January 30, 2017 BitConnect.co, the team behind BitConnect Coin (BCC) takes pleasure in announcing the completion of its successful ICO. The ICO saw community members buying over 1 million BCCs, paving the way for the next phase of development which included the launch of its proprietary BCC exchange.

During the ICO, the new cryptocurrency was sold at the rate of 1000 BCCs per BTC, and the early adopters received up to 40% bonus on their investment. With enough backers, the platform finished the exchange development in just ten days. The BCC exchange will see a lot of new features in the coming days, including the addition of support for multiple cryptocurrencies alongside BCC.

BitConnect Coins full-node software is openly distributed with a new desktop client for mining and staking the cryptocurrency under proper guidance. BCC holders can now use the existing web wallet to conveniently send the cryptocurrency to BitConnect desktop client and other desired trading platforms. The BitConnect Coin is based on a special POW/POS algorithm for added network security. The algorithm also turns BCC into an interest-bearing asset with a 120% return per year. To gain profits through POS minting, users will have to hold their coins in aBitConnect-QT wallet.

BCC community members can experience a new level of empowerment through the open source platform that connects them socially and financially to a secure, protected community of investors and lenders. With the communitys help, BCC owners can also benefit from the cryptocurrencys exponential price rise by increasing their deposits in the wallet. The interest gained during the period translates to a hefty profit.

Few new features in store for 2017 include the launch of BCC Mining and Staking Pool and its own Smart Card. These features will not only allow community members to earn, but also spend the cryptocurrency for their everyday expenses. The whole BitConnect platform, which started as a concept in Q1, 2016 has scaled to become the worlds fastest growing online Bitcoin community. The website, BitConnect.co features among the top 80k sites on Alexa. More information on BitConnect Exchange is availablehere.

About BitConnect

BitConnect is an open source platform for Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency users to earn, learn, but and sell bitcoins to other trusted community members directly.

Learn more about BitConnect at https://bitconnect.co/ Register on BitConnect Exchange at https://bitconnect.co/register Access BitConnect-QT wallet at https://bitconnectcoin.co/guide/10/How-To-Set-Up-BitConnect-Coin-Wallet-on-Windows-Operating-System#Download

Media Contact

Contact Name:Vindee, Marketing Manager Contact Email:bitconnect@tutanota.com Phone:+16415696739 Company Name:BitConnect Ltd Contact Location:Ashford, England

BitConnect.co is the source of this content. Virtual currency is not legal tender, is not backed by the government, and accounts and value balances are not subject to consumer protections. This press release is for informational purposes only. The information does not constitute investment advice or an offer to invest.

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BCC Cryptocurrency Exchange Launches in Record Time Following Successful Completion of BitConnect Coin ICO - newsBTC

What is EverGreenCoin?

EverGreenCoin is much more than a new currency, a new 'cryptocurrency' as it's called. Cryptocurrency is a sort of digital money that can be used as a store of value or in exchange for goods and services. The EverGreenCoin currency itself is only the mechanism leveraged to nourish our more important focus, taking responsible care of our environment and the world we live in.

EverGreenCoin is a decedent of Bitcoin and EverGreenCoin inherited some great traits from its ancestors. Traits like being able to transfer anywhere in the world with near zero fees, regardless of borders. Zero risk to personal information loss or theft because personal information is never required. Zero manipulation by governments and banks because EverGreenCoin is not printed, or 'mined' as the case may be, out of thin air. Rather the supply is finite, predetermined, rates never change, and only the free market dictates its price. But we, the environmentally awake, will determine its true value.

EverGreenCoin has taken its ancestral traits and built upon them, and in ways more friendly for both our planet and the people storing, spending, and receiving value with EverGreenCoin. In large part, this comes from Proof of Stake mining. Proof of Stake replaces the Proof of Work methodology for making transactions happen and securing the record of transactions that have happened in the past. This record is called a blockchain. For maintaining the blockchain through mining, you are rewarded and this is true for both Proof of Work and Proof of Stake.

The difference is that with Proof of Stake, you are not wasting electricity and taking a gamble on what your reward amount might be. With EverGreenCoin your reward is always 7% annual and the energy consumed is no greater than running a word processor on your computer and can be done in the background during times you already have your computer on.

EverGreenCoin is also much faster than Bitcoin. Transaction on the EverGreenCoin network are fully confirmed, which means fully received and spendable, faster than a Bitcoin transaction would get its first confirmation. In what Bitcoin could transfer in an hour, EverGreenCoin could do 10 times over again. Actually 100 time, because of EverGreenCoin's larger blocks also.

Neither traditional banking system nor Bitcoin can give you what EverGreenCoin gives you. In addition, you are helping yourself and all living things by increasing asset potential for EverGreenCoin's environmental aspirations.

It is free to make an EverGreenCoin account. You do not need to surrender any personal information. You do not need a credit check. There are no age or border restrictions. You do not need to make an account on this website, but it is encouraged as it will allow you to communicate with like-minded people. Click here for help deciding which solution is best for your needs.

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EverGreenCoin - Environmental Green Causes, nurtured by ...

Dash

Official Dash logo

Dash (formerly known as Darkcoin and XCoin) is an open source peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that offers instant transactions (InstantSend),[1] private transactions (PrivateSend)[2] and token fungibility. It was rebranded from "Darkcoin" to "Dash" on March 25, 2015, a portmanteau of "Digital Cash".[3]

Dash operates a decentralized governance and budgeting system, making it the first decentralized autonomous organization.[4]

Dash uses a chained hashing algorithm called X11 for the proof-of-work. Instead of using the SHA-256 (from well-known Secure Hash Algorithm family) or scrypt it uses 11 rounds of different hashing functions.[5]

As of 2016, Dash is among the top-7 most popular cryptocurrencies.[6]

Main website is http://www.dash.org

PrivateSend is a coin-mixing service originally based on CoinJoin. Later iterations used a more advanced method of pre-mixing denominations built into the user's wallet. The implementation of PrivateSend also allows masternodes to submit the transactions using special network code called DSTX,[7] this provides additional privacy to users due to the deadchange issue present in other CoinJoin based implementations such as DarkWallet and CoinShuffle.[8]

DarkSend rebranded to PrivateSend June 2016.

