According to the report published by Zeal Insider, the Global Quantum Cryptography Services Share, Forecast Data, In-Depth Analysis, And Detailed Overview, and Forecast, 2013 2026 generated $xx.xx billion in 2016, and is estimated to reach $xx.xx billion by 2023, registering a CAGR of xx.xx% from 2017 to 2023. The report offers an extensive analysis of the changing market dynamics, key winning strategies, business performance, major segments, and competitive scenario.

Global Quantum Cryptography Services market research report includes reliable economic, international, and country-level forecasts and analysis to provide holistic view on Quantum Cryptography Services market. It also offers complete analysis on competitive market and thorough analyses of the supply chain to make understand users about the changing market trends. This will help them to offer products and services to their customers according to the changing needs.

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Quantum Cryptography Services market report has used top-down and bottom-up approach to make a complete report on Quantum Cryptography Services market. Further, it has used reliable data from trusted sources to evaluate and validate the size of the entire market along with its sub-markets. Various qualitative as well as quantitative research has been conducted to analyze Quantum Cryptography Services market thoroughly. Key players involved in the manufacturing of Quantum Cryptography Services market are identified through secondary survey and on that basis, maximum shareholding companies are identified and profiled in the Quantum Cryptography Services market report.

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Major Highlights of Quantum Cryptography Services market in Covid-19 pandemic covered in report:

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Quantum Cryptography Services Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast To 2026 MagiQ Technologies, Quantum XC, Qubitekk,...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is actively shaping both the industrial and consumer worlds, and by 2023, consumers, companies, and governments will install 40 billion IoT devices globally.

Smart tech finds its way to every business and consumer domain there isfrom retail to healthcare, from finances to logisticsand a missed opportunity strategically employed by a competitor can easily qualify as a long-term failure for companies who dont innovate.

Moreover, the 2020s challenges just confirmed the need to secure all four components of the IoT Model: Sensors, Networks (Communications), Analytics (Cloud), and Applications.

One of the top candidates to help in securing IoT is Quantum Computing, while the idea of convergence of IoT and Quantum Computing is not a new topic, it was discussed in many works of literature and covered by various researchers, but nothing is close to practical applications so far. Quantum Computing is not ready yet, it is years away from deployment on a commercial scale.

To understand the complexity of this kind of convergence, first, you need to recognize the security issues of IoT, second, comprehend the complicated nature of Quantum Computing.

IoT systems diverse security issues include:

Classical computing relies, at its ultimate level, on principles expressed by a branch of math called Boolean algebra. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time or bits. While the time that each transistor or capacitor need be either in 0 or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be made to switch state. As we progress to smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over.

In a quantum computer, several elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used with either their charge or polarization acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each of these particles is known as a quantum bit, or qubit, the nature and behavior of these particles form the basis of quantum computing.

The two most relevant aspects of quantum physics are the principles of superposition and entanglement.

Taken together, quantum superposition and entanglement create an enormously enhanced computing power. Where a 2-bit register in an ordinary computer can store only one of four binary configurations (00, 01, 10, or 11) at any given time, a 2-qubit register in a quantum computer can store all four numbers simultaneously, because each qubit represents two values. If more qubits are added, the increased capacity is expanded exponentially.

One of the most exciting avenues that researchers, armed with qubits, are exploring, is communications security.

Quantum security leads us to the concept ofquantum cryptographywhich uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure against being compromised without the knowledge of the sender or the receiver of the messages.

Essentially, quantum cryptography is based on the usage of individual particles/waves of light (photon) and their intrinsic quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem (because it is impossible to measure the quantum state of any system without disturbing that system).

Quantum cryptography uses photons to transmit a key. Once the key is transmitted, coding, and encoding using the normal secret-key method can take place. But how does a photon become a key? How do you attach information to a photon's spin?

This is where binary code comes into play. Each type of a photon's spin represents one piece of information -- usually a 1 or a 0, for binary code. This code uses strings of 1s and 0s to create a coherent message. For example, 11100100110 could correspond with h-e-l-l-o. So a binary code can be assigned to each photon -- for example, a photon that has a vertical spin ( | ) can be assigned a 1.

