The year in #StupidSecurity 2019’s biggest security and privacy blunders – The Daily Swig

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

Flagrant tales of epic (security) fails

Stupid criminals, careless politicians, inept bug handling, and more slapdash or just plain stupid behavior were abundant in the arena of cybersecurity over the past 12 months.

Everyone involved in this year's #StupidSecurity run-down ought to resolve to do better in 2020, perhaps by starting to cast an eye over examples of the people and organizations whove handled infosec problems with a bit more grace, preparation, and better passwords. Sounds familiar..

Bug bounties and ethical hacking particularly in the field of web security are a major topic of interest for The Daily Swig.

Vendor missteps are legion but sometimes its the bug hunters who get it wrong.

Back in July, developers of the VLC media player were able to debunk widely covered reports of a critical security issue in their popular open source software.

Jean-Baptiste Kempf, president of VLC owner VideoLAN,told The Daily Swig that the exploit did not work on the latest VLC build. In fact, it turned out that any potential issues related to the vulnerability were patched more than a year ago.

CERT-Bund which initially flagged the issue as critical - downgraded the vulnerability to low impact after we challenged the organization on its originally published classification, which was based largely on a public ticket.

Missteps in bug handling are more common on the vendor rather than researcher side, of course.

July brought the discovery of a Zoom client bug that allowed any site to force Mac users into video chat.

Security researcher Jonathan Leitschuh went public with a vulnerability in the Mac version of the Zoom video conferencing app that could allow a malicious site to auto-join Mac users to a video call and enable their webcam without permission.

Security researchers faulted Zoom for its initially dismissive response to the issue.

Check out the latest bug bounty and security news

Capital One grabbed news headlines in July when the US financial services company announced that some information of approximately 106 million people residing in the US and Canada had been exposed.

The criminal breach also compromised more sensitive information on a smaller number of customers: 140,000 Social Security numbers, 1 million Canadian Social Insurance numbers, and 80,000 bank account numbers.

Capital One tried to deflect attention from this aspect of the problem, much to the derision of the security community.

The alleged perpetrator, Paige A. Thompson, gained access through a misconfiguration of a cloud-hosted web application, according to prosecutors.

On a much smaller scale, the Dutch Data Protection Authority was left red-faced back in May after it failed to report itself on time over a minor data breach, caused by one of its own employees.

Oops.

DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) an emerging web protocol that aims to protect online privacy online became the arena for policy controversies this year.

The technology is supported by browser makers including Google and Mozilla but criticized by some because of its reliance on third-party DNS providers, among other reasons.

The Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA) controversially argued that DoH impedes web blocking programs going as far as nominating Mozilla as an internet villain over its support of the technology.

The ISPA trade association was obliged to backtrack and pull the nomination after a backlash from sections of the internet security community.

What could be a more awkward if not plain ridiculous situation than to be arrested while doing your job?

But thats what happened to two staff at US security consultancy Coalfire, who were arrested during late night physical pen tests at a courthouse in Dallas County, Iowa, back in September.

Dallas County Iowa Sheriff Chad Leonard told The Daily Swig that he acted properly in arresting the two infosec workers who went outside the scope of their contract.

In August, digital bank Monzo told hundreds of thousands of customers to change their PINs after it realized it was accidentally storing sensitive customer data in log files.

Monzo isnt alone when it comes to slip ups in this area.

For example, back in March it was revealed that Facebook had been logging web requests containing clear-text passwords for years.

Facebook came under fire once again months later, in September, over a data leak that exposed the phone numbers of hundreds of millions of its users.

Having had its share of privacy scandals, Facebook's all-caps rebrand in November to FACEBOOK was also widely mocked as tone deaf. A design that said reflective repentance may have been viewed as more appropriate.

Check out the latest data breach and security news

Last year in Stupid Security, Kanye West infamously exposed the PIN code of his phone in front of the spectating press corps during an Oval Office meeting with President Trump. The rapper was captured tapping in 000000 to unlock his iPhone.

But 2019 showed us that it's not only rappers who fall victim to easy to guess PIN codes.

In October Congressman Lance Gooden made much the same security slip up in revealing his phone password was 111111 by entering the code during a filmed Congressional session.

