said is not the usual suspects."

That would likely be I assume the letter from the National School Boards Association, this outrageous, outrageous letter, " ... as pretext for Federal action to chill, deter, and discourage parents from exercising their constitutional rights and privileges."

So according to this, the Department of Justice at the most senior levels of the Biden administration, and these organizations, including the National School Board Association, colluded, conspired to set up the parents and parent organizations and taxpayers of this country to silence them.

"Upon information and belief in or about mid-September, work began on developing what became the Attorney General's memorandum. Concerns expressed by department staff included (1) The absence of Federal law enforcement nexus and authority." Exactly, there is none.

"And (2) The constitutionally protected nature of parents protest." Absolutely, it is protected.

"However, Jane Doe #2 made it clear, this was a White House priority, and a deliverable would be created."

Next, "On or about September 29, citing legal authorities including the Patriot Act, the National School Boards Association made public a letter demanding Federal action against parents, citing authorities including the Patriot Act, the justification for Federal action included among other things, parents who were posting watch lists against school boards and spreading misinformation that boards are adopting critical race theory curriculum and working to maintain online learning for haphazardly attributing it to COVID-19. It's not clear yet whether and to what extent drafts of this letter were shared with Biden administration officials, including Jane Doe #1 and Jane Doe #2, and whether changes were suggested or made by them prior to the ostensible public release date."

You know, on my radio show, I said I smelled a rat that this letter from the National School Boards Association and the eventual a memorandum from the Attorney General, the overlap was -- could not simply be coincidental. Moreover, the fact that that letter was written on the 29th of September, an action, a memo was put out five days later is way too fast.

"On October 4, the Attorney General's memorandum was made public. The short timeframe between the September 29 letter and the Attorney General's memorandum suggests that either the entire matter was pre-coordinated and the September 29 but pretext, or that the normal clearance process and standard order both within the department," and the other agencies of the Federal government were bypassed or corrupted.

"Now on October 5, (that's the day after the memo went out). There was a follow up call involving among others, the White House Counsel's Office, Jane Doe #2, and many other Biden administration political and career officials. The briefing included how to talk about equity initiatives to avoid liability for violating discrimination laws, and critically to hide equity measures, initiatives, and action from Freedom of Information Act disclosure, (which is a violation of law)."

"The intention, it seems is to evade public scrutiny of these Biden administration activities."

So there you have it, ladies and gentlemen, a letter that's gone to the Inspector General of the Department of Justice that the White House senior officials in domestic policy, Biden's staff coordinated with senior officials at the Department of Justice including at the Civil Rights Division to squash, to squelch parents who are protesting, parents who are objecting, parents who are speaking up at board meetings, because the Biden administration fear it would have a negative political impact on the upcoming elections.

So what do they do? They act like a totalitarian Marxist regime. They're going to unleash Federal law enforcement, the Civil Rights Division, the Criminal Division, the F.B.I., the U.S. Attorneys, they're going to unleash in coordination with friendly state law enforcement, friendly local law enforcement. The entire law enforcement apparatus of the United States against parents.

Ladies and gentlemen, these school buildings belong to us. We taxpayers have paid for them. These union members, they are our employees, the school board members, they are our representatives. They act like they are an operation all among themselves. They don't want to be challenged, they don't want to be questioned.

And one more point, the Attorney General of the United States, in addition to all of this has a conflict of interest.

His son-in-law, that is the husband of his daughter, started a company called Panorama. Panorama provides guidance and seminars and information to promote what? Critical race theory, genderism, the whole Marxist agenda -- in our classrooms. And the company is worth millions, and 25 percent of the schools, it is reported in this country are already using the materials from this company.

And so what better way to enhance the millions of dollars earned by your family than to squelch the parents and prevent them from having an impact on what their children are taught.

So the Attorney General of the United States failed to recuse himself. As a matter of fact, he is the point of the spear he signed the memo, one of the most grotesque act of totalitarianism we've seen in this country, quite frankly.

When we come back. We're going to have Senator Josh Hawley. We're going to have Christopher Rufo, and we're going to have a further thorough discussion about all of this.

I'll be right back.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

LEVIN: Welcome back, America. Senator Josh Hawley, last week you had a hearing at the Senate Judiciary Committee and the Deputy Attorney General of the United States was answering questions or was she?

She seemed to be ducking a lot of very significant questions you were asking about the ambiguity of this memo, about the First Amendment, about civil liberties and so forth. What did you make of her?

SEN. JOSH HAWLEY (R-MO): Thanks for having me, Mark. It's great to be with you. I've made -- well, I've heard that she didn't want to answer any questions, that she didn't want to actually take any responsibility for this extraordinary memo from the Justice Department at the direction of Joe Biden.