Regular, non-quantum encryption can work in a variety of ways but, generally, a message is scrambled and can only be unscrambled using a secret key. The trick is to make sure that whomever youre trying to hide your communication from doesnt get their hands on your secret key. But such encryption techniques have their vulnerabilities. Certain products called weak keys happen to be easier to factor than others. Also, Moores Law continually ups the processing power of our computers. Even more importantly, mathematicians are constantly developing new algorithms that allow for easier factorization of the secret key.

Quantum cryptography avoids all these issues. Here, the key is encrypted into a series of photons that get passed between two parties trying to share secret information. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle dictates that an adversary cant look at these photons without changing or destroying them.

With its capabilities, quantum computing can help address the challenges and issues that hamper the growth of IoT. Some of these capabilities are:

Quantum computing is still in its development stage with tech giants such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft putting in resources to build powerful quantum computers. While they were able to build machines containing more and more qubits, for example, Google announced in 2019 they achieved Quantum Supremacy, the challenge is to get these qubits to operate smoothly and with less error. But with the technology being very promising, continuous research and development are expected until such time that it reaches widespread practical applications for both consumers and businesses.

IoT is expanding as we depend on our digital devices more every day. Furthermore, WFH (Work From Home) concept resulted from COVID-19 lockdowns accelerated the deployment of many IoT devices and shorten the learning curves of using such devices. When IoT converges with Quantum Computing under Quantum IoT or QIoT, that will push other technologies to use Quantum Computing and add Quantum or Q to their products and services labels, we will see more adoption of Quantum hardware and software applications in addition to Quantum services like QSaaS, QIaaS, and QPaaS as parts of Quantum Cloud and QAI (Quantum Artificial Intelligence) to mention few examples.

A version of this article first appeared onIEEE-IoT.

Visit link:
The Convergence of Internet of Things and Quantum Computing - BBN Times

Eth 2.0 is looking at its first hard fork this year.

The Ethereum Foundation-backed research team is currently organizing schematics for a mid-2021 backward-incompatible change to the Beacon Chain, according to a Jan. 14 developers call.

This hard fork is really not a hard fork in the traditional sense, Teku client project manager Ben Edgington pointed out. Rather, its a warmup before sharding and a merge of the Eth 1.x and Beacon Chain.

The word fork is heavily overloaded in blockchain usage. In fact, there shouldnt even be a fork when this upgrade is done, in the sense of the network ending up with multiple competing chains, he wrote in his Eth 2.0 blog post on Jan. 15.

The upgrade is likely to include the following code changes, although these changes have yet to be fully agreed upon:

Sign up to receive Valid Points in your inbox, every Wednesday.

Ice Age on Eth 2.0?

One additional feature that is being considered is the inclusion of the difficulty bomb, also known as the Ice Age. The difficulty bomb which kicks into gear at pre-set block heights is a mining adjustment mechanism originally added to the Eth 1.x blockchain in 2015. It makes mining incrementally more difficult over time in an effort to keep developers motivated to build Eth 2.0.

To date, the Ice Age has been postponed three times on the proof-of-work (PoW) Ethereum blockchain in the Byzantium (2017), Constantinople (2019) and Muir Glacier (2020) hard forks.

The difficulty bomb is a staple of Ethereum as it pushes economic incentives on developers to keep innovating on the baselayer. Yet, its unlikely to be included in Eth 2.0 as theres already an economic force pushing Beacon Chain development, Ryan told CoinDesk in a yet-to-be-released Mapping Out Eth 2.0 podcast.

There is no Ice Age on the Beacon Chain, but it essentially has a forcing function because right now there is 2.5 million ETH locked into the system, Ryan said. Theres no way developers in the community at that order of magnitude would allow it to live in parallel and not have it do anything more.

The decision to include or not include a difficulty adjustment feature like the Ice Age into Eth 2.0 itself comes down to how you see the Ethereum blockchain progressing after Eth 2.0 is complete, he said. Some want further innovation while some think ossification similar to Bitcoins blockchain is the way to go.