Gooden made light of his faux pas, choosing to disregard the part that hacking played in the 2016 US presidential election cycle or the sensitivity of the communications the first-term congressman handles.

The Republican congressman isnt alone in being captured by cameras in making a questionable security trade-offs.

Back in March, a video surfaced on Twitter that appeared to show Hashim Thai, the President of Kosovo, logging into his computer using an all-too-simple password.

Passwords remain a necessary evil despite predictions that were moving towards a passwordless future, a warm future thats perennially two or three years away..

One online resource, a Dumb Password Rules tool, spotlights firms that take an idiosyncratic approach to password policy.

Examples of curious policies include those of the BMO (Bank of Montreal), where users passwords must be exactly six characters long and include no special characters..

Entropy, theyve heard of it. Or perhaps they havent?!

LISTEN NOW SwigCast, Episode 4: MAGECART

John McAfee who we sense will become a fixture of this annual list backed up his support for a much criticised crypto-currency wallet last year with a stand-out performance in a different category, OpSec fail.

In July, McAfee posted pictures on Twitter that revealed that he was holed up in Vilnius, Lithuania, in a tin-foil lined room. The disclosure followed days after McAfee and his entourage were arrested after his yacht docked in the Dominican Republic over concerns that Army-grade weapons were on board.

The group were released without charge four days later before resurfacing in eastern Europe.

Criminals and police alike served up a steady diet of WTF moments in infosec over the last 12 months.

In January, a Microsoft employee chided the Chicago Police Department over claims the police forces Windows 7 machines were at the cutting edge of technology.

In July somebody hijacked the Met Polices official newsfeed and Twitter account, a small example of a wide field of slapdash security that involves what might loosely be described social media shenanigans.

Staying with police-related security missteps, Chinese citizen Yujing Zhang was arrested at Trumps Mar-a-Lago club in Florida with suspect items including multiple phones, two passports, and a USB stick that it turned out was stuffed full of malware.

It emerged that the US Secret Service trained security professionals, lest we forget plugged the suspect USB into one of their computers.

Not so much Bodyguard as the booby-trapped guards.

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Swig Security Review 2019: Part II

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The year in #StupidSecurity 2019's biggest security and privacy blunders - The Daily Swig

The Decade We Learned Theres No Such Thing as Privacy Online – VICE

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

In the past ten years, we lost hope in American politics, realized we were being watched on the internet, and finally broke the gender binary (kind of). So many of the beliefs we held to be true at the beginning of the decade have since been proved to be falseor at least, much more complicated than they once seemed. The Decade of Disillusion is a series that tracks how the hell we got here.

The last decade has seen no limit of scandals highlighting how personal privacy in the internet era doesnt actually exist. Whether were talking about wireless carriers selling your daily location data to any nitwit with a nickel, or incompetent executives leaving consumer data openly exposed on the Amazon cloud, calling the last decade ugly would be an understatement.

Whats more the government, utterly captured by the industries its supposed to hold accountable, has proven feckless in the face of the threat. The United States still lacks any meaningful law governing behavior in the internet era, and the glaring lack of accountability couldnt have been made any more obvious over the last ten years.

2010: The Rise of the Internet of Very Broken Things

During the late 90s and early aughts, internet of things evangelists routinely heralded a hyper-connected future, where everything from your refrigerator to your tea kettle would be connected to the internet. The end result, they promised, would be unprecedented convenience and a Jetsons-esque future, contributing to a simpler, more efficient existence.

The end result wasnt quite what was advertised.

A lack of any meaningful privacy or security safeguards quickly ruined the party, turning the IoT revolution into the butt of endless jokes. Throughout the decade, evidence emerged that everything from your smart television to your kids WiFi-enabled Barbie doll was easily hackable, showcasing that the smarter choice is often dumber, older tech.

May 2013: Edward Snowden reveals the NSA's surveillance dragnet

Snowden, the most famous whistleblower of a generation, gave thousands of classified NSA documents to journalists Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras. The documents showed in great detail how the post 9/11 intelligence apparatus was collecting data in bulk on American citizens and people around the world through programs like PRISM, XKeyscore, LoveINT, and a host of others. The revelations showed that the NSA had backdoors into the databases of many of Silicon Valley's largest companies, that it was surveilling world leaders and American allies, and that the U.S. government's surveillance state had become ever present in American life.