In its current implementation it adds privacy to transactions by combining identical inputs from multiple users into a single transaction with several outputs. Due to the identical inputs, transactions usually cannot be directly traced, obfuscating the flow of funds. PrivateSend makes Dash "Fungible"[9] by mixing the coins in the same denomination with other wallets, ensuring that all coins are of the same value.

PrivateSend's mixing is performed by Masternodes, servers operating on a decentralized network which have the responsibility of signing the transactions. For each round of PrivateSend, the user selects two to eight (or even more) rounds of mixing which vary the degree of anonymity achieved. Random Masternodes are then elected to perform the coin mixing. Masternodes are trust-less cryptographic technology, in the sense that they cannot steal user coins, and the combination of multiple Masternodes ensures that no single node has full knowledge of both inputs and outputs in the transaction process.

To avoid the possibility of sybil attack, a process where a peer-to-peer network is overtaken by "bad actors", collateral requirements have been added to the process of joining the Masternode network second tier. These are presently 1000 DASH [10] and allow secure network communication in via signed messages. As an incentive for operating a Masternode, chosen nodes currently earn 45% of the mining rewards.[11]

InstantSend is a service that allows for near-instant transactions. Through this system, inputs can be locked to only specific transactions and verified by consensus of the Masternode network. Conflicting transactions and blocks are rejected. If a consensus cannot be reached, validation of the transaction occurs through standard block confirmation. InstantSend purportedly solves the double-spending problem without the longer confirmation times of other cryptocurriencies such as Bitcoin.[12]

InstantX rebranded to InstantSend June 2016.

X11 is a hashing algorithm created by Dash core developer Evan Duffield. X11's chained hashing algorithm approach utilizes a sequence of eleven cryptographic hashing algorithms for the proof-of-work. This is so that the processing distribution is fair and coins will be distributed in much the same way Bitcoin's were originally.[citation needed]

With chained hashing, high end CPUs give an average return similar to that of GPUs. Another side effect of the algorithm is that GPUs run at about 30% less electrical power than scrypt and 30% to 50% cooler, putting less stress on the computing setup and ensuring lower energy bills for miners.[13]

Dark Gravity Wave (DGW) is a mining difficulty adjustment algorithm created by Dash core developer Evan Duffield to address flaws in Kimoto's Gravity Well. It uses multiple exponential moving averages and a simple moving average to smoothly adjust the difficulty, which is re-targeted every block. The block reward is not adjusted strictly by block number, but instead uses a formula controlled by Moore's law: 2222222/((Difficulty+2600)/9)2.[14][15]

Dash is the first decentralized autonomous organization powered by a Sybil proof decentralized governance and funding system.[16] DGBB or Decentralized Governance By Blockchain as it's called is a decentralized process by which the network determines where money is spent. Each Masternode operator is given the ability to use 1 vote on each governance proposal, which is a completely open and decentralized process.[17] Community interaction with proposal submitters is done usually through community driven websites, like DashWhale.[18] These websites allow proposal submitters to provide multiple drafts, then lobby for community support before finally submitting their project to the network for a vote. After the submitter has enough support, the network will automatically pay out the required funds in the next super block, which happen monthly.

Although, only in use a few months, the funding system has seen growth of its month revenue, from originally ~$14 thousands in September 2015, to nearly $30 thousands in March 2016.[19] Eventually the budget system can theoretically scale to $9M per month at a market cap of $500M.[20]

Since its inception, the project has used the system for important assets like acquiring dash.org,[21] adoption into the Lamassu ATM[22][23] and the Dash N' Drink instant soda machine,[24] along with funding many public events.[25][26][27][28]

Masternodes utilize a cryptographic bond model, which results a supply and demand market between the interest rate Masternodes are paid and the risk of holding the underlying asset. Early on in the history of the asset, the high return caused a massive uptake of Masternodes, starting from about 500 in Oct 2014 and increasing to 3650 in March 2016.[29]

Dash was originally released as XCoin (XCO) on January 18, 2014. On February 28, the name was changed to "Darkcoin". On March 25, 2015, Darkcoin was rebranded as "Dash".[3]

I discovered Bitcoin in mid 2010 and was obsessed ever since. After a couple of years in 2012 I started really thinking about how to add anonymity to Bitcoin. I came up with maybe 10 ways of doing this, but I soon realized that Bitcoin would never add my code. The developers really want the core protocol to stay the same for the most part and everything else to be implemented on the top of it. This was the birth of the concept of Darkcoin. I implemented X11 in a weekend and found it worked pretty well and it would give a completely fair start to the currency. What I really was aiming for with X11 is a similar development curve where miners would fight to create small advantages much like the early start of Bitcoin. I think this a requirement to create a healthy ecosystem.

[30]

Within the first hour of launch, approximately 500,000 coins were mined, followed by another 1,000,000 coins in the next 7 hours and finally another 400,000 in 36 hours. All told 1.9 million coins were mined in 48 hours, or approximately 32% of the current supply (as of October 2015) of approximately 5.9 million,[31][32] generating controversy regarding the initial distribution of coins. According to Duffield, this was the result of an error in the code "which incorrectly converted the difficulty, then tried using a corrupt value to calculate the subsidy, causing the instamine".[33] At the time, Duffield was working a full-time job and coding for Dash on the side, so its not surprising that there were errors in the initial code.[33] Duffield claims in the official bitcointalk.org thread (mirrored) that "Dash has no premine and was fairly and transparently launched".[34]

At the time Dash (then called Xcoin) was launched, the cryptocurrency space was riddled with scams. People were creating new currencies, hyping their value, then dumping them and abandoning the project. Many likely feared the same for Dash. However, since Dash's launch, there has been over two years of development, leading to a cryptocurrency that has over 50 volunteers and has solved such vexing issues as slow confirmation times, block size increases, decentralized governance, and a self-funding development budget.