Some want to continue to upgrade and iterate and bring in the latest cryptography into Layer 1. Im sure the debate whether an Ice Age should exist in Ethereum 2.0 will center around some of those ideas of ossification versus continual upgrades, Ryan said.

Eth 2.0 reaches all-time high for network participation

Pulse Check Jan. 27

The Ethereum 2.0 network continues to grow at a steady pace and at near-perfect user participation levels. On Saturday, Jan. 23, Eth 2.0 reached its highest daily average network participation rate at 99.46%. This indicates that, despite a growing number of participants, validators on Eth 2.0 are largely engaged in securing the network and earning rewards.

As background, the economics of Ethereum 2.0 operates on a sliding scale of rewards that adjusts dynamically based on the total number of active validators. The larger the number of validators staked on Eth 2.0, the lower the total amount of rewards issued on the network. (Read more about Eth 2.0s monetary policy here.)

The daily average of rewards earned per validator dipped to a seven-week low on Thursday, Jan. 21, at 0.007235 ETH. However, due to the bullish price activity of ether in the crypto markets, the value of rewards earned on the network has increased 81.47% over the same time period. In other words, because the ETH price has risen, validators are earning more on average per day in U.S. dollar (USD) terms.

Breakdown of Eth 2.0 user deposits

One other useful metric for evaluating ongoing network health and decentralization is the breakdown of user deposits on Eth 2.0. According to a tool still in beta testing by blockchain explorer Etherscan, roughly 50% of all ETH deposits are made by cryptocurrency exchanges and staking pools.

This suggests an equal balance between individuals choosing to stake using their own hardware and software and those who choose to rely on a service provider to do it for them. Shifts in this distribution over time will indicate growing advantages as well as disadvantages, swaying users towards one method of staking on Eth 2.0 versus another.

For now, the even distribution of Eth 2.0 depositors is a strong indicator that running hardware independently versus relying on a provider to do it for you are both equally attractive options for users.

Validated takes: Further reading from the past week

Factoid of the week

Factoid of the Week Jan. 27

Well soon be incorporating data directly from CoinDesks own Eth 2.0 validator node in our weekly analysis. All profits made from this staking venture will be donated to a charity of our choosing once transfers are enabled on the network. For a full overview of the project, check out our announcement post.

Link:
Valid Points: What to Expect When Ethereum 2.0 Undergoes Its First 'Hard Fork' - CoinDesk - Coindesk

This is the fifth in a multi-part series on cryptography and the Domain Name System (DNS).

In my last article, I described efforts underway to standardize new cryptographic algorithms that are designed to be less vulnerable to potential future advances in quantum computing. I also reviewed operational challenges to be considered when adding new algorithms to the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC).

In this post, I'll look at hash-based signatures, a family of post-quantum algorithms that could be a good match for DNSSEC from the perspective of infrastructure stability.

I'll also describe Verisign Labs research into a new concept called synthesized zone signing keys that could mitigate the impact of the large signature size for hash-based signatures, while still maintaining this family's protections against quantum computing.

(Caveat: The concepts reviewed in this post are part of Verisign's long-term research program and do not necessarily represent Verisign's plans or positions on new products or services. Concepts developed in our research program may be subject to U.S. and/or international patents and/or patent applications.)

The DNS community's root key signing key (KSK) rollover illustrates how complicated a change to DNSSEC infrastructure can be. Although successfully accomplished, this change was delayed by ICANN to ensure that enough resolvers had the public key required to validate signatures generated with the new root KSK private key.

Now imagine the complications if the DNS community also had to ensure that enough resolvers not only had a new key but also had a brand-new algorithm.

Imagine further what might happen if a weakness in this new algorithm were to be found after it was deployed. While there are procedures for emergency key rollovers, emergency algorithm rollovers would be more complicated, and perhaps controversial as well if a clear successor algorithm were not available.

I'm not suggesting that any of the post-quantum algorithms that might be standardized by NIST will be found to have a weakness. But confidence in cryptographic algorithms can be gained and lost over many years, sometimes decades.