Snowden's revelations were published over the course of yearsthis slow drip of information kept Snowden, NSA surveillance, and privacy in the news, making it an ongoing national conversation over the entire decade.

August 2013: Hackers steal the data of 3 billion Yahoo users

In September 2016, as the company attempted to sell itself to Verizon, Yahoo belatedly revealed it had been the victim of a series of major hacks in 2013 and 2014. After initially claiming that 500 million users were impacted, it would later acknowledge that the hack impacted roughly 3 billion users, the biggest data breach in U.S. history.

Yahoo would ultimately have to pay a $35 million penalty to the Securities and Exchange Commission for pretending the hacks never happened, and another $80 million as part of a class action settlement. But as with most punishment, much of the money went to lawyers, and the penalties paled in comparison to the money made from monetizing user data.

2017: Congress helps big telecom kill FCC privacy rules

Big telecom has always had a flippant relationship when it comes to respecting your private data. For years ISPs quietly monetized your every online click, and have even charged customers significantly more if they wanted their privacy respected. In 2014, Verizon was busted modifying user data packets to covertly track users around the internet without telling them.

In 2016 the FCC under Tom Wheeler tried to do something about it, passing some modest broadband privacy rules that would have forced ISPs to be transparent about what data was collected and sold, and to whom. The rules would have also required that consumers opt in before ISPs and mobile carriers could share and sell more sensitive financial data.

But in 2017 the House and Senate voted to eliminate those rules at the behest of industry, opening the door to years of additional abuse by the sector.

March 2017: The Equifax hack heard around the world

The last decade saw no shortage of breaches that exposed mountains of personal data, be it the hack of Marriott (500 million customers), Adult Friend Finder (412.2 million users) or EBay (145 million). But none highlighted corporate incompetence or government fecklessness quite like the 2017 hack of Equifax, which exposed the financial data of 145 million Americans.

In part because data would later reveal that Equifax knew about the vulnerability and did nothing about it. But also because the punishment doled out by the FTCwhich included a $125 cash payout that disappeared when consumers went to collect itshowcased a feckless government incapable and unwilling to seriously rein in corporate Americas incompetence and greed.

2018: Facebook lets Cambridge Analytica abuse your private data

While Cambridges abuse of Facebook data was first reported in 2015, it wasnt until 2018 that people realized the full scope of the problem. For years Facebook casually allowed third-party app-makers unfettered access to consumer datasets, allowing outfits like Cambridge to weaponize your personal information in the lead up to the 2016 election.

Privacy experts like Gaurav Laroia tell Motherboard that pound for pound, no event in the last decade had as much of an impact on public perception as Facebooks epic face plant.

The Cambridge Analytical scandal had the right combination of scale, malfeasance, and consequence to sear into everyday Americans how companies like Facebook sell access to our personal information and how dangerous that can be, Laroia said.

That a researcher was able to take the profile information of tens of millions of Americans and sell it to an unscrupulous company with little consequence, in violation of an agreement with Facebook, showed how industry self-regulation has failed and why the government must act to protect our privacy, he added.

2019: Wireless carriers busted selling your cell phone location data

Thanks in no small part to Congress decision to kill FCC broadband privacy rules in 2017, theres been little penalty for telecom giants that abuse your private information. Case in point: Motherboards blockbuster January, 2019 investigation showing that wireless carriers routinely sell your every waking movement to a wide variety of often dubious middlemen.

The investigation resulted in numerous calls for action by politicians like Senator Ron Wyden, though to date nobodybe it the FCC or Congresshas actually lifted a finger to stop the practice or forced the deletion of decades worth of your daily location data.

The decades theme couldnt be more obvious: either via corruption, incompetence, or apathy, giant corporations routinely pay empty lip service to consumer privacy, before engaging in face plant after face plant. Just as often, the governments response to a chorus line of piracy scandals has ranged from underwhelming to nonexistent.

Part of the problem is US regulators enjoy a tiny fraction of the resources given to privacy regulators overseas, and thanks to industry lobbying, the U.S. still lacks any kind of meaningful privacy law for the internet era. While efforts are afoot to change that, a cross-industry coalition of lobbyists is working hard to ensure this dysfunctional status quo never changes.