According to CoinMarketCap, in August 2016 the daily trade volume of Dash was ~1% of the total trade of all cryptocurrencies,[35] and the market capitalization of Dash was ~80 millions of US dollars.[36] Since then, Dash has become the most active community on BitcoinTalk reaching more than 6000 pages, 122k replies, 6.6M reads.

Zerocoin, Cloakcoin and DarkNet also have built in the mixing services as a part of their blockchain network.[37]

The Dark Wallet client software for bitcoin was built to natively mix transactions between users.[38]

Monero_(cryptocurrency) is a cryptocurrency based on the CryptoNote protocol. It has gained attention recently for being adopted by dark net market AlphaBay.[39]

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Dash (cryptocurrency) - Wikipedia

What is cryptocurrency: 21st-century unicorn or the money of the future?

This introduction explains the most important thing about cryptocurrencies. After youve read it, youll know more about it than most other humans.

Today cryptocurrencies have become a global phenomenon known to most people. While still somehow geeky and not understood by most people, banks, governments and many companies are aware of its importance.

In 2016, youll have a hard time finding a major bank, a big accounting firm, a prominent software company or a government that did not research cryptocurrencies, publish a paper about it or start a so-called blockchain-project.

Virtual currencies, perhaps most notably Bitcoin, have captured the imagination of some, struck fear among others, and confused the heck out of the rest of us. Thomas Carper, US-Senator

But beyond the noise and the press releases the overwhelming majority of people even bankers, consultants, scientists, and developers have a very limited knowledge about cryptocurrencies. They often fail to even understand the basic concepts.

So lets walk through the whole story. What are cryptocurrencies?

Where did cryptocurrency originate?

Why should you learn about cryptocurrency?

And what do you need to know about cryptocurrency?

Few people know, but cryptocurrencies emerged as a side product of another invention. Satoshi Nakamoto, the unknown inventor of Bitcoin, the first and still most important cryptocurrency, never intended to invent a currency.

In his announcement of Bitcoin in late 2008, Satoshi said he developed A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.

His goal was to invent something; many people failed to create before digital cash.

The single most important part of Satoshis invention was that he found a way to build a decentralized digital cash system. In the nineties, there have been many attempts to create digital money, but they all failed.

After seeing all the centralized attempts fail, Satoshi tried to build a digital cash system without a central entity. Like a Peer-to-Peer network for file sharing.

This decision became the birth of cryptocurrency. They are the missing piece Satoshi found to realize digital cash. The reason why is a bit technical and complex, but if you get it, youll know more about cryptocurrencies than most people do. So, lets try to make it as easy as possible:

To realize digital cash you need a payment network with accounts, balances, and transaction. Thats easy to understand. One major problem every payment network has to solve is to prevent the so-called double spending: to prevent that one entity spends the same amount twice. Usually, this is done by a central server who keeps record about the balances.

In a decentralized network, you dont have this server. So you need every single entity of the network to do this job. Every peer in the network needs to have a list with all transactions to check if future transactions are valid or an attempt to double spend.

But how can these entities keep a consensus about this records?

If the peers of the network disagree about only one single, minor balance, everything is broken. They need an absolute consensus. Usually, you take, again, a central authority to declare the correct state of balances. But how can you achieve consensus without a central authority?

Nobody did know until Satoshi emerged out of nowhere. In fact, nobody believed it was even possible.

Satoshi proved it was. His major innovation was to achieve consensus without a central authority. Cryptocurrencies are a part of this solution the part that made the solution thrilling, fascinating and helped it to roll over the world.

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If you take away all the noise around cryptocurrencies and reduce it to a simple definition, you find it to be just limited entries in a database no one can change without fulfilling specific conditions. This may seem ordinary, but, believe it or not: this is exactly how you can define a currency.

Take the money on your bank account: What is it more than entries in a database that can only be changed under specific conditions? You can even take physical coins and notes: What are they else than limited entries in a public physical database that can only be changed if you match the condition than you physically own the coins and notes? Money is all about a verified entry in some kind of database of accounts, balances, and transactions.

How miners create coins and confirm transactions

Lets have a look at the mechanism ruling the databases of cryptocurrencies. A cryptocurrency like Bitcoin consists of a network of peers. Every peer has a record of the complete history of all transactions and thus of the balance of every account.

A transaction is a file that says, Bob gives X Bitcoin to Alice and is signed by Bobs private key. Its basic public key cryptography, nothing special at all. After signed, a transaction is broadcasted in the network, sent from one peer to every other peer. This is basic p2p-technology. Nothing special at all, again.

The transaction is known almost immediately by the whole network. But only after a specific amount of time it gets confirmed.

Confirmation is a critical concept in cryptocurrencies. You could say that cryptocurrencies are all about confirmation.

As long as a transaction is unconfirmed, it is pending and can be forged. When a transaction is confirmed, it is set in stone. It is no longer forgeable, it cant be reversed, it is part of an immutable record of historical transactions: of the so-called blockchain.

Only miners can confirm transactions. This is their job in a cryptocurrency-network. They take transactions, stamp them as legit and spread them in the network. After a transaction is confirmed by a miner, every node has to add it to its database. It has become part of the blockchain.

For this job, the miners get rewarded with a token of the cryptocurrency, for example with Bitcoins. Since the miners activity is the single most important part of cryptocurrency-system we should stay for a moment and take a deeper look on it.

Principally everybody can be a miner. Since a decentralized network has no authority to delegate this task, a cryptocurrency needs some kind of mechanism to prevent one ruling party from abusing it. Imagine someone creates thousands of peers and spreads forged transactions. The system would break immediately.

So, Satoshi set the rule that the miners need to invest some work of their computers to qualify for this task. In fact, they have to find a hash a product of a cryptographic function that connects the new block with its predecessor. This is called the Proof-of-Work. In Bitcoin, it is based on the SHA 256 Hash algorithm.