From the perspective of infrastructure stability, therefore, it may make sense for DNSSEC to have a backup post-quantum algorithm built in from the start one for which cryptographers already have significant confidence and experience. This algorithm might not be as efficient as other candidates, but there is less of a chance that it would ever need to be changed. This means that the more efficient candidates could be deployed in DNSSEC with the confidence that they have a stable fallback. It's also important to keep in mind that the prospect of quantum computing is not the only reason system developers need to be considering new algorithms from time to time. As public-key cryptography pioneer Martin Hellman wisely cautioned, new classical (non-quantum) attacks could also emerge, whether or not a quantum computer is realized.

The 1970s were a foundational time for public-key cryptography, producing not only the RSA algorithm and the Diffie-Hellman algorithm (which also provided the basic model for elliptic curve cryptography), but also hash-based signatures, invented in 1979 by another public-key cryptography founder, Ralph Merkle.

Hash-based signatures are interesting because their security depends only on the security of an underlying hash function.

It turns out that hash functions, as a concept, hold up very well against quantum computing advances much better than currently established public-key algorithms do.

This means that Merkle's hash-based signatures, now more than 40 years old, can rightly be considered the oldest post-quantum digital signature algorithm.

If it turns out that an individual hash function doesn't hold up whether against a quantum computer or a classical computer then the hash function itself can be replaced, as cryptographers have been doing for years. That will likely be easier than changing to an entirely different post-quantum algorithm, especially one that involves very different concepts.

The conceptual stability of hash-based signatures is a reason that interoperable specifications are already being developed for variants of Merkle's original algorithm. Two approaches are described in RFC 8391, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme" and RFC 8554, "Leighton-Micali Hash-Based Signatures." Another approach, SPHINCS+, is an alternate in NIST's post-quantum project.

Figure 1. Conventional DNSSEC signatures. DNS records are signed with the ZSK private key, and are thereby "chained" to the ZSK public key. The digital signatures may be hash-based signatures.

Hash-based signatures can potentially be applied to any part of the DNSSEC trust chain. For example, in Figure 1, the DNS record sets can be signed with a zone signing key (ZSK) that employs a hash-based signature algorithm.

The main challenge with hash-based signatures is that the signature size is large, on the order of tens or even hundreds of thousands of bits. This is perhaps why they haven't seen significant adoption in security protocols over the past four decades.

Verisign Labs has been exploring how to mitigate the size impact of hash-based signatures on DNSSEC, while still basing security on hash functions only in the interest of stable post-quantum protections.

One of the ideas we've come up with uses another of Merkle's foundational contributions: Merkle trees.

Merkle trees authenticate multiple records by hashing them together in a tree structure. The records are the "leaves" of the tree. Pairs of leaves are hashed together to form a branch, then pairs of branches are hashed together to form a larger branch, and so on. The hash of the largest branches is the tree's "root." (This is a data-structure root, unrelated to the DNS root.)

Each individual leaf of a Merkle tree can be authenticated by retracing the "path" from the leaf to the root. The path consists of the hashes of each of the adjacent branches encountered along the way.

Authentication paths can be much shorter than typical hash-based signatures. For instance, with a tree depth of 20 and a 256-bit hash value, the authentication path for a leaf would only be 5,120 bits long, yet a single tree could authenticate more than a million leaves.

Figure 2. DNSSEC signatures following the synthesized ZSK approach proposed here. DNS records are hashed together into a Merkle tree. The root of the Merkle tree is published as the ZSK, and the authentication path through the Merkle tree is the record's signature.

Returning to the example above, suppose that instead of signing each DNS record set with a hash-based signature, each record set were considered a leaf of a Merkle tree. Suppose further that the root of this tree were to be published as the ZSK public key (see Figure 2). The authentication path to the leaf could then serve as the record set's signature.

The validation logic at a resolver would be the same as in ordinary DNSSEC:

The only difference on the resolver's side would be that signature validation would involve retracing the authentication path to the ZSK public key, rather than a conventional signature validation operation.