This article originally appeared on VICE US.

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The Decade We Learned Theres No Such Thing as Privacy Online - VICE

The surveillance decade and the rise of the smart camera – The National

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

Ten years ago, British prosecutors finally nailed the terrorists who changed the face of international air travel. Making life smoother for passengers has taken longer.

Three ringleaders in September 2009 were finally convicted of plotting to bomb transatlantic aeroplanes using liquid bombs disguised as harmless drinks.

They intended to kill even more people than in the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, according to security officials, before the plot was broken up in its early stages.

Even though their plans were foiled in 2006, the plotters had a major impact. The plot led to a global ban on carrying liquids aboard aircraft including, in the early days, ink-filled pens causing chaos at departure gates, delays and the cancellations of hundreds of flights.

A decade later, security officials still grapple with the fallout from the plot as some restrictions remain on carrying fluids aboard aircraft, with knock-on effects of delays and queues at security.

The National witnessed technology under development in a crowded laboratory in the Welsh capital of Cardiff that only now has the potential to bring back the travel experience of the pre-plot days.

But the techniques to screen people and their belongings incorporating artificial intelligence, machine learning and scanning techniques used by astronomers highlight the increased sophistication of technology needed to tackle modern terrorism.

From smart cameras on streets to facial recognition software, the march of science in confronting terrorism has been accompanied by public disquiet about what it means to live in a society subject to often unseen scrutiny.

In the past decade, concerns have grown over the nature of "mass surveillance" of populations, as revealed in leaks by US National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden, challenging politicians to consider what people are prepared to accept to stay safe.

Western governments have been accused of sweeping up huge amounts of information with little evidence that this has improved security. Police in the UK have suggested they foiled at least 22 attacks since March 2017, but the benefits of surveillance technology are not always clear to the public because of the secrecy of the work.

It is extremely difficult, if not impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance programmes, said Dutch academics Michelle Cayford and Wolter Pieters, of the Delft University of Technology, in a 2018 paper that looked at what intelligence officials thought about how well surveillance technology worked.

Intelligence work is like putting together pieces of a puzzle it becomes difficult to evaluate one small piece of the puzzle that by itself seems insignificant but is necessary for the completion of the picture.

Britain has been cited by campaigners as one of the most-surveilled societies in the western world. A study by the BBC in 2009 suggested one south London borough had more security cameras than in the cities of Boston, Johannesburg and Dublin combined.

The decade started with police in Britains second city of Birmingham apologising for putting 200 security cameras in two largely Muslim areas. Most of the cameras were designed to identify car number plates moving in and out of the areas, a technique first developed in the 1970s in the UK.

Community leaders were led to believe that the cameras were supposed to stop crime and anti-social behaviour. But police were forced to remove them when it emerged they were funded in part from a counter-terrorism budget, sparking anger that innocent Muslims were being unfairly targeted.

Similar complaints with more advanced technology continue, with police in London forced to apologise at the end of this decade after sharing images of crime suspects with private land owners operating cameras using facial-recognition software.

The technology scans faces in a crowd and checks them against a watch list of suspects but the London scheme was operating across a newly-developed site without oversight from any public body.

And the police in South Wales which is leading the development of the technology was taken to court in a separate case over the mass scanning of crowds. Police won the case but face further scrutiny from regulators over the technique.

Facial recognition cameras have crept onto our streets, making border style security and frequent identity checks a norm, said privacy group Big Brother Watch, which has campaigned against the technology.

But a rash of terrorist attacks in the UK since 2017 including by a suicide bomber at a pop concert in Manchester that killed 22 and three attacks at landmark bridges in the capital have increased concerns about terrorism in the public mind and persuaded government to act.

Alongside low-tech solutions such as car-stopping bollards in public places, the private sector has invested in increasingly smart ways to protect the public.

Technology developed to study deep-space objects has been adapted by a British company to create the airport scanner intended to end the long queues at security checkpoints.

The scanner picks up heat signatures to map a subject and then uses artificial intelligence to identify potentially dangerous items hidden under clothing. The system is so sensitive that it can identify a 100-watt lightbulb from 800,000 kilometres away.