The idea that they would use the F.B.I. to intervene in school board meetings with the purpose of -- let's be honest -- intimidating and harassing parents, just unprecedented. And I said to her, I said, listen, this isn't about violence. We all know that if somebody threatens violence, the local police will book that person and they'll charge that person and they'll get them out of there.

This is about using Federal law enforcement to try and intimidate parents because these parents are daring to stand up and criticize critical race theory. That's what this is about.

So I said to her, I said, what are the standards? Your memorandum says the F.B.I. is going to investigate intimidation and harassment? Well, according to who? I mean, by what standards? And she wouldn't answer those questions, Mark. She wouldn't give me any definition. She just kept coming back to, well, everybody is against violence. Well, of course, we're against violence.

What we're not against, though, is free expression. What we're not against is the First Amendment. But that's what this administration is doing. They are attacking our basic First Amendment principles, and it is all in an effort to try and shut down moms and dads, parents who are paying their taxes, who have kids in schools, and by the way, who are voters, and they have a right to express their opinion at school board meetings.

This is just unprecedented, and I tell you, I'm going to do everything I can to stop it.

LEVIN: You know, Senator Hawley, this is the same Attorney General when he was testifying at his confirmation, he refused to call the attacks on the Portland Federal Courthouse acts of domestic terrorism because they happened at night and nobody was there. I'm not aware of a pattern of violence in these various school districts, and they haven't presented any, neither the National School Boards Association nor the Attorney General in his memo.

I'm not aware that violence is so out of control that local police are unable to handle this. That is an absolute flat out lie.

Are you aware of any Federal nexus are Federal basis that would allow the United States Department of Justice and its various instrumentalities to go into school boards, to monitor parents, to question parents who dare to get -- become vociferous or provocative?

HAWLEY: None whatsoever, Mark. I mean, I can't imagine what the basis is for having the F.B.I. get involved here. I will say this. I mean, it is interesting that the Biden administration has finally found some form of violence that it doesn't approve of. I mean, as we're seeing violent crime surge across our country, homicides a year on year high, violent attacks are at highs, and the Biden administration has done nothing. They won't lift their finger, but yet, they want to shut down parents from speaking by calling that violence.

I mean, it's just -- it is truly extraordinary, and it is dangerous. And you talked about this earlier, this is a dangerous precedent, to use Federal law enforcement to go after citizens to stop them from speaking about things you don't like.

If this is allowed to stand, I shudder to think what will happen in the future under this administration or any other administration when it comes to trying to silence law-abiding citizens, parents, and taxpayers, who are just speaking their mind.

Can understand by the way, Mark, they've got every right to speak their mind about any topic, but critical race theory, they are right to stand up and say they don't want their kids being taught these lies. They are right to stand up and say they don't want their kids to be indoctrinated. And the idea that you would use the Federal government to shut them down, that's wrong.

LEVIN: And it is very interesting, Senator Hawley, how different groups and different people are treated differently by this administration. They haven't gone full bore against Black Lives Matter, which has, as part of its mission overthrowing the United States government, a Marxist organization, a very violent organization as we saw this summer. They won't even recognize Antifa as an organization. They're not tracking down Antifa and its funding sources and so forth.

I mean, people aren't showing up at the school board meetings with frozen water bottles or umbrellas or Molotov cocktails, or anything of that sort. The effort to characterize all these parents as domestic terrorists -- and that's what they're doing, because there is no other hook -- is really disgusting. It's appalling.

And the lack of media outcry, except on a few outlets is really shocking. Are you not -- I mean, appalled by the fact that the media in this country isn't even standing up for freedom of speech?

HAWLEY: I am appalled, and I'm disturbed by it. And I think, again, the trend is very, very dangerous. And it's just an extraordinary thing, Mark, to see this government, to see Joe Biden go after and try to silence parents, taxpaying parents, by using Federal law enforcement.

Can I just say that you know that you've lost the argument, you know that you are totally out of touch when you're trying to use the arm of the Federal government to tell moms and dads that they don't have the right to speak? And then if they want to get up and question what's going on in their own kids' schools, they might get an F.B.I. agent knocking at their door.

I mean, that is just -- it is extraordinary. And I don't think parents are going to put up put up with it. I know what the intent of this is, that the intent is meant to silence parents. I don't think it's going to have that effect. I think the American people are going to look at this and they're going to say, no way, I've got a right to know what's going on in my kids' school. I've got a right to have an opinion about it. I've got a right to express it and I'm not going to be intimidated.

LEVIN: We'll be right back.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

JILLIAN MELE, FOX NEWS CHANNEL CORRESPONDENT: Hello and welcome to "FOX News Live." I'm Jillian Mele.