The ZSK public key produced by the Merkle tree approach would be a "synthesized" public key, in that it is obtained from the records being signed. This is noteworthy from a cryptographer's perspective, because the public key wouldn't have a corresponding private key, yet the DNS records would still, in effect, be "signed by the ZSK!"

In this type of DNSSEC implementation, the Merkle tree approach only applies to the ZSK level. Hash-based signatures would still be applied at the KSK level, although their overhead would now be "amortized" across all records in the zone.

In addition, each new ZSK would need to be signed "on demand," rather than in advance, as in current operational practice.

This leads to tradeoffs, such as how many changes to accumulate before constructing and publishing a new tree. Fewer changes and the tree will be available sooner. More changes and the tree will be larger, so the per-record overhead of the signatures at the KSK level will be lower.

My last few posts have discussed cryptographic techniques that could potentially be applied to the DNS in the long term or that might not even be applied at all. In my next post, I'll return to more conventional subjects, and explain how Verisign sees cryptography fitting into the DNS today, as well as some important non-cryptographic techniques that are part of our vision for a secure, stable and resilient DNS.

Read the previous posts in this six-part blog series:

See more here:
Securing the DNS in a Post-Quantum World: Hash-Based Signatures and Synthesized Zone Signing Keys - CircleID

QuantLR has developed a secure most cost affordable Quantum Cryptography solution using the principles of quantum physics to protect the world's most sensitive data. QuantLR successfully deployed a proof of concept showing that its Quantum Key Distribution solution is ready for mass deployment at a cost reduction of 90% over all previously deployed solutions.

"We are excited on the opportunity to support QuantLR's vision to provide the world with affordable quantum-secured communications solutions," says Roman Gold, Managing General Partner of VentureIsrael. "The age of quantum computers is not far in the future, we already live in it, so we should address security challenges today, tomorrow it will be too late."

"We are in excellent momentum to present shortly one of the most advanced Quantum Cryptography platforms," says Shlomi Cohen, QuantLR's CEO.

QuantLR is an Israeli based startup. The company's core innovation is proprietary technology required to produce a very cost effective quantum cryptography platform. This expertise comes from world renown quantum physicists from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

VentureIsrael is an Israeli early stage deep tech fund. The firm is market agnostics, but strongly believes in its investment focus based on three elements: technology, time to market and people. VentureIsrael focuses on startups from the Seed stage to Series A, with technology solutions expected to be in high demand in the short and medium term. It is dedicated to the technological excellence of the startup and is not afraid of unconventional approach.

SOURCE VentureIsrael

More:
VentureIsrael Invests in Israeli Startup QuantLR, Developer of the World's Most Cost Affordable Quantum Cryptography Solution - PRNewswire

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Original post:
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Global Quantum Cryptography market is segmented based by type, application and region.Based on Type, the market has been segmented into:

By Component (Solutions, and Component)

Based on application, the market has been segmented into:

By Application (Network Security, Database Security and Application Security)

The report provides insights on the following pointers:1.Market Penetration: Provides comprehensive information on Quantum Cryptography offered by the key players in the Global Quantum Cryptography Market2.Product Development & Innovation: Provides intelligent insights on future technologies, R&D activities, and new product developments in the Global Quantum Cryptography Market3.Market Development: Provides in-depth information about lucrative emerging markets and analyzes the markets for the Global Quantum Cryptography Market4.Market Diversification: Provides detailed information about new products launches, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the Global Quantum Cryptography Market5.Competitive Assessment & Intelligence: Provides an exhaustive assessment of market shares, strategies, products, and manufacturing capabilities of the leading players in the Global Quantum Cryptography Market

Why buy a market analysis report on Quantum Cryptography Market? Exhaustive and agreeable for our watchers to comprehend the market report Quantum Cryptography by offering inside and out data through top to bottom examination. The report incorporates a market situation, a market structure, market imperatives, an investigation insights in a market-based market. It permits tank cradle hardened steel vital participants to acquire educational information on market patterns, upstream and downstream of the impending business sector. Historical and modern data considered when running on the Quantum Cryptography kinds of items, applications and topographical regions. Detailed data on market arrangement, principle openings and market advancements, just as on market limitations and the significant difficulties confronting the market. Quantum Cryptography Report incorporates occasions related with assembling and dispersion organizations, just as cost examination.