The system has the potential to speed up the security process by five times as the passengers do not need to take off their outer clothing or stand still while they are scanned, according to the developers based at Cardiff University.

The developers have already received significant interest in the system from the Middle East, according to Sequestim, the commercial venture based at the Welsh university.

They say those being scanned would not necessarily notice they were being scanned. Any warning of a potentially dangerous object hidden beneath clothing would be transmitted to a member of security via an earpiece.

The National saw a prototype of the scanner in action at Cardiff with researchers tucking a gun, bullets and other objects inside their clothing. The fake firearm showed up as a dark gun-shaped patch against a body shape. The system is set to be tested at a UK airport in 2020.

Ken Wood, of Sequestim, said the company had received inquiries from national border security units. They said it would be ideal to protect royal palaces, places where VIPs gathered, sports stadiums, prisons and for use in airports, where the company hopes to place its cameras from 2021.

We can screen people walking down the street or entering public buildings so theres an enormous application for public safety in any areas where people gather in large numbers, he said.

In the aviation world, theres a huge problem. The number of people flying is set to double in 10 to 15 years. The strain on security infrastructure at airports is enormous and it will continue to grow.

Updated: December 30, 2019 08:34 PM

lattice-based cryptography – All news and posts by – Crowdfund Insider

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

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Amex, Accenture, Byjus and others hiring for blockchain developers. Here are the latest job openings – Business Insider India

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

It is the most sought-after job according to LinkedIn Emerging Jobs 2020 report, followed by artificial intelligence specialist, and javaScript developer.

India is among the top three countries to lead the world in AI skills with robotic process automation, compliance, and integration as the fastest growing skills, the report said.

Every week, Business Insider collates interesting vacancies across marquee organisations. This week we bring job openings for blockchain developers.

Here a few of those opportunities:

Position: Blockchain ArchitectLocation: Bangalore, PuneExperience: Minimum 10 years

Homegrown technology major Wipro is hiring a blockchain architect. The candidate will be required to design and develop solutions, construct networks and facilitate problem solving for blockchain engineering.

To apply for the job, the candidate must have an understanding of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. He should also be aware of the technologies like cryptography, hash functions and encryption and signatures.

Interested candidates can apply here. American Express

Position: Blockchain Engineer

American Express is looking to hire a blockchain engineer. The candidate will be responsible for innovating platform architecture and services - via blockchain technology along with performance testing.

The candidate should be skilled in programming languages like Java, JavaScript and Python. He should have working knowledge of cryptography, API security and consensus algorithms.

Interested candidates can apply here.

Position: Blockchain TechnologiesLocation: BangaloreExperience: 15 yearsEligibility: Experience in blockchain technologies

He will also work on blockchain components of delivery by understanding client requirements.

Interested candidates can apply here.

Position: Blockchain DeveloperLocation: PuneExperience: 4-6 yearsEligibility: Bachelors degree in technical domain

The selected candidate will have to provide workbench delivery for data scientists and artificial intelligence development initiatives.

He should have experience in cryptocurrency and strong knowledge of technologies like ethereum and hyperledger. He should have working knowledge of programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript along with data structures and algorithms.

Byjus (Think & Learn)

Position: Backend Engineer

Edtech platform Byjus is hiring candidates for its software development team. The candidate will be responsible for building high quality code and testing as per the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle).

Interested candidates can apply here.

See also:DevOps jobs: Learn these skills to become a Site Reliability Engineer and earn as much as 30 lacs per annum

Learn these 6 technical skills for a career in software development and its more than just programming languages

Link:
Amex, Accenture, Byjus and others hiring for blockchain developers. Here are the latest job openings - Business Insider India

GUEST ESSAY: As cyber risks rise in 2020, as they surely will, dont overlook physical security – Security Boulevard

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

Physical security is the protection of personnel and IT infrastructure (such as hardware, software, and data) from physical actions and events that could cause severe damage to an organization. This includes protection from natural disasters, theft, vandalism, and terrorism.

Related: Good to know about IoT

Physical security is often a second thought when it comes to information security. Despite this, physical security must be implemented correctly to prevent attackers from gaining physical access and taking whatever they desire.

This could include expensive hardware, or access to sensitive user and/or enterprise security information. All the encryption, firewalls, cryptography, SCADA systems, and other IT security measures would be useless if that were to occur.