The going could be rough for thousands of U.S. air travelers in the coming days. That's because Southwest Airlines has canceled more than a thousand flights blaming bad weather and air traffic control problems. Hundreds of other flights have been delayed, too. As a result, many travelers are stuck at airports with no place to go right now. Other airlines do not appear to be as severely impacted.

In Qatar, the U.S. is weighing its words carefully after its first face-to- face talks with the Taliban since the pullout from Afghanistan. The dialogue focused on security and terrorism concerns, but also on safe passage for American citizens and others from Afghanistan.

The Taliban claims the U.S. has agreed to provide humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.

That's it for now. I'm Jillian Mele, now back to LIFE, LIBERTY & LEVIN. Have a great night.

LEVIN: Senator Josh Hawley, the F.B.I. and the Department of Justice, over the last several years has not exactly conducted itself in exemplary way. As a matter of fact, I would argue it's been thoroughly politicized and lawless. What can a senator do about these sorts of things, particularly when you're in the minority? I mean, you can't even call for hearings and so forth. What can be done?

HAWLEY: Well, I think what we can do is stand up and demand answers, Mark, which is my job. I mean, this is why when we had Justice Department officials up in front of us last week, I took the opportunity to ask about the F.B.I.'s crackdown on these local school boards and to drive for answers.

And I actually had Democrats on the committee say, oh, this isn't the right forum, Senator Hawley. You need to -- you know, this is a hearing about something else. You need to wait.

Well, the answer is that it can't wait. I mean, you've got whatever you have opportunity. You've got to push for answers. You've got to push for accountability. And Republicans need to keep doing that.

You know, speaking of the F.B.I. for a second. We also heard testimony recently that when it comes to those U.S. gymnasts who were abused, you know, they went to the F.B.I. They gave their cases, they gave their details to the F.B.I., and what they testified was, the F.B.I. didn't do anything.

So here you have the F.B.I. not acting on what turned out to be credible allegations of abuse, but now, the Biden administration wants the F.B.I. to go to local school boards? I mean, this is the priority? Not going after crime, but going after parents? I think that speaks to the kind of misplaced priorities.

And you're absolutely right about what we learned in the last administration. What we learned was, officials at the F.B.I. and the Department of Justice falsified evidence to a court in order to get wiretaps on the former President's campaign and campaign officials by lying to a court about it. If that's not corruption, I don't know what is.

LEVIN: It just seems to me that the culture, the media, the Democratic Party surrogates have a very low standard when it comes to morality and ethics and complying with the law. We saw the summer before last, all the violence that was taking place, and that was called mostly peaceful.

You saw Democrat mayors painting BLM in their boulevards and so forth. You saw basketball players and others contributing heavily to Black Lives Matter. The organization was celebrated, the Marxist founders were celebrated. And here, we have parents, and we have taxpayers who are voicing -- and let me say this. The Constitution, Senator, doesn't say you've got to go up there and sound like a host on NPR. It doesn't say to go up there and be monotone throughout.

You're allowed to raise your voice. You're allowed to wave your arms. You're allowed to picket.

You're allowed to protest. You're allowed to bring street signs. You're allowed to be energetic.

You're allowed to do all those things, but you're not allowed to be violent, but that's different. And they provide no evidence, certainly, it's very, very sketchy, no evidence of this widespread violence.

And so, the civil libertarian groups, well, let me ask it to you this way. Any Democrats in the Senate join you when you were raising concerns with the Deputy Attorney General about how these parents were about to be treated?

HAWLEY: No. In fact, what they said at the time was, Mark, they attempted to stop me from asking the questions and, you know, said, oh, this is not a hearing about that. This is, you know, a mocking. This is not the right time or place to ask these questions.

I mean, listen, when you come before the United States Senate, you take an oath. And you've done something like what this administration has done, trying to use the F.B.I. against citizens.

If you come before me, and you're under oath, I'm going to ask you questions. If you come before me, I'm going to ask you tough questions. I'm not going to let you off easy, and I'm not going to be told that, oh, well, I've got to get the Democrats' permission beforehand.

And just to speak a second about the left's double standard. You know, Mark, the left has really gotten weird. I mean, have you noticed this? They're following Kyrsten Sinema in the bathrooms. They're breaking the law by following people around and shining cameras in their faces on airplanes. They are violating basic principles of decency and the law. And so they're doing all of that.

But yet, when it comes to parents wanting to express their views at school board meetings, oh, we can't have that. Oh, no, that's harassment. I mean, the left is really -- they've gotten their priorities exactly backwards. They've got their standards totally doubled up. And it's also -- it's just weird behavior, weirder and weirder from the left, and it would be something that we could just say, boy, that's strange, but the fact that they are using the Federal government to enforce these speech codes and to enforce their political ideology, that's dangerous.