Major Points from Table of Content:1.Executive Summary2.Assumptions and Acronyms Used3.Research Methodology4.Quantum Cryptography Market Overview5.Quantum Cryptography Supply Chain Analysis6.Quantum Cryptography Pricing Analysis7.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast by Type8.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast by Application9.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel10.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast by Region11.North America Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast12.Latin America Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast13.Europe Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast14.Asia Pacific Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast15.Middle East & Africa Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis and Forecast16.Competition Landscape

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Quantum Cryptography Market 2020 by Component, Vertical, Leading Manufacturers, Challenges and Threats, Business Opportunities, Growth Trends &...

This is the fourth in a multi-part series on cryptography and the Domain Name System (DNS).

One of the "key" questions cryptographers have been asking for the past decade or more is what to do about the potential future development of a large-scale quantum computer.

If theory holds, a quantum computer could break established public-key algorithms including RSA and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), building on Peter Shor's groundbreaking result from 1994.

This prospect has motivated research into new so-called "post-quantum" algorithms that are less vulnerable to quantum computing advances. These algorithms, once standardized, may well be added into the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) thus also adding another dimension to a cryptographer's perspective on the DNS.

(Caveat: Once again, the concepts I'm discussing in this post are topics we're studying in our long-term research program as we evaluate potential future applications of technology. They do not necessarily represent Verisign's plans or position on possible new products or services.)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) started a Post-Quantum Cryptography project in 2016 to "specify one or more additional unclassified, publicly disclosed digital signature, public-key encryption, and key-establishment algorithms that are capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the foreseeable future, including after the advent of quantum computers."

Security protocols that NIST is targeting for these algorithms, according to its 2019 status report (Section 2.2.1), include: "Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Shell (SSH), Internet Key Exchange (IKE), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), and Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC)."

The project is now in its third round, with seven finalists, including three digital signature algorithms, and eight alternates.

NIST's project timeline anticipates that the draft standards for the new post-quantum algorithms will be available between 2022 and 2024.

It will likely take several additional years for standards bodies such as the Internet Engineering Task (IETF) to incorporate the new algorithms into security protocols. Broad deployments of the upgraded protocols will likely take several years more.

Post-quantum algorithms can therefore be considered a long-term issue, not a near-term one. However, as with other long-term research, it's appropriate to draw attention to factors that need to be taken into account well ahead of time.

The three candidate digital signature algorithms in NIST's third round have one common characteristic: all of them have a key size or signature size (or both) that is much larger than for current algorithms.

Key and signature sizes are important operational considerations for DNSSEC because most of the DNS traffic exchanged with authoritative data servers is sent and received via the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which has a limited response size.

Response size concerns were evident during the expansion of the root zone signing key (ZSK) from 1024-bit to 2048-bit RSA in 2016, and in the rollover of the root key signing key (KSK) in 2018. In the latter case, although the signature and key sizes didn't change, total response size was still an issue because responses during the rollover sometimes carried as many as four keys rather than the usual two.

Thanks to careful design and implementation, response sizes during these transitions generally stayed within typical UDP limits. Equally important, response sizes also appeared to have stayed within the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of most networks involved, thereby also avoiding the risk of packet fragmentation. (You can check how well your network handles various DNSSEC response sizes with this tool developed by Verisign Labs.)

The larger sizes associated with certain post-quantum algorithms do not appear to be a significant issue either for TLS, according to one benchmarking study, or for public-key infrastructures, according to another report. However, a recently published study of post-quantum algorithms and DNSSEC observes that "DNSSEC is particularly challenging to transition" to the new algorithms.

Verisign Labs offers the following observations about DNSSEC-related queries that may help researchers to model DNSSEC impact:

A typical resolver that implements both DNSSEC validation and qname minimization will send a combination of queries to Verisign's root and top-level domain (TLD) servers.