Traditional examples of physical security include junction boxes, feeder pillars, and CCTV security cameras. But the challenges of implementing physical security are much more problematic than they were previously. Laptops, USB drives, and smartphones can all store sensitive data that can be stolen or lost. Organizations have the daunting task of trying to safeguard data and equipment that may contain sensitive information about users.

Companies could face civil or criminal penalties for negligence for not using proper security controls, especially in light of the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The internet of things (IoT) is widening the sphere of physical security as smart devices connected to business systems via the internet may be located outside of established secure perimeters.

Muthukrishnan

Access control, surveillance, and testing are the three major components that comprise the physical security of a system. Access control is the restricting of access to a system. There are several types of access control methods used. Two of the widely used methods are mechanical access control systems and electronic access control systems.

Surveillance includes monitoring and detecting intruders into the network. The list of intruders can be bought to the knowledge of enterprise through notification systems such as an alarm. The third component testing, must be done to check if the measures taken are correct and reliable.

Physical security is undoubtedly as important as cybersecurity. Analysis should be performed to identify the vulnerable parts of the network. The study should include an envelope of crime reports, natural calamities, weather conditions, and the movement of intruders. These analyses are then forwarded to the administrative control, are prioritized, and then preventive measures can be taken.

The next implementation method is to develop countermeasures to avoid loss of assets. Some of the countermeasures that can be considered are CCTV, alarms, firewalls, exterior lighting, fences, and locks. These barriers should be layered together to significantly reduce the probability of an intruder physically entering the system.

For small scale enterprises, the data center is the most critical part of their IT infrastructure; therefore, guarding and monitoring that space is very crucial. Certain pre-emptive measures should be taken into considerations to provide security to the data. One such measure is to authenticate the users who can access the server. Physical security gates may also help ensure access is only granted to those with sufficient privileges.

Related: The case for quantifying cyber risks

The most important factor that should be taken into account is a security risk assessment. If risks are not properly assessed, providing security becomes tedious. Once a criterion for assessment is formed, a sequence of tests must be done to check the level of security. If the results are not as expected, corrective measures should be performed to ensure that the sufficient security benchmark is reached.

Most organizations tend to focus on more technical aspects of security countermeasures. But remember: all the network intrusion detection systems and firewalls are entirely useless if someone can get to the equipment and steal data or the device.

About the essayist: Vidya Muthukrishnan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering at the Sri Krishna College of Technology. She has completed her B.Tech Electronics and Instrumentation from SASTRA University and M.Tech in Biomedical Engineering from VIT University Vellore.

Quantum Cryptography Market Industry Will Be Fiercely Competitive in 2026 – Market Reports Observer

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

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The main players Magiq Technologies, Inc., Quintessencelabs, Nucrypt LLC, Qutools GmbH, Qasky, Crypta Labs Ltd, Qubitekk, Inc., PQ Solutions, Infineon Technologies AG, and Id Quantique

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Quantum Cryptography Market Industry Will Be Fiercely Competitive in 2026 - Market Reports Observer

Quantum Cryptography Market 2020 Segmentation, Top Companies, Applications, Comprehensive Research Report and Forecast to 2026 – Testifyandrecap

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

The recent report added by Verified Market Research gives a detailed account of the drivers and restraints in the Global Quantum Cryptography market. The research report, titled [Global Quantum Cryptography Market Size and Forecast to 2026] presents a comprehensive take on the overall market. Analysts have carefully evaluated the milestones achieved by the global Quantum Cryptography market and the current trends that are likely to shape its future. Primary and secondary research methodologies have been used to put together an exhaustive report on the subject. Analysts have offered unbiased outlook on the global Quantum Cryptography market to guide clients toward a well-informed business decision.

Global Quantum Cryptography Market was valued at USD 89.75 Million in 2018 and is expected to witness a growth of 35.78% from 2019-2026 and reach USD 1,035.33 Million by 2026.

The comprehensive research report has used Porters five forces analysis and SWOT analysis to give the readers a fair idea of the direction the global Quantum Cryptography market is expected to take. The Porters five forces analysis highlights the intensity of the competitive rivalry while the SWOT analysis focuses on explaining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats present in the global Quantum Cryptography market. The research report gives an in-depth explanation of the trends and consumer behavior pattern that are likely to govern the evolution of the global Quantum Cryptography market.