LEVIN: Senator, you specifically said to the chairman of the committee last week, we need to have a hearing on this issue. On this memo, we need the Attorney General up here under oath. We need to question the Attorney General about what he's done here. Is the Chairman of the committee calling a hearing?

HAWLEY: No. In fact, he waived that off and they will look away, Mark, like they do every time. You know, the Democrats have been doing this on every subject -- Afghanistan, the debacle there. They looked the other direction. They don't want to talk about it.

The F.B.I.'s abuses in the last administration, they look the other way. Now, the F.B.I.'s abuse and the Justice Department's abuse when it comes to school boards, they just look the other way. They are enablers. They are enabling this administration in its lawlessness, and in its fecklessness, and the dangers that they're creating for this country.

But I can tell you this, the Attorney General of the United States will have to come back up to the Senate. He will have to come back up to the Judiciary Committee. And when he does, you can expect that I at least, am going to press him for answers and I'm not going to be put off.

He might try to stonewall me, he might try to deny me the ability to get the answers, but I am going to put the questions to him and I hope my colleagues will join me.

LEVIN: I also notice, Senator, the head of the F.B.I., Christopher Wray has an objective, certainly not publicly, certainly not the Members of Congress. So, I guess he's all in.

Senator Josh Hawley, I want to thank you. You're a breath of fresh air and I want to thank you for your patriotism. God bless you, sir.

HAWLEY: Thanks for having me.

LEVIN: We'll be right back.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

LEVIN: Welcome back, America. Christopher Rufo has been on this issue of critical race theory before anybody that I'm aware of. He is an expert on it. He's also a Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute. He's a Contributing Editor at "City Journal" and a national resource.

Christopher, would you please first explain to the American people, what is critical race theory?

CHRISTOPHER RUFO, SENIOR FELLOW, MANHATTAN INSTITUTE: Sure. Critical race theory is an academic discipline that holds that the United States was founded on white supremacy and critically that white supremacy still serves as the foundational ideology of our country today.

The critical race theorists argue that our rights, our Constitution, our Declaration, are all mere camouflage for naked racial oppression. They argue that white supremacy today is just as bad as it was a hundred years ago, 200 years ago, 300 years ago -- that racism is it permanent endemic condition and that all white Americans, by virtue of their skin color are inherently racist --

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Mark Levin on the current 'assault' on freedom of speech - Fox News

This Week at The Ninth: Contractor Speech and Seized Cars – JD Supra

This week, the Court confronted constitutional challenges to a California statute altering the test for determining whether workers are employees or independent contractors and an Arizona statute governing civil forfeitures.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF JOURNALISTS AND AUTHORS, INC. v. BONTAThe Court holds that Californias AB 5, which modified the test for determining whether a worker is an employer or independent contractor, does not violate the First Amendment as applied to freelance writers and similar professionals.

The panel: Judges Callahan, Forrest, and Seeborg (N.D. Cal.), with Judge Callahan writing the opinion.

Key highlight: [T]he statute is aimed at the employment relationshipa traditional sphere of state regulation. See DeCanas v. Bica, 424 U.S. 351, 356 (1976). Such rules understandably vary based on the nature of the work performed or the industry in which the work is performed, and section 2778 is no different in this regard. But whether employees or independent contractors, workers remain able to write, sculpt, paint, design, or market whatever they wish.

Background: In AB 5, California codified a new 3-part test for determining whether workers are employees or independent contractors. The law exempts certain professional services occupations from its scope, including certain freelance writers and photographers. For freelance writers, the exception applied to anyone who submitted fewer than 35 pieces of work to a single entity in a year (an exception that was then changed while the litigation was underway to turn on where freelancers work and whether they work for more than one entity). The exception for photographers applied to anyone not working on a motion picture.

The American Society of Journalists and Authors and the National Press Photographers Association brought suit to enjoin AB 5. They contended the law violated the First Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause because, by categorizing them as employees, it burdened the writers and photographers not covered by the professional services exception. The district court granted Californias motion to dismiss.

Result: The Ninth Circuit affirmed. First, the Court rejected the plaintiffs First Amendment argument, holding that AB 5 regulated economic conduct and not speech. As the Court explained, AB 5 does not limit what someone can or cannot communicate, or restrict when, where, or how someone can speak, but instead governs worker classification and is aimed at the employment relationship. While AB 5s application might, as the plaintiff organizations claim, conceivably reduce job opportunities for their members and thereby reduce their ability to practice their speaking professions, the Court concluded that such an indirect impact on speech does not implicate the First Amendment. Nor did AB 5 pose the First Amendment concerns raised by regulations that focus only on certain types of speech, as AB 5 applies across Californias economy, its exemptions do not single out the press as an institution or otherwise target particular speakers, and its applicability turns not on what workers say but on the service they provide or the occupation in which they are engaged. The Court held that was true even with respect to AB 5s specific application to freelancers working on motion pictures, explaining that this statutory carveout refers to an industry or medium through which content is conveyed, and does not differentiate based on content itself.