Read Next What is Bitcoin? A Step-By-Step Guide For Beginners

You dont need to understand details about SHA 256. Its only important you know that it can be the basis of a cryptologic puzzle the miners compete to solve. After finding a solution, a miner can build a block and add it to the blockchain. As an incentive, he has the right to add a so-called coinbase transaction that gives him a specific number of Bitcoins. This is the only way to create valid Bitcoins.

Bitcoins can only be created ifminers solve a cryptographic puzzle. Since the difficulty of this puzzle increases with the amount of computer power the whole miners invest, there is only a specific amount of cryptocurrency token than can be created in a given amount of time. This is part of the consensus no peer in the network can break.

If you really think about it, Bitcoin, as a decentralized network of peers which keep a consensus about accounts and balances, is more a currency than the numbers you see in your bank account. What are these numbers more than entries in a database a database which can be changed by people you dont see and by rules you dont know?

It is that narrative of human development under which we now have other fights to fight, and I would say in the realm of Bitcoin it is mainly the separation of money and state.

Erik Voorhees,cryptocurrency entrepreneur

Basically, cryptocurrencies are entries about token in decentralized consensus-databases. They are called CRYPTOcurrencies because the consensus-keeping process is secured by strong cryptography. Cryptocurrencies are built on cryptography. They are not secured by people or by trust, but by math. It is more probable that an asteroid falls on your house than that a bitcoin address is compromised.

Describing the properties of cryptocurrencies we need to separate between transactional and monetary properties. While most cryptocurrencies share a common set of properties, they are not carved in stone.

1.) Irreversible: After confirmation, a transaction cant be reversed. By nobody. And nobody means nobody. Not you, not your bank, not the president of the United States, not Satoshi, not your miner. Nobody. If you send money, you send it. Period. No one can help you, if you sent your funds to a scammer or if a hacker stole them from your computer. There is no safety net.

2.) Pseudonymous: Neither transactions nor accounts are connected to real world identities. You receive Bitcoins on so-called addresses, which are randomly seeming chains of around 30 characters. While it is usually possible to analyze the transaction flow, it is not necessarily possible to connect the real world identity of users with those addresses.

3.) Fast and global: Transaction are propagated nearly instantly in the network and are confirmed in a couple of minutes. Since they happen in a global network of computers they are completely indifferent of your physical location. It doesnt matter if I send Bitcoin to my neighbour or to someone on the other side of the world.

4.) Secure: Cryptocurrency funds are locked in a public key cryptography system. Only the owner of the private key can send cryptocurrency. Strong cryptography and the magic of big numbers makes it impossible to break this scheme. A Bitcoin address is more secure than Fort Knox.

5.) Permissionless: You dont have to ask anybody to use cryptocurrency. Its just a software that everybody can download for free. After you installed it, you can receive and send Bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies. No one can prevent you. There is no gatekeeper.

1.) Controlled supply: Most cryptocurrencies limit the supply of the tokens. In Bitcoin, the supply decreases in time and will reach its final number somewhere in around 2140. All cryptocurrencies control the supply of the token by a schedule written in the code. This means the monetary supply of a cryptocurrency in every given moment in the future can roughly be calculated today. There is no surprise.

2.) No debt but bearer: The Fiat-money on your bank account is created by debt, and the numbers, you see on your ledger represent nothing but debts. Its a system of IOU. Cryptocurrencies dont represent debts. They just represent themselves. They are money as hard as coins of gold.

To understand the revolutionary impact of cryptocurrencies you need to consider both properties. Bitcoin as a permissionless, irreversible and pseudonymous means of payment is an attack on the control of banks and governments over the monetary transactions of their citizens. You cant hinder someone to use Bitcoin, you cant prohibit someone to accept a payment, you cant undo a transaction.

As money with a limited, controlled supply that is not changeable by a government, a bank or any other central institution, cryptocurrencies attack the scope of the monetary policy. They take away the control central banks take on inflation or deflation by manipulating the monetary supply.

While its still fairly new and unstable relative to the gold standard, cryptocurrency is definitely gaining traction and will most certainly have more normalized uses in the next few years. Right now, in particular, its increasing in popularity with the post-election market uncertainty. The key will be in making it easy for large-scale adoption (as with anything involving crypto) including developing safeguards and protections for buyers / investors. I expect that within two years, well be in a place where people can shove their money under the virtual mattress through cryptocurrency, and theyll know that wherever they go, that money will be there. Sarah Granger, Author, and Speaker.

Mostly due to its revolutionary properties cryptocurrencies have become a success their inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, didnt dare to dream ofit. While every other attempt to create a digital cash system didnt attract a critical mass of users, Bitcoin had something that provoked enthusiasm and fascination. Sometimes it feels more like religion than technology.

Cryptocurrencies are digital gold. Sound money that is secure from political influence. Money that promises to preserve and increase its value over time. Cryptocurrencies are also a fast and comfortable means of payment with a worldwide scope, and they are private and anonymous enough to serve as a means of payment for black markets and any other outlawed economic activity.

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What is Cryptocurrency: Everything You Need To Know [Ultimate ...

Monero

Monero Logo

Monero (XMR) is an open source cryptocurrency created in April 2014 that focuses on privacy, decentralisation and scalability. Unlike many cryptocurrencies that are derivatives of Bitcoin, Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol and possesses significant algorithmic differences relating to blockchain obfuscation.[1] Monero has ongoing support from the community,[2] and its modular code architecture has been praised by Wladimir J. van der Laan, a Bitcoin Core maintainer.[3] Monero's market capitalization was multiplied by 30 during the year 2016,[4] going from $3.7 million on 3 December 2015 to $111 million on 3 December 2016, partly due to adoption by major darknet market AlphaBay at the end of summer 2016.