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The following Companies as the Key Players in the Global Quantum Cryptography Market Research Report:

Regions Covered in the Global Quantum Cryptography Market:

Europe (Germany, Russia, UK, Italy, Turkey, France, etc.)

The Middle East and Africa (GCC Countries and Egypt)

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The research report on global Quantum Cryptography market includes segmentation on the basis of technology, application, end users, and region. Each segmentation is a chapter, which explains relevant components. The chapters include graphs to explain the year-on-year progress and the segment-specific drivers and restraints. In addition, the report also provides the government outlooks within the regional markets that are impacting the global Quantum Cryptography market.

Lastly, Verified Market Researchs report on Quantum Cryptography market includes a detailed chapter on the company profiles. This chapter studies the key players in the global Quantum Cryptography market. It mentions the key products and services of the companies along with an explanation of the strategic initiatives. An overall analysis of the strategic initiatives of the companies indicates the trends they are likely to follow, their research and development statuses, and their financial outlooks. The report intends to give the readers a comprehensive point of view about the direction the global Quantum Cryptography market is expected to take.

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Table of Content

1 Introduction of Quantum Cryptography Market

1.1 Overview of the Market 1.2 Scope of Report 1.3 Assumptions

2 Executive Summary

3 Research Methodology of Verified Market Research

3.1 Data Mining 3.2 Validation 3.3 Primary Interviews 3.4 List of Data Sources

4 Quantum Cryptography Market Outlook

4.1 Overview 4.2 Market Dynamics 4.2.1 Drivers 4.2.2 Restraints 4.2.3 Opportunities 4.3 Porters Five Force Model 4.4 Value Chain Analysis

5 Quantum Cryptography Market, By Deployment Model

5.1 Overview

6 Quantum Cryptography Market, By Solution

6.1 Overview

7 Quantum Cryptography Market, By Vertical

7.1 Overview

8 Quantum Cryptography Market, By Geography

8.1 Overview 8.2 North America 8.2.1 U.S. 8.2.2 Canada 8.2.3 Mexico 8.3 Europe 8.3.1 Germany 8.3.2 U.K. 8.3.3 France 8.3.4 Rest of Europe 8.4 Asia Pacific 8.4.1 China 8.4.2 Japan 8.4.3 India 8.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific 8.5 Rest of the World 8.5.1 Latin America 8.5.2 Middle East

9 Quantum Cryptography Market Competitive Landscape

9.1 Overview 9.2 Company Market Ranking 9.3 Key Development Strategies

10 Company Profiles

10.1.1 Overview 10.1.2 Financial Performance 10.1.3 Product Outlook 10.1.4 Key Developments

11 Appendix

11.1 Related Research

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Quantum Cryptography Market 2020 Segmentation, Top Companies, Applications, Comprehensive Research Report and Forecast to 2026 - Testifyandrecap

No, The World Is Not Headed Into A Quantum Computing Future – The National Interest Online

Posted on January 1, 2020 by admin

Key point:The mathematics that underpin quantum algorithms is well established, but there are daunting engineering challenges that remain.

Google announced this fall to much fanfare that it had demonstrated quantum supremacy that is, it performed a specific quantum computation far faster than the best classical computers could achieve. IBM promptly critiqued the claim, saying that its own classical supercomputer could perform the computation at nearly the same speed with far greater fidelity and, therefore, the Google announcement should be taken with a large dose of skepticism.

This wasnt the first time someone cast doubt on quantum computing. Last year, Michel Dyakonov, a theoretical physicist at the University of Montpellier in France, offered a slew of technical reasons why practical quantum supercomputers will never be built in an article in IEEE Spectrum, the flagship journal of electrical and computer engineering.

So how can you make sense of what is going on?

As someone who has worked on quantum computing for many years, I believe that due to the inevitability of random errors in the hardware, useful quantum computers are unlikely to ever be built.

Whats a quantum computer?

To understand why, you need to understand how quantum computers work since theyre fundamentally different from classical computers.

A classical computer uses 0s and 1s to store data. These numbers could be voltages on different points in a circuit. But a quantum computer works on quantum bits, also known as qubits. You can picture them as waves that are associated with amplitude and phase.