The Court also rejected the plaintiffs Equal Protection Challenge. Because AB 5 did not implicate any fundamental right to speech, the court applied rational basis scrutiny. And, the Court held, AB 5 readily met that forgiving standard, as it was certainly conceivable that differences between occupations warrant differently contoured rules for determining which employment test better accounts for a workers status.

PLATT v. MOOREThe Court holds that plaintiffs whose car was seized pursuant to Arizonas civil forfeiture scheme had stated a claim for violation of their state-law due process rights.

Panel: Judges Tashima, Berzon, and Collins, with Judge Berzon writing the opinion, and Judge Collins concurring in part and dissenting in part.

Key Highlight: The Arizona civil forfeiture statute on its face permitted the states attorney unilaterally to deny those who chose to contest forfeiture by filing a petition the procedural protections applicable in contested forfeiture proceedings.

Background: Police stopped William and Maria Platts son while he was driving their car, found marijuana, and arrested him. The Platts car was seized pursuant to Arizonas civil forfeiture statutes. Under those statutes, when property is seized, the owner may file either a claim with the court or a petition for remission or mitigation of forfeiture with the attorney for the state. If the property owner does not pursue either option, the states attorney may proceed with an uncontested forfeiture, in which case forfeiture is virtually assured. Although the Platts filed a petition for remission or mitigation, a Deputy Navajo County Attorney unilaterally treated the petition as defective, without giving them any notice of the defect or opportunity to correct it, and proceeded with an uncontested forfeiture. The vehicle was eventually returned to the owners, but only after it had been impounded for five months.

The Platts sued state and local officials and entities, alleging that the seizure of their car and the deprivation of its use for five months violated their rights to due process under the federal and state constitutions. The district court dismissed all the claims. The Platts appealed the dismissed of their state-law claims only. Arizona, which had intervened to defend the constitutionality of its civil forfeiture scheme, cross-appealed and sought a ruling that its statutory scheme governing forfeiture is facially valid under the federal and Arizona constitutions.

Result: The Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part. The Court first held that the Platts state-law claims were not barred by Arizonas notice of claim statute, which generally requires those asserting Arizona law claims against a public entity to file a notice of claim before filing suit. As interpreted by Arizona courts, the statute does not apply to claims for declaratory judgment. And the Court predicted that Arizona courts would likewise conclude that it does not apply to claims, like the Platts claims, for nominal damages.

On the merits, the Court held that the Platts had stated a claim based on the fact that the County Attorney, an individual with an alleged pecuniary interest in the forfeiture proceedings, had made an undisclosed determination that no timely petition had been filed. Under Arizonas scheme, that determination would have been unreviewable had the County Attorney pressed forward with forfeiture proceedings, and thus would have deprived the Platts of the procedural protections of a contested forfeiture proceeding. The Court also found that the Platts had Article III standing to bring this claim because being subjected to a constitutionally deficient forfeiture process was itself an injury even though their car had ultimately been returned. The Court agreed, however, that the Platts claim against the Navajo County Drug Task Force was properly dismissed because the Task Force was not amenable to suit under Arizona law.

As to Arizonas cross-appeal, the Court concluded that Arizona was seeking an advisory opinion as to the validity of its forfeiture scheme in circumstances not before the Court, and thus declined to address the issue.

Judge Collins concurred in part and dissented in part. He agreed that the Navajo County Drug Task Force lacks capacity to be sued under Arizona law, but would have held that Plaintiffs lacked standing to pursue a claim based on the County Attorneys biased adjudication of their petition because the County Attorneys actions had not lengthened the forfeiture proceedings or prolonged the period during which the Platts were deprived of their car. Judge Collins also would have held that Arizonas notice-of-claim statute does bar Arizona due process claims for nominal damages.

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This Week at The Ninth: Contractor Speech and Seized Cars - JD Supra

Netflix Argues Tragic 13 Reasons Why Lawsuit Is a Danger to Free Speech – Gizmodo

Photo: ROBERT SULLIVAN / Staff (Getty Images)

In response to a lawsuit brought by the grieving family of a teenage girl whose suicide was reportedly inspired by the hit show 13 Reasons Why, Netflix is flexing its First Amendment rights to argue that were the complaint to proceed, it would be dangerous to the free speech of artists and Netflix itself.