Because the resolver is a validating resolver, these queries will all have the "DNSSEC OK" bit set, indicating that the resolver wants the DNSSEC signatures on the records.

The content of typical responses by Verisign's root and TLD servers to these queries are given in Table 1 below. (In the table, . are the final two labels of a domain name of interest, including the TLD and the second-level domain (SLD); record types involved include A, Name Server (NS), and DNSKEY.)

For an A or NS query, the typical response, when the domain of interest exists, includes a referral to another name server. If the domain supports DNSSEC, the response also includes a set of Delegation Signer (DS) records providing the hashes of each of the referred zone's KSKs the next link in the DNSSEC trust chain. When the domain of interest doesn't exist, the response includes one or more Next Secure (NSEC) or Next Secure 3 (NSEC3) records.

Researchers can estimate the effect of post-quantum algorithms on response size by replacing the sizes of the various RSA keys and signatures with those for their post-quantum counterparts. As discussed above, it is important to keep in mind that the number of keys returned may be larger during key rollovers.

Most of the queries from qname-minimizing, validating resolvers to the root and TLD name servers will be for A or NS records (the choice depends on the implementation of qname minimization, and has recently trended toward A). The signature size for a post-quantum algorithm, which affects all DNSSEC-related responses, will therefore generally have a much larger impact on average response size than will the key size, which affects only the DNSKEY responses.

Post-quantum algorithms are among the newest developments in cryptography. They add another dimension to a cryptographer's perspective on the DNS because of the possibility that these algorithms, or other variants, may be added to DNSSEC in the long term.

In my next post, I'll make the case for why the oldest post-quantum algorithm, hash-based signatures, could be a particularly good match for DNSSEC. I'll also share the results of some research at Verisign Labs into how the large signature sizes of hash-based signatures could potentially be overcome.

Read the previous posts in this six-part blog series:

Read this article:
Securing the DNS in a Post-Quantum World: New DNSSEC Algorithms on the Horizon - CircleID

The report on global Quantum Cryptography market 2020-25 is a systematic compilation, lending in crucial understanding and insights touching upon various parameters of the market such as market share, segment analysis, geographical distribution as well as vendor assessment to ensure profit driven business decisions in global Quantum Cryptography market.

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Complete Report is Available (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Graphs, and Chart): https://www.adroitmarketresearch.com/contacts/request-sample/958?utm_source=pr

Global Quantum Cryptography Market, 2020-25: Understanding Dynamics

Driver Analysis: This dedicated section of the report throws ample light on various favorable conditions and triggers prevalent in the market that induce optimum momentum

Threat & Barrier Diagnosis: This particular section of the report lends thoughts on distinctive evaluation and identification of market deterrents that stagnate high potential growth in the global Keyword market

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Key players in the global Quantum Cryptography market covered:

PQ Solutions, Infineon, Qubitekk, Quintessencelabs, Nucrypt, Crypta Labs, Qutools, Magiq Technologies, NEC Corporation, and Toshiba

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Segment Assessment: Global Quantum Cryptography Market, 2020-25

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Market Segmentation

Market by Types

By Component (Solutions, and Component)

Market by Application

By Application (Network Security, Database Security and Application Security)

Sectional Representation: Global Quantum Cryptography Market

In-depth analysis of leading market manufacturers, complete with their product and service portfolios along with details on revenue generation and overall sales have been minutely assessed in the report for the period, 2020-27 References of the leading, growth inclusive regions have been entailed in the report. Minute details on sales performance, market share and revenue generation milestones are contained in the report with reference to regions and country-wise specifications as well. Elaborate details on other market relevant information comprising sales channels and supply chain management. The report includes details on sales channels, traders, distributors as well as dealers in the chain. Excerpts on market relevant information entailing growth scope, market size expansion, risk assessment as well as other notable drivers and factors are presented Details pertaining to new investment projects as well as vital research conclusions along with their feasibility have been touched upon in this section of the report.

Report Investment a Logical Investment, Know Why?

