Coronavirus lockdowns have led to a massive reduction in global emissions, but theres one area where energy usage is up way up during the pandemic: internet traffic.
Data-intensive video streaming, gaming and livestreaming for business, university and school classes, is chewing up energy.
Read more: Netflix has capitalized on social isolation, but will its success continue in a post-coronavirus world?
Estimates can be notoriously difficult and depend on the electricity source, but six hours of streaming video may be the equivalent of burning one litre of petrol, due to emissions from the electricity used to power the data centres which deliver the video.
In fact, the energy associated with the global IT sector from powering internet servers to charging smartphones is estimated to have the same carbon footprint as the aviation industrys fuel emissions (before planes were grounded).
But Australia is a global leader in research to lower the energy used in IT, which is vital for meeting the streaming demand without the environmental cost.
Video requires huge amounts of data, and accounts for around 80% of the data transmitted on the internet. Much of the energy needed for streaming services is consumed by data centres, which deliver data to your computer or device. Increasingly housed in vast factory-sized buildings, these servers store, process and distribute internet traffic.
Research in 2015 found data centres may consume as much as 13% of the worlds electricity by 2030, accounting for about 6% of global carbon dioxide emissions. And the European Commission-funded Eureca project found data centres in EU countries consumed 25% more energy in 2017 compared with 2014.
Imagine what those figures will look like at the end of this year of home-bound internet use.
Read more: Where's your data? It's not actually in the cloud, it's sitting in a data centre
The growth in IT is often taken for granted. In contrast to the old days of dial-up internet, we now demand a three-hour movie, in high definition, to download immediately. We want phones that can take video like a pro.
None of this is free. Nor is it sustainable. Every year the number of computations, or transmission of information through space, done globally, increases by 60%, according to 2011 research.
All this computation uses transistors. These are tiny switches that amplify electrical signals, and are made using silicon-based technology.
For the past 40 years, our ever-increasing need for more computing was largely satisfied by incremental improvements in silicon-based computing technology ever-smaller, ever-faster, ever-more efficient chips. We refer to this constant shrinking of silicon components as Moores law.
For example, since the late 1970s the length of transistors reduces by about 30%, and the area by about 50%, every two years. This shrinks the energy used in switching on and off each transistor by about 50%, which is better for the environment.
While each transistor uses only a tiny amount of energy, there are billions of transistors in a typical computer chip, each switching billions of time per second. This can add up to a vast amount of energy.
Recently it has become much harder (and much more expensive) to pursue such trends, and the number of companies pursuing smaller components is dropping off rapidly.
Globally, four companies manufactured chips with 14 nanometre (nm) transistors in 2014, but in recent years theyve struggled to continue shrinking the size of silicon transistors. Global Foundries dropped out of this race altogether in 2018, and Intel experienced enormous problems with manufacturing at 10 nm. That leaves only two companies (Samsung and TSMC) making 7 nm transistors today.
So the answer isnt to switch off Netflix. The answer is to create better computer chips.
But weve got everything we can out of silicon, so we need to use something else. If we want computing to continue to grow, we need new, energy-efficient computers.
Australia is leading the world in this new field to replace conventional electronics. The ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET) was established in 2017 to address exactly this challenge.
Last year scientists at FLEET published research in Nature revealing the discovery that the topological material sodium-bismuthide could be the key to achieving ultra-low energy electronics.
These so-called topological insulators, which led to a 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, conduct electricity only along their edges, and in one direction, without loss of energy due to resistance.
This discovery is a first step towards the development of a low-energy replacement for conventional silicon-based electronics.
Read more: Why are scientists so excited about a recently claimed quantum computing milestone?
Other top research centres in Australia are addressing different parts of this challenge. For example, one centre is working to reduce the energy used in ubiquitous communication of digital data. Another two are taking a different tack, developing an entirely new quantum technology for computing which promises to enormously speed up, and improve the efficiency of, certain difficult computing tasks.
Other countries are equally focused on developing alternatives to the unsustainable need for better and faster electronics, since we cannot sustain the energy needed for these existing and future technologies.
All of these technologies are still confined to specialised laboratories and are probably at least a decade away from finding their way into everyday devices. But we dont expect the demand for computing to go away, and the energy problem in IT will only become more urgent.
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Bingeing Netflix under lockdown? Here's why streaming comes at a cost to the environment - The Conversation AU