In new documents filed in a California district court on Wednesday, Netflix invoked Californias anti-SLAPP statute, which gives plaintiffs the right to file a motion to dismiss a complaint brought against any content that might be considered protected speech. In its motion, the streaming giant argues that if a First Amendment challenge to its ability to produce potentially triggering content were to be successful, a long line of creative worksfrom classics like Anna Karenina, Antigone, The Awakening, Madame Bovary, and The Bell Jar, to countless modern works like Dear Evan Hansen, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Wristcutters: A Love Story, and The Virgin Suicideswould also be at risk.

Creators obligated to shield certain viewers from expressive works depicting suicide would inevitably censor themselves to avoid the threat of liability, lawyers for Netflix wrote in the new filings. This would dampen the vigor and limit the variety of public debate ... The First Amendment does not permit such a result.

Based on the young adult novel of the same name by author Jay Asher, 13 Reasons Why depicts the events that precipitate a high school-aged narrators suicide. Although the Netflix suit is being brought by a single grieving family, a study published by the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry reported a 28.9% increase in suicides among Americans aged 10-17 in the month after 13 Reasons Why premieredan increase greater than any other seen in a single monthover the five-year period the researchers studied.

In the motion to strike filed on Wednesday, lawyers for Netflix were careful to note that the platform is not being sued for the content of 13 Reasons Why itself, but rather for its ...failure to adequately warn of its Shows, i.e., its products, dangerous features and for its trove of individualized data about its users to specifically target vulnerable children and manipulate them into watching content that was deeply harmful to themdespite dire warnings about the likely and foreseeable consequences to such children.

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That recommendation systemwhich is dictated by an algorithmcounts as protected speech, and is tantamount to a news editor deciding to exercise editorial control and judgment, Netflix argues:

The recommendations system, and the display of suggested titles, is speech, the dismissal motion states. Plaintiffs allege that the recommendations here are different because they are dictated by an algorithm. But the fact that the recommendations may be produced algorithmically makes no difference to the analysis. After all, the algorithms themselves were written by human beings...

Netflix and the plaintiffs are due in court on November 16.

If you or someone you know is contemplating suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255).

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Netflix Argues Tragic 13 Reasons Why Lawsuit Is a Danger to Free Speech - Gizmodo

Krull: The things we put on Facebook should be subject to libel laws – The Herald-Times

John Krull| The Statehouse File

INDIANAPOLIS When Facebook first began its meteoric rise, some of my students said they wanted to do a story on it for the student newspaper.

They advised me to check it out.

So, I did.

I looked at their Facebook pages. They seemed innocuous, just chatty messages to their friends. It reminded me of a yearbook, only in digital form.

Then it occurred to me that these two students were solid, well-adjusted young women who possessed emotional and intellectual maturity well beyond their years. They would know where the boundaries were in any medium and they would respect them.

I pulled my gradebook out and started picking students names at random.

Then I discovered what had people so concerned about Facebook.

Column: Define your terms, but try not to be stupid

I saw posts featuring boasts about marathon drinking binges. I saw otherwise decent young people making cutting remarks about former boyfriends and girlfriends. And I saw students lashing out at their parents, at their professors, at their bosses apparently oblivious to the fact that anyone, at that time, could see what they had written.

I remember thinking that just about everyone does something dumb and regrettable during his or her college years.

Until Facebook came along, most of us didnt leave a written record of it behind so the rest of the world could see the mistakes we made and whether we learned from them.

That was many years ago, long before Facebook became arguably the most powerful media presence on the planet and its founder Mark Zuckerberg one of the five richest men in America.

Certainly, it was long before Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen testified before a panel of U.S. senators.

Haugen, a former Facebook employee, told the senators that Facebooks algorithms favored elites, encouraged discord, provided haven for drug merchants and pimps and induced young people particularly girls and young woman to become depressed and engage in bouts of self-loathing.

Haugens testimony was not uplifting.

It produced a predictable reaction.

Senators from both political parties many of whom seemed only vaguely aware that there have been advances in communication technology since the invention of the telegraph expressed shock, horror and outrage.

New book: Joe Lee finishes 'Forgiveness,' a graphic novel about Eva Kor's life

They vowed that this was social medias tobacco moment. By that, they meant that Haugens revelations were so damaging that public pressure would make stiff regulation not only possible but inevitable.

There are a couple of problems with the comparison.

The first and most obvious is that smoking cigarettes was not a constitutionally protected activity. Speaking, writing and publishing what one wishes are.

Its hard to see how any blanket, government-imposed restrictions of expression on Facebook or any other media platform wont curtail First Amendment guarantees. Its also difficult to discern how any such regulations wont be applied to other media platforms.

If government is allowed to tell Facebook what and how it may publish, then doesnt it stand to reason that newspapers, TV networks, radio stations heck, even church bulletins shouldnt be subject to the same standard?

