I remember the first time I ever tried to learn to code. I was in middle school, and my dad, a programmer himself, pulled open a text editor and typed this on the screen:
Excuse me? I said.
It prints Hello World, he replied.
Whats public? Whats class? Whats static? Whats
Ignore that for now. Its just boilerplate.
But I was pretty freaked out by all that so-called boilerplate I didnt understand, and so I set out to learn what each one of those keywords meant. That turned out to be complicated and boring, and pretty much put the kibosh on my young coder aspirations.
Its immensely easier to learn software development today than it was when I was in high school, thanks to sites likecodecademy.com, the ease of setting up basic development environments, and a generalsway towards teaching high-level, interpreted languageslike Python and Javascript. You can go from knowing nothing about coding to writing your first conditional statements in a browser in just a few minutes. No messy environmental setup, installations, compilers, or boilerplate to deal with you can head straight to the juicy bits.
This is exactly how humans learn best. First, were taught core concepts at a high level, and onlythencan we appreciate and understand under-the-hood details and why they matter. We learn Python,thenC,thenassembly, not the other way around.
Unfortunately, lots of folks who set out to learn Machine Learning today have the same experience I had when I was first introduced to Java. Theyre given all the low-level details up front layer architecture, back-propagation, dropout, etc and come to think ML is really complicated and that maybe they should take a linear algebra class first, and give up.
Thats a shame, because in the very near future, most software developers effectively using Machine Learning arent going to have to think or know about any of that low-level stuff. Just as we (usually) dont write assembly or implement our own TCP stacks or encryption libraries, well come to use ML as a tool and leave the implementation details to a small set of experts. At that point after Machine Learning is democratized developers will need to understand not implementation details but instead best practices in deploying these smart algorithms in the world.
Today, if you want to build a neural network that recognizes your cats face in photos or predicts whether your next Tweet will go viral, youd probably set off to learn eitherTensorFloworPyTorch. These Python-based deep learning libraries are the most popular tools for designing neural networks today, and theyre both under 5 years old.
In its short lifespan, TensorFlow has already become way,waymore user-friendly than it was five years ago. In its early days, you had to understand not only Machine Learning but also distributed computing and deferred graph architectures to be an effective TensorFlow programmer. Even writing a simple print statement was a challenge.
Just earlier this fall, TensorFlow 2.0 officially launched, making the framework significantly more developer-friendly. Heres what a Hello-World-style model looks like in TensorFlow 2.0:
If youve designed neural networks before, the code above is straight-forward and readable. But if you havent or youre just learning, youve probably got some questions. Like, what is Dropout? What are these dense layers, how many do you need and where do you put them? Whatssparse_categorical_crossentropy? TensorFlow 2.0 removes some friction from building models, but it doesnt abstract away designing the actual architecture of those models.
So what will the future of easy-to-use ML tools look like? Its a question that everyone from Google to Amazon to Microsoft and Apple are spending clock cycles trying to answer. Also disclaimer it is whatIspend all my time thinking about as an engineer at Google.
For one, well start to see many more developers using pre-trained models for common tasks, i.e. rather than collecting our own data and training our own neural networks, well just use Googles/Amazons/Microsofts models. Many cloud providers already do something like this. For example, by hitting a Google Cloud REST endpoint, you can use a pre-trained neural networks to:
You can also run pre-trained models on-device, in mobile apps, using tools like GooglesML Kitor ApplesCore ML.
The advantage to using pre-trained models over a model you build yourself in TensorFlow (besides ease-of-use) is that, frankly, you probably cannot personally build a model more accurate than one that Google researchers, training neural networks on a whole Internet of data and tons GPUs andTPUs, could build.
The disadvantage to using pre-trained models is that they solve generic problems, like identifying cats and dogs in images, rather than domain-specific problems, like identifying a defect in a part on an assembly line.
But even when it comes to training custom models for domain-specific tasks, our tools are becoming much more user-friendly.
Screenshot of Teachable Machine, a tool for building vision, gesture, and speech models in the browser.
Googles freeTeachable Machinesite lets users collect data and train models in the browser using a drag-and-drop interface. Earlier this year, MIT released a similarcode-free interfacefor building custom models that runs on touchscreen devices, designed for non-coders like doctors.Microsoftand startups likelobe.aioffer similar solutions. Meanwhile,Google Cloud AutoMLis an automated model-training framework for enterprise-scale workloads.
As ML tools become easier to use, the skills that developers hoping to use this technology (but not become specialists) will change. So if youre trying to plan for where, Wayne-Gretsky-style, the puck is going, what should you study now?
What makes Machine Learning algorithms distinct from standard software is that theyre probabilistic. Even a highly accurate model will be wrong some of the time, which means its not the right solution for lots of problems, especially on its own. Take ML-powered speech-to-text algorithms: it might be okay if occasionally, when you ask Alexa to Turn off the music, she instead sets your alarm for 4 AM. Its not ok if a medical version of Alexa thinks your doctor prescribed you Enulose instead of Adderall.
Understanding when and how models should be used in production is and will always be a nuanced problem. Its especially tricky in cases where:
Take medical imaging. Were globally short on doctors and ML models are oftenmore accuratethan trained physicians at diagnosing disease. But would you want an algorithm to have the last say on whether or not you have cancer? Same thing with models that help judges decide jail sentences.Models can be biased, but so are people.
Understanding when ML makes sense to use as well as how to deploy it properly isnt an easy problem to solve, but its one thats not going away anytime soon.
Machine Learning models are notoriously opaque. Thats why theyre sometimes called black boxes. Its unlikely youll be able to convince your VP to make a major business decision with my neural network told me so as your only proof. Plus, if you dont understand why your model is making the predictions it is, you might not realize its making biased decisions (i.e. denying loans to people from a specific age group or zip code).
Its for this reason that so many players in the ML space are focusing on building Explainable AI features tools that let users more closely examine what features models are using to make predictions. We still havent entirely cracked this problem as an industry, but were making progress. In November, for example, Google launched a suite of explainability tools as well as something calledModel Cards a sort of visual guide for helping users understand the limitations of ML models.
Googles Facial Recognition Model Card shows the limitations of this particular model.
There are a handful of developers good at Machine Learning, a handful of researchers good at neuroscience, and very few folks who fall in that intersection. This is true of almost any sufficiently complex field. The biggest advances well see from ML in the coming years likely wont be from improved mathematical methods but from people with different areas of expertise learning at least enough Machine Learning to apply it to their domains. This is mostly the case in medical imaging, for example, where themost exciting breakthroughs being able to spot pernicious diseases in scans are powered not by new neural network architectures but instead by fairly standard models applied to a novel problem. So if youre a software developer lucky enough to possess additional expertise, youre already ahead of the curve.
This, at least, is whatIwould focus on today if I were starting my AI education from scratch. Meanwhile, I find myself spending less and less time building custom models from scratch in TensorFlow and more and more time using high-level tools like AutoML and AI APIs and focusing on application development.
This article was written by Dale Markowitz, an Applied AI Engineer at Google based in Austin, Texas, where she works on applying machine learning to new fields and industries. She also likes solving her own life problems with AI, and talks about it on YouTube.
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Hey software developers, youre approaching machine learning the wrong way - The Next Web