Monero was launched on 18 April 2014 originally under the name BitMonero, which is a compound of Bit (as in Bitcoin) and Monero (literally meaning coin in Esperanto). Five days later the community opted for the name to be shortened just to Monero. It was launched as the first fork of CryptoNote-based currency Bytecoin, however was released with two major differences. Firstly, the target block time was decreased from 120 to 60 seconds, and secondly, the emission speed was decelerated by 50% (later Monero reverted to 120 seconds block time while keeping the emission schedule by doubling the block reward per new block). In addition, the Monero developers found numerous incidents of poor quality code that was subsequently cleaned and re-constituted.[citation needed]

A few weeks after launch, an optimized GPU miner for CryptoNight proof-of-work function was developed.[5]

On 4 September 2014, Monero recovered from an unusual and novel attack executed against the cryptocurrency network.[6]

Monero is an open-source pure proof-of-work cryptocurrency. It runs on Windows, Mac, Linux and FreeBSD.[7]

Its main emission curve will issue about 18.4 Million coins to be mined in approximately 8 years.[8][9] (more precisely 18.132 Million coins by ca. end of May 2022[10][11]) After that, a constant "tail emission" of 0.6 XMR per 2-minutes block (modified from initially equivalent 0.3 XMR per 1-minute block) will create a sub-1% perpetual inflation (more precisely [see ref. above] starting with 0.87% yearly inflation around May 2022) to prevent the lack of incentives for miners once a currency is not mineable anymore.[12] The emission uses a smoothly decreasing reward with no block halving (any block generates a bit less monero than the previous one, formula: Emission per 2-minutes block = max(0.6,floor((MA)219)1012) XMR, with M=2641 and A=1012 times the amount of XMR already emitted). The smallest resolvable currency unit is 1012 XMR. The proof-of-work algorithm, CryptoNight, is AES-intensive and "memory heavy", which significantly reduces the advantage of GPU over CPU.

Monero daemon uses the original CryptoNote protocol except for the initial changes (as the block time and emission speed). The protocol itself is based on "one-time ring signatures"[13] and stealth addresses. Underlying cryptography is essentially Daniel J. Bernstein's library for Ed25519, which is Schnorr signatures on the Twisted Edwards curve. The end result is passive, decentralised mixing based on heavily-tested algorithms.[14]

However, several improvements were suggested by Monero Research Labs (a group of people, including core developers team), which covered the proper use of ring signatures for better privacy.[15] Specifically, the proposals included "a protocol-level network-wide minimum mix-in policy of n = 2 foreign outputs per ring signature", "a nonuniform transaction output selection method for ring generation" and "a torrent-style method of sending Monero output".[16] These changes, which were implemented in version 0.9.0 "Hydrogen Helix",[17] can help protect user's privacy in a CryptoNote-based currency according to the authors.

As a consequence, Monero features an opaque blockchain (with an explicit allowance system called the viewkey), in sharp contrast with transparent blockchain used by any other cryptocurrency not based on CryptoNote. Thus, Monero is said to be "private, optionally transparent". On top of very strong privacy by default, such a system permits net neutrality on the blockchain (miners cannot become censors, since they do not know where the transaction goes or what it contains) while still permitting auditing when desired (for instance, tax audit or public display of the finances of an NGO).[18] Furthermore, Monero is considered by many to offer truly fungible coins.[19][20][21]

Monero developers are also working on implementing a C++ I2P router straight in the code. This would complete the privacy chain by also hiding the IP addresses.[22]

"Monero is powered strictly by Proof of Work, but specifically, it employs a mining algorithm that has the potential to be efficiently tasked to billions of existing devices (any modern x86 CPU)."[23] Monero uses the CryptoNight Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm, which is designed for use in ordinary CPUs.[24]

The smart mining forthcoming feature will allow transparent CPU mining on the user's computer, far from the de facto centralization of mining farms and pool mining, pursuing Satoshi Nakamoto's original vision of a true P2P currency.[25]

Monero has no hardcoded limit, which means it doesn't have a 1 MB block size limitation preventing scalability. However, a block reward penalty mechanism is built into the protocol to avoid a too excessive block size increase: The new block's size NBS is compared to the median size M100 of the last 100 blocks. If NBS>M100, the block reward gets reduced in quadratic dependency of how much NBS exceeds M100. E.g. if NBS is [10%, 50%, 80%, 100%] greater than M100, the nominal block reward gets reduced by [1%, 25%, 64%, 100%]. Generally, blocks greater than 2*M100 are not allowed, and blocks <= 60kB are always free of any block reward penalties.

The Monero Core Team also released a standard called OpenAlias,[26] which permits much more human-readable addresses and "squares" the Zooko's triangle. OpenAlias can be used for any cryptocurrency and is already implemented in Monero, Bitcoin (in latest Electrum versions) and HyperStake.

XMR.TO allows to make payments to any Bitcoin address with the strong privacy provided by Monero.[27]

Since it is not based on Bitcoin, Monero cannot take advantage of the Bitcoin technological ecosystem, like GUI wallet or payment processors. As a consequence, everything has to be written from scratch.[28] Presently (as of March 2015), Monero doesn't have feature parity with Bitcoin. Notably, there is no support to multisignature and no Monero payment processor (but in April 2015 it was announced on bitcointalk.org one is in the works by a member of The Monero Core Team).

Monero transactions take up more space on the blockchain than Bitcoin transactions, and transactions will be even larger with RingCT added.[29] This makes it more expensive to run a full node.

Without RingCT implemented, it is still possible to deanonymize Monero transactions in some situations by analyzing the transaction amounts.[30]

CryptoKingdom is a MMORPG that uses Monero for entry into its economy.[37]

MoneroDice is a dice gambling game that uses cryptography for provably fair randomness.[38]

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Monero (cryptocurrency) - Wikipedia

Main TERM B

By Vangie Beal

Bitcoin is a digital payment currency that utilizes cryptocurrency (a digital medium of exchange) and peer-to-peer (P2P) technology to create and manage monetary transactions as opposed to a central authority. The open source Bitcoin P2P network creates the bitcoins and manages all the bitcoin transactions.

Often referred to as "cash for the Internet," Bitcoin is one of several popular digital payment currencies along with Litecoin, Peercoin and Namecoin. When the word Bitcoin is capitalized, it usually refers to the software and systems used for bitcoin (in lowercase it means the actual currency).