Thats one issue with the comparison.

The other is that there already may be remedies on the books for the worst offenses committed by Facebook and other social media sites.

Most traditional media outlets operate within certain ethical and legal strictures. They make reasonable attempts, for instance, to make sure that what they publish, post or air is accurate.

They do so because publishing or airing inaccurate information particularly inaccurate information that is defamatory can have severe consequences. Those wronged by a traditional newspaper or newscast can sue. If a traditional news outlet cant back up its work, the cash register starts to ring for the person wronged.

Ive never quite understood why we allowed Facebook and other sites to become fact-free and consequence-free zones.

My students, years ago, didnt think that posting something on Facebook counted as publishing.

But it does.

Technically, writing on a blackboard or nailing a sign to a tree can be considered publishing.

And thus subject to libel and other laws.

Maybe the solution here is not to create a new system of laws for social media but to apply the existing ones to Facebook and other similar platforms.

That might clean things up in a hurry.

John Krull is director of Franklin Colleges Pulliam School of Journalism and publisher ofTheStatehouseFile.com, a news website powered by Franklin College journalism students.

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Krull: The things we put on Facebook should be subject to libel laws - The Herald-Times

Texans to vote on amendment that would bar government from shutting down churches – KGBT-TV

AUSTIN (Nexstar) During the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, many churches across Texas converted their services to outdoor, online or socially-distanced services.

But, some local officials ordered them to completely shut their doors. Thats why Republican lawmakers filed a bill during regular session that would ban this from happening ever again.

It already passed in the legislature, but now needs approval from voters as a constitutional amendment, Prop 3, in this Novembers election.

Religious leaders faced a tough decision on how to serve their congregation during the onset of the pandemic, but some didnt have a choice.

We saw multiple local ordinances and other governmental entities shutting down churches, one of the bills co-authors, Rep. Matt Krause, (R Fort Worth) explained.

Another one of the bills co-authors, Rep. James White, (R Hillister), said this needed to be amended immediately.

The Constitution of Texas in the United States was very clear. The government should not shut down churches, Rep. White said.

Thats why the legislature passed the bill that became Prop 3, barring any governmental entity from shutting down churches, even in disasters or emergencies.

The bill passed with bipartisan support, but some tried to fight the new law, saying the churches were ordered to close to protect public health, and did not impede on religious freedoms.

If a fire marshal orders a number of people to leave a church building because it is currently overflowed, that is not an infringement of anyones right to exercise their religion. Likewise with public health concerns, Brian Register testified against the bill in the spring.

But, the bills authors say a complete shutdown is too far.

The constitution and case laws allow for reasonable time, place and manner restrictions on certain First Amendment rights. So I understand that argument. But this was much different. This was completely shutting down and foreclosing the opportunity to worship. And thats where government greatly overreached, Rep. Krause said.

In order for it to officially become law, voters have to give it their approval. The election for Prop 3, and seven other proposed constitutional amendments, is set for Nov. 2, 2021.

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Texans to vote on amendment that would bar government from shutting down churches - KGBT-TV

California protects reporters covering protests with new law – East Bay Times

By DON THOMPSON

SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) California will protect journalists from interference by police while covering civil protests under a bill signed into law Saturday by Gov. Gavin Newsom.

It was the second new law within days with free speech implications.

The measure says that reporters can be behind police lines in the area of demonstrations, marches or rallies without being cited or arrested. It bars police from intentionally assaulting, interfering with, or obstructing their newsgathering.

Newsom last year vetoed a similar measure over police agencies concern that the measure would allow reporters into emergency field command posts, along with other areas closed to the general public.

The bills author, Democratic Sen. Mike McGuire, and others said it is similar to existing California law that allows reporters into places like wildfire or other disaster evacuation zones.

Theres no doubt about it, California now has some of the toughest protections in place for journalists compared to any other state in America, McGuire said. We have seen a surge in egregious acts of violence and obstruction made against members of the press across the country and right here at home in the Golden State.

Supporters included the California news publishers and broadcasters, ACLU of California and the First Amendment Coalition.

The California Police Chiefs Association said the measure is vague, overly broad and will result in costly litigation over a bill it said will unduly penalize officers for carrying out their critical mission of protecting the public.

Newsom acted days after approving a bill making it illegal to come within 30 feet (9.14 meters) of someone at a vaccination site for the purpose of obstructing, injuring, harassing, intimidating, or interfering. Violators could face up to six months in jail and a fine up to $1,000.

Opponents including California Family Council, Alliance Defending Freedom and Life Legal Defense Foundation argued that the measure infringes on free speech and is so broad that it can apply to anti-abortion protesters.