Qubits have special properties: They can exist in superposition, where they are both 0 and 1 at the same time, and they may be entangled so they share physical properties even though they may be separated by large distances. Its a behavior that does not exist in the world of classical physics. The superposition vanishes when the experimenter interacts with the quantum state.

Due to superposition, a quantum computer with 100 qubits can represent 2100 solutions simultaneously. For certain problems, this exponential parallelism can be harnessed to create a tremendous speed advantage. Some code-breaking problems could be solved exponentially faster on a quantum machine, for example.

There is another, narrower approach to quantum computing called quantum annealing, where qubits are used to speed up optimization problems. D-Wave Systems, based in Canada, has built optimization systems that use qubits for this purpose, but critics also claim that these systems are no better than classical computers.

Regardless, companies and countries are investing massive amounts of money in quantum computing. China has developed a new quantum research facility worth US$10 billion, while the European Union has developed a 1 billion ($1.1 billion) quantum master plan. The United States National Quantum Initiative Act provides $1.2 billion to promote quantum information science over a five-year period.

Breaking encryption algorithms is a powerful motivating factor for many countries if they could do it successfully, it would give them an enormous intelligence advantage. But these investments are also promoting fundamental research in physics.

Many companies are pushing to build quantum computers, including Intel and Microsoft in addition to Google and IBM. These companies are trying to build hardware that replicates the circuit model of classical computers. However, current experimental systems have less than 100 qubits. To achieve useful computational performance, you probably need machines with hundreds of thousands of qubits.

Noise and error correction

The mathematics that underpin quantum algorithms is well established, but there are daunting engineering challenges that remain.

For computers to function properly, they must correct all small random errors. In a quantum computer, such errors arise from the non-ideal circuit elements and the interaction of the qubits with the environment around them. For these reasons the qubits can lose coherency in a fraction of a second and, therefore, the computation must be completed in even less time. If random errors which are inevitable in any physical system are not corrected, the computers results will be worthless.

In classical computers, small noise is corrected by taking advantage of a concept known as thresholding. It works like the rounding of numbers. Thus, in the transmission of integers where it is known that the error is less than 0.5, if what is received is 3.45, the received value can be corrected to 3.

Further errors can be corrected by introducing redundancy. Thus if 0 and 1 are transmitted as 000 and 111, then at most one bit-error during transmission can be corrected easily: A received 001 would be a interpreted as 0, and a received 101 would be interpreted as 1.

Quantum error correction codes are a generalization of the classical ones, but there are crucial differences. For one, the unknown qubits cannot be copied to incorporate redundancy as an error correction technique. Furthermore, errors present within the incoming data before the error-correction coding is introduced cannot be corrected.

Quantum cryptography

While the problem of noise is a serious challenge in the implementation of quantum computers, it isnt so in quantum cryptography, where people are dealing with single qubits, for single qubits can remain isolated from the environment for significant amount of time. Using quantum cryptography, two users can exchange the very large numbers known as keys, which secure data, without anyone able to break the key exchange system. Such key exchange could help secure communications between satellites and naval ships. But the actual encryption algorithm used after the key is exchanged remains classical, and therefore the encryption is theoretically no stronger than classical methods.

Quantum cryptography is being commercially used in a limited sense for high-value banking transactions. But because the two parties must be authenticated using classical protocols, and since a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, its not that different from existing systems. Banks are still using a classical-based authentication process, which itself could be used to exchange keys without loss of overall security.

Quantum cryptography technology must shift its focus to quantum transmission of information if its going to become significantly more secure than existing cryptography techniques.

Commercial-scale quantum computing challenges

While quantum cryptography holds some promise if the problems of quantum transmission can be solved, I doubt the same holds true for generalized quantum computing. Error-correction, which is fundamental to a multi-purpose computer, is such a significant challenge in quantum computers that I dont believe theyll ever be built at a commercial scale.

[ Youre smart and curious about the world. So are The Conversations authors and editors. You can get our highlights each weekend. ]

Subhash Kak, Regents Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

This article was first published earlier this month.

Image: Reuters

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No, The World Is Not Headed Into A Quantum Computing Future - The National Interest Online