Bitcoin is considered the biggest cryptocurrency. It was first introduced in 2009 and is the most widely-traded cryptocurrency. Bitcoin as an implementation of the cryptocurrency concept was described by Wei Dai in 1998 on the cypherpunks mailing list. Dai suggested a new form of money that uses cryptography to control its creation and transactions, rather than a central authority. In 2009, the Bitcoin specification and proof of concept was published in a cryptography mailing list by Satoshi Nakamoto. As noted in the Official Bitcoin FAQ, Satoshi Nakamoto left the project in late 2010 without revealing much about himself.

Payments are made via a Bitcoin wallet application that resides on a user's computer or mobile device, and a person only needs to enter the recipient's Bitcoin address information and payment amount before pressing send to complete payment.

New bitcoins are created by a competitive and decentralized process called "mining". Bitcoin miners are processing transactions and securing the network using specialized hardware and are collecting new bitcoins in exchange. The Bitcoin protocol ensures new bitcoins are created at a fixed rate, making the process of bitcoin mining a very competitive business.

According to eWeek, efforts to improve Bitcoin mining are now under way, working under the basic assumption that the cheaper you can mine Bitcoins, the more money you can make.

While attackers are going after Bitcoin-related sites, there is an important distinction between the security of the Bitcoin network and the Bitcoin exchanges. According to InternetNews.com, no one has ever found a critical vulnerability within the Bitcoin protocol itself that would allow a user within the Bitcoin network to fraudulently create coins or forge transactions. That said, there have been compromises of various Bitcoin exchanges throughout the virtual currency's lifetime, and as the value of a Bitcoin increases, so does the risk in using exchanges.

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What Is Bitcoin Cryptocurrency? Webopedia Definition

Introduction

Bitcoin, a digital currency and payment system introduced in 2009, has been subject to an increasing amount of attention from thieves. Although the system itself is protected by strong cryptography, thieves have stolen millions of dollars of bitcoin[i] from victims by exploiting weaknesses in Bitcoin private key storage systems.

Since Bitcoin's introduction, an increasing number of alternative digital currencies (altcoins) have been created, based on the original Bitcoin client's source code. Even though none of these altcoins have approached the per-coin value of Bitcoin, some have achieved total market caps measuring in the millions of dollars. As a result, these altcoins have also been targeted for theft.

Mass theft of cryptocurrency is usually accomplished through the hacking of exchanges or marketplaces. These thefts are typically well-publicized, and the total number of stolen coins is known. However, another category of Bitcoin theft targets individual users' wallets or exchange accounts via malware such as general-purpose remote access trojans (RATs) or specialized cryptocurrency-stealing malware (CCSM). Due to the skyrocketing value of cryptocurrencies since the beginning of 2013 and the relative simplicity of coding malware and tools to steal cryptocurrency, the Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit(TM) (CTU) research team predicts that CCSM will become one of the fastest-growing categories of malware.

CCSM classification project

To understand the scope of this new threat, CTU researchers embarked on a project to obtain and classify as many CCSM samples as possible. Researchers scanned incoming malware streams with YARA rules, searching for samples that refer to known cryptocurrency software wallet filenames and locations. These samples were classified into families based on similarity. As of this publication, there are more than 100 unique families of malware on the Internet with functionality to steal wallet files or to steal cryptocurrency using other means.

Overall trends

Figure 1 shows the increase in the Windows-compatible CCSM over time. This chart tracks only Windows malware because the Windows portable executable format includes a timestamp in the file headers showing exactly when the malware was compiled. Most malware authors do not bother to alter this timestamp post-release, so it a reasonable and reliable indicator of when a particular sample was created. This chart shows the relationships between average monthly Bitcoin price, new family emergence, and overall total number of families. These variables show a correlation between malware emergence and the price (acceptance) of the currency.

Figure 1. The correlation between Bitcoin price, new malware emergence, and total threat of cryptocurrency-stealing malware. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)

The trend shown in Figure 1 closely follows the overall price trend of Bitcoin. As Bitcoin has become more valuable, more malware authors are targeting it. The record-breaking highs in Bitcoin value from the end of 2013 into 2014 have been accompanied by record-breaking numbers of new CCSM families.

Popularity of coins in CCSM

All CCSM analyzed by CTU researchers targeted Bitcoin. Figure 2 shows the distribution of CCSM-targeted altcoins between January 2009 and the middle of February, 2014.

Figure 2. The distribution of altcoins targeted by CCSM between January 2009 and mid-February, 2014. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)

Figure 3 shows the overall ratio of samples belonging to each malware family. A few malware families seem to be in widespread distribution, while others may have only one or two variants. The "Unclassified" group represents cryptocurrency malware that CTU researchers have not classified as of this publication. The "Miscellaneous" group includes the cryptocurrency malware families the CTU research team has discovered that would not fit into the chart.

Figure 3. The overall ratio of discovered samples belonging to each malware family. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)

CCSM categories

Wallet stealer

The most common type of CCSM is the wallet stealer, a category that includes nearly every family of CTU-analyzed CCSM. This type of malware searches for "wallet.dat" or other well-known wallet software key storage locations, either by checking known file locations or by searching all hard drives for matching filenames. Typically, the file is uploaded to a remote FTP, HTTP, or SMTP server where the thief can extract the keys and steal the coins by signing a transaction, transferring the coins to the thief's Bitcoin/altcoin address.

Most cryptocurrency security guides recommend protecting the wallet with a strong passphrase, preventing the thief from decrypting and using the private keys if the file is stolen. To counter this protection, many of the analyzed wallet-stealer malware families use a keylogger or clipboard monitor to obtain the wallet file's passphrase and send it to the thief.

Credential stealer

Many wallet-stealer families also steal credentials for various web-based wallets, such as Bitcoin exchanges. Some individuals keep a significant amount of bitcoin or other currency in exchanges to trade on price movements. Malware authors are aware of this activity, and many victims have reported that their exchange wallets were emptied without their authorization. In most cases, it is impossible to know exactly what malware was used in the theft, because a full forensic analysis of the victim's hard drive is rarely performed.