Life Legal Defense Foundation legal director Catherine Short said in a statement that she plans to quickly challenge the law and seek a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction in federal court.

Democratic Assemblywoman Akilah Weber, who supported the measure, said it strikes a balance between the rights of those who make a personal choice about how they wish to address their healthcare and safety with the personal rights of those who wish to protest their oppositions.

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This version corrects the spelling of protect in the summary and 1st paragraph.

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California protects reporters covering protests with new law - East Bay Times

Is YouTube Violating the First Amendment by Removing Anti-Vaccine Videos? – News@Northeastern

As part of a new set of policies designed to cut down on anti-vaccine content and health misinformation, YouTube is starting to ban any videos that claim commonly used vaccines approved by health authorities are ineffective or dangerous.

The video sharing platform, and others, including Facebook and Twitter, had already banned misinformation related to the COVID-19 vaccines. This takes the crackdown one step further, with YouTube taking down anti-vaccine posts as well as the accounts of people who spread false information about other vaccines.

Critics and people who have propagated vaccine misinformation on the social media platform immediately decried the move as a violation of their First Amendment protection of free speecha fundamental misunderstanding of free speech protections, says Claudia Haupt, associate professor of law and political science at Northeastern.

The First Amendment, which protects free speech in the U.S., applies to government censorship of protected speech, but not to private companies such as YouTube, Facebook, or Twitter.

But just because the First Amendment doesnt apply here, doesnt mean that there arent tricky questions for platforms deciding which posts stay and which are taken down, Haupt says.

Claudia Haupt, associate professor of law and political science. Photo by Matthew Modoono/Northeastern University

Does this move make sense, as a way to curb vaccine misinformation?

If I understand it correctly, Facebook and Twitter had already banned vaccine misinformation, and YouTube was the last large platform to do so. Its not surprisingif you think about the way that content gets shared across those platforms, it doesnt really help just to target one of them. If youre concerned about misinformation, you would want to look at the entire ecosystem of all social media platforms.

Do people who share anti-vaccine rhetoric on social media platforms have a First Amendment right to do so?

We have to start from the premise that no one has a First Amendment right to post on those platforms. Theres no First Amendment right to be on the platform, and the companies arent required to engage in content-neutral moderation decisions; they can exclude certain viewpoints.

But just because the First Amendment doesnt apply here, doesnt mean that there arent tricky questions: Even if youre a private platform who can moderate independent of the First Amendment, you have to make a decision about what are your guiding principles for including or excluding certain messages. So, for example, you could say, Im going with the medical consensus around vaccines, and Im going to exclude all of the messages about vaccines that directly contradict all of the medical communitys understanding of how vaccines work.

You can see that in the link people have made about the childhood measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and autismits an idea thats been refuted, its just inaccurate as a matter of science. So, you could exclude all the statements that pertain to that, and set the bar according to what the medical community says. You could still, though, decide to permit people to share stories about bad things that have happened to them, because theyre not making a medical claim or giving advice, theyre just telling a story about what happened in their lives. Theres no direct link between what they say and telling people to do that.

But again, all this is independent of the First Amendment because these are private companies.

In that case, how do companies decide whats in and whats out?

In this context with vaccines, on the one hand you have expertise in a medical community that we recognize as the authority on that question, and on the other, we know that there can be huge amounts of harm that can be conflicted by bad information or bad advice.

You could imagine closer cases where its harder to decide what the standard is, but with medical information, we have a scientific standard to go by.

But there are also instances where we have contested science. In the beginning of the pandemic, we had the problem that giving advice was really hard because the medical community was figuring things out as the virus spread. There, it would be really difficultand really problematicfor private companies to decide that some things are good advice and some things are bad advice.

The platform has to pick whose expertise, whose assessment to follow. And this comes up in malpractice all the time: If you go to the doctor and get bad advice, the standard that its judged by is the community of medical professionals. I think it makes sense to also use that as a baseline for speech if its framed as giving advice.

So often, as we can see here, these decisions boil down into a black-and-white conversation: Either I have free speech or Im being censored. Is there a better conversation we could be having?

With these platforms, I have a right to say something is the reflexive cultural posture we have because were so used to talking about rights and the First Amendment. But legally, that doesnt even apply in this space.

Generally, one way I think we should think about it is to weigh speech as one variable, harm as another, and expertise as a third. So, its not just my right to speak against your right to speak, its more about what does the speech do? Whats the level of harm it may cause? Is there something in the content that can be measured in terms of expertise?

For media inquiries, please contact Marirose Sartoretto at m.sartoretto@northeastern.edu or 617-373-5718.

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Is YouTube Violating the First Amendment by Removing Anti-Vaccine Videos? - News@Northeastern