The report resonates critical findings on decisive factors such as downstream needs and requirement specifications as well as upstream product and service development The report upholds a systematic presentation of all the tangible segments and their role in revenue optimization This report also helps market participants to organize R&D activities aligning with exact market requirements Further, the report also allows manufacturers and vendors to design appropriate investment discretion The report aids in reader comprehension of the market based on dual parameters of value and volume.

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Quantum Cryptography: How Technology is upgrading the Industry PQ Solutions, Infineon, Qubitekk, Quintessencelabs, Nucrypt, Crypta Labs, Qutools,...

Adroit Market Research recently announced market survey which covers overall in-depth study including additional study on COVID-19 impacted market situation on Global Quantum Cryptography Market. The Research Article Entitled Global Quantum Cryptography Market provides very useful reviews & strategic assessment including the generic market trends, upcoming & innovative technologies, industry drivers, challenges, regulatory policies that propel this Universal market place, and major players profile and strategies. The research study provides forecasts for Quantum Cryptography investments till 2025.

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This detailed report on Quantum Cryptography market largely focuses on prominent facets such as product portfolio, payment channels, service offerings, applications, in addition to technological sophistication. This comprehensive research- documentary on global Quantum Cryptography market is a holistic perspective of market developments, factors, dynamics, trends and challenges that decide growth trajectory of global Quantum Cryptography market. The report lends versatile cues on market size and growth traits, besides also offering an in-depth section on opportunity mapping as well as barrier analysis, thus encouraging report readers to incur growth in global Quantum Cryptography market.

Additionally, the competitive landscape of the Quantum Cryptography market is also evaluated at length in the report, to identify and analyze leading service providers. These leading players are analyzed at length, complete with their product portfolio and company profiles to decipher crucial market findings. These leading players are analyzed at length, complete with their product portfolio and company profiles to decipher crucial market findings. Additionally, a dedicated section on regional overview of the Quantum Cryptography market is also included in the report to identify lucrative growth hubs.

Top Leading Key Players are:

PQ Solutions, Infineon, Qubitekk, Quintessencelabs, Nucrypt, Crypta Labs, Qutools, Magiq Technologies, NEC Corporation, and Toshiba

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Besides these aforementioned factors and attributes of the Quantum Cryptography market, this report specifically decodes notable findings and concludes on innumerable factors and growth stimulating decisions that make this Quantum Cryptography market a highly profitable. Other vital factors related to the Quantum Cryptography market such as scope, growth potential, profitability, and structural break-down have been innately roped in this Quantum Cryptography Market report to accelerate market growth.

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Global Quantum Cryptography market is segmented based by type, application and region.Based on Type, the market has been segmented into:

By Component (Solutions, and Component)

Based on application, the market has been segmented into:

By Application (Network Security, Database Security and Application Security)

The Quantum Cryptography market research report completely covers the vital statistics of the capacity, production, value, cost/profit, supply/demand import/export, further divided by company and country, and by application/type for best possible updated data representation in the figures, tables, pie chart, and graphs. These data representations provide predictive data regarding the future estimations for convincing market growth. The detailed and comprehensive knowledge about our publishers makes us out of the box in case of market analysis.

Key questions answered in this report: What will the market size be in 2026 and what will the growth rate be? What are the key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?

Table and Figures Covered in This Report:1.Quantum Cryptography Market Overview, Scope, Status and Prospect2.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Competition by Manufacturers3.Global Quantum Cryptography Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) by Region4.Global Quantum Cryptography Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region5.Global Quantum Cryptography Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type6.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Analysis by Application7.Global Quantum Cryptography Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis8.Quantum Cryptography Manufacturing Cost Analysis9.Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers10.Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders11.Market Effect Factors Analysis12.Global Quantum Cryptography Market Forecast13.Research Findings and Conclusion Appendix Methodology/Research Approach, Market Size Estimation, Data Source, Secondary Sources, Primary Sources, and Disclaimer.

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Quantum Cryptography Market 2020 Latest Trending Technology, Growing Demand, Application, Types, Services, Regional Analysis and Forecast to 2025 -...