Many exchanges have implemented two-factor authentication (2FA) using one-time PINs (OTP) to combat unauthorized account logins. However, advanced malware can easily bypass OTP-based 2FA by intercepting the OTP as it is used and creating a second hidden browser window to log the thief into the account from the victim's computer. Simultaneously, the malware displays a fake "authentication failed" message and blocks the victim's access to the website while the thief empties the account. CTU researchers have not observed a verified example of this type of attack against cryptocurrency exchanges. However, this technique has been successfully used against online banking sites for several years, and it is only a matter of time before CCSM uses this approach.

Man in the middle

CTU researchers have observed at least one family of CCSM that does not exfiltrate wallet files or private keys. Instead, it acts as a "man in the middle," altering the recipient address of a transaction before it is signed. The observed sample runs in the background, monitoring the contents of the clipboard. The malware checks new data in the clipboard for a valid Bitcoin address. If the data is a valid address, the malware replaces it with the thief's Bitcoin address. Victims who do not notice the replacement send the bitcoins to the thief.

RPC automation

Bitcoin and altcoin "reference client" software includes remote procedure call (RPC) functionality, which allows another program to interact with the wallet software. In many cases, a thief with access to this functionality could connect to a running client on a local TCP port and steal the balance of an unencrypted wallet using only two commands (three if the wallet is encrypted and the malware has obtained the passphrase). CTU researchers have not witnessed any CCSM malware taking advantage of this technique as of this publication. It would be difficult to detect this type of theft from a network standpoint, as the transaction would look like any authorized transaction. Another advantage to this technique is that it requires no external command and control (C2) or exfiltration server that can be shut down or blocked.

Detection rates

Across the CCSM samples analyzed by CTU researchers, the average unweighted detection rate across all major antivirus (AV) vendors was 48.9%. Figure 4 lists the major CCSM families classified by the CTU research team and their respective detection rates averaged across all major AV vendors.

Figure 4. Top CCSM families and their detection rate across AV vendors as of February 20, 2014. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)

Wallet protection

Client software choices

When the private keys for a cryptocurrency are stored on a computer connected to the Internet, the potential for theft exists. For Bitcoin there are alternative wallets, such as Armory and Electrum, which can protect against theft-by-malware by using a split arrangement for key storage. One computer, disconnected from any network, runs a copy of the software and holds the private key that can sign transactions. A second computer connected to the Internet holds only a master public key of which addresses belong to the offline wallet. This computer can generate transactions, but it cannot sign them because it does not have the private key. A user wishing to transfer coins generates an unsigned transaction on the online computer, carries the transaction to the offline computer, signs the transaction, and then carries it to the online computer to broadcast the transaction to the Bitcoin network.

Using a split Armory or Electrum wallet can make processing transactions much safer, although the user must still verify the transaction details to ensure malware on the online computer has not altered the transaction before it is signed. Unfortunately, no such clients currently exist for altcoins, although the need for them is recognized and bounties have been offered for their development.

Hardware wallets

Using two computers in a split arrangement where transactions are carried via "sneakernet" is relatively secure, but the logistics are complicated. A much more convenient method would be to use a dedicated hardware device to store the private keys and verify transactions without the possibility of theft. These devices are already in development, with one (the "Trezor" wallet) due to be shipped within the first quarter of 2014.

Transaction integrity verification

Hardware wallets work well for local transactions but not for safely interacting with a remote website on a potentially infected computer. Securely verifying a transaction that has transited a potentially compromised waypoint requires an offline device that can display the details of the transaction before it is processed. Public-key cryptography signs the transaction data on the bank's server before the data is sent to the user. The offline device can verify the signature of the transaction and determine if any changes occurred in transit. If the transaction shows no tampering, the offline device generates a one-time code that authenticates the transaction. This transaction integrity verification (TIV) should become standard for all financial entities, including institutions and sites that accept cryptocurrencies.

Conclusion

After observing CCSM, CTU researchers drew the following conclusions:

As discussed in Enterprise Best Practices for Cryptocurrency Adoption, wallet security is the most pivotal aspect to keeping funds secure. Implementing the practices outlined in that publication will mitigate most, if not all, of the current threats to cryptocurrency wallets.

Appendix

Table 1 lists the most commonly observed malicious filenames in the CTU research team's sample set.

Table 1. Common filenames in malware samples.

Endnotes

[i] Bitcoin (capitalized) refers to the protocol, software, and community, while bitcoins (lowercase) are currency units.

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Cryptocurrency-Stealing Malware Landscape - Dell SecureWorks

Date Hijacked pool Network AS owner Feb 03, 2014 Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Feb 04, 2014 BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Feb 05, 2014 HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Feb 06, 2014 BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Feb 07, 2014 Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Unknown 54.203.244.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Feb 08, 2014 Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Unknown 54.203.244.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Mar 22, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 162.243.89.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Mar 23, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 162.243.89.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Mar 29, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 162.243.89.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Apr 04, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Apr 08, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Apr 11, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Apr 24, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) Apr 25, 2014 BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eligius 192.241.205.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.150.205.0/24 (AS35662 Redstation Limited, GB) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL) Apr 26, 2014 BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eligius 192.241.205.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.150.205.0/24 (AS35662 Redstation Limited, GB) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL) May 02, 2014 BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eligius 192.241.205.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.150.205.0/24 (AS35662 Redstation Limited, GB) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL) May 04, 2014 BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Dogecoinr 198.251.81.0/24 (AS53667 FranTech Solutions, US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eligius 192.241.205.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.150.205.0/24 (AS35662 Redstation Limited, GB) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) May 06, 2014 Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Dogecoinr 198.251.81.0/24 (AS53667 FranTech Solutions, US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) May 07, 2014 BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) F2Pool 112.124.13.0/24 (AS37963 Hangzhou Alibaba Advertising Co. Ltd., CN) F2Pool 114.215.103.0/24 (AS37963 Hangzhou Alibaba Advertising Co. Ltd., CN) F2Pool 115.28.152.0/24 (AS37963 Hangzhou Alibaba Advertising Co. Ltd., CN) F2Pool 115.28.153.0/24 (AS37963 Hangzhou Alibaba Advertising Co. Ltd., CN) F2Pool 115.28.63.0/24 (AS37963 Hangzhou Alibaba Advertising Co. Ltd., CN) May 09, 2014 BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) BitMinter 192.31.187.0/24 (AS32421 Black Lotus Communications, US) Clevermining 107.170.227.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Clevermining 107.170.47.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) CloudMines 192.99.18.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Coinshift 54.213.177.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Coinshift 54.84.236.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Dogecoinr 198.251.81.0/24 (AS53667 FranTech Solutions, US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.208.18.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.208.33.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) HashCows 37.187.9.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 142.4.195.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Hashfaster 192.99.20.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 142.4.211.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) LiteGuardian 188.165.198.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Middlecoin 54.194.173.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.197.251.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Middlecoin 54.214.242.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Multipool 108.61.49.0/24 (AS20473 Choopa LLC, US) Multipool 146.185.179.0/24 (AS46652 ServerStack Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.142.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 162.243.226.0/24 (AS62567 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Multipool 50.117.92.0/24 (AS18779 EGIHosting, US) NoBrainerCrypto 107.170.244.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) Nut2Pools 198.27.75.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL) WafflePool 192.241.211.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) WafflePool 192.99.35.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) WafflePool 95.85.61.0/24 (AS200130 Digital Ocean Inc., EU) May 10, 2014 BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) BitMinter 192.31.187.0/24 (AS32421 Black Lotus Communications, US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eligius 192.241.205.0/24 (AS14061 Digital Ocean Inc., US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.208.18.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.208.33.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL) May 13, 2014 50BTC 144.76.102.0/24 (AS24940 Hetzner Online AG, DE) 50BTC 5.9.38.0/24 (AS24940 Hetzner Online AG, DE) BTCGuild 192.198.107.0/24 (AS55286 B2 Net Solutions Inc., US) BTCGuild 198.245.63.0/24 (AS16276 OVH SAS, FR) BTCGuild 54.246.170.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) BitMinter 192.31.187.0/24 (AS32421 Black Lotus Communications, US) Eclipse 69.197.61.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) Eclipse 72.20.58.0/24 (AS25761 Staminus Communications, US) GHash.IO 46.229.169.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.208.18.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) GHash.IO 88.208.33.0/24 (AS39572 AdvancedHosters Ltd., UA) PolMine 31.186.87.0/24 (AS57367 DevonStudio Sp. z o.o., PL) Slush 54.195.36.0/24 (AS16509 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 54.225.68.0/24 (AS14618 Amazon.com Inc., US) Slush 95.211.52.0/24 (AS16265 LeaseWeb B.V., NL)

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BGP Hijacking for Cryptocurrency Profit | Dell SecureWorks

A digital-currency company thinks it can protect the personal information used to perform identity checks in the financial industry.

Companies built around Bitcoin and other digital currencies mostly focus on storing and transferring money. But at least one company is trying to prove that some of the underlying technology can have a much wider impact on the financial industry.

That startup, Ripple Labs, has already had some success persuading banks to use its Bitcoin-inspired protocol to speed up money transfers made in any currency, especially across borders (see 50 Smartest Companies 2014: Ripple Labs). Now it is building a system that uses some similar cryptographic tricks to improve the way financial companies check the identity of their customers. The system could also provide a more secure way to log in to other online services.

Verifying identity is a constant, expensive headache for financial institutions, which are bound by strict regulations designed to curtail money laundering and support for blacklisted organizations such as terrorist groups. Most banks turn to one of a handful of large data brokers, such as Experian or Acxiom, to power their ID checks. When you open a new account, a bank gathers key personal information and sends it to its broker to verify your identity, and to confirm that you arent on any block list.

Under Ripples system, the same basic process would take place. However, your personal information would be used to generate a unique cryptographic token. A bank could send the token to a data broker that has its own token, made using your personal information at an earlier time. The math underpinning Ripples system would allow the broker to confirm that the data you had given the bank was correct, without either the bank or the broker ever revealing the data itself.

Apples mobile payment technology uses similar technology to protect credit card numbers (see 10 Breakthrough Technologies 2015: Apple Pay). When you use Apple Pay, only a cryptographic token representing your credit card number is transferred to the merchant. That token can be used to charge your card, but it wont reveal anything to anyone who manages to steal it, and it cannot be reused.

Stefan Thomas, chief technology officer of Ripple, says its ID verification system should reduce the risk that personal data will be stolen or accidentally leaked and should also be faster than the systems used today, which have developed gradually over decades and still use outdated technology. He says Ripple decided to develop the technology after it became clear that the financial system needed more than just new ways to transfer money.

Thomas adds that by cutting costs and security risks, Ripples system might allow cheaper data brokers to emerge. It could also make it easier for banks to operate in poorer parts of the world, where verification systems can be particularly expensive to operate, even for U.S. banks, he says. And Ripples engineers are also working on ways their protocol can be used to log in to online services.

Sarah Jane Hughes, a law professor at Indiana University who specializes in payment systems, says Ripple has identified a legitimate opportunity. Companies spend a lot on complying with identity verification rules, and mistakes are expensive, she says. For example, PayPal agreed to pay $7.7 million to the U.S. Treasury last week for failing to block just under 500 transactions involving people subject to U.S. sanctions. If you could do verification more rapidly and with a greater degree of certainty, it would be hugely valuable, says Hughes.

However, Hughes says, switching to a new system would not be easy for most financial institutions. They would probably have to retain the old system for some time for compatibility reasons. That means Ripples idea would have to deliver significant benefits to gain traction.

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Ripple, a Cryptocurrency Company, Wants to Rewire Bank ...

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