Monthly Archives: April 2019

WikiLeaks – Pope’s Orders

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Documents released by WikiLeaks today shed light on a power struggle within the highest offices of the Catholic Church. Amongst the documents is a private letter written by Pope Francis. The existence of this letter, addressed to the papal envoy Cardinal Raymond Burke, has been the source of much speculation in the media [1]. It is now published for the first time in full and with the Popes signature.

This letter concerns the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, also known as the Order of Malta or the Knights of Malta, originally founded in Jerusalem during the Crusades in 1099. As the name indicates, it has been widely recognised as a sovereign entity in itself despite theoretically being subject to papal authority as a Catholic institution.

This ambiguous status cuts to the heart of the dispute as it reached a fever pitch after Pope Francis forced the abdication of Matthew Festing as Prince and Grand Master of the Order in January 2017. A month earlier Festing had dismissed the Orders Grand Chancellor Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager.

The reason for the dismissal is said to be that Boeselager, who served as health minister for the Order, was held personally responsible for having approved funds for an aid mission in Africa that distributed condoms, amongst other things. This directly contravenes Church teachings on contraception and Festing was adamant that Boeselager be held responsible.

Boeselager, however, appealed to Pope Francis, who in turn deeply undermined the Orders independence and sovereignty by appointing a papal commission to investigate the matter and report back to the Holy See. Boeselager was subsequently reinstated at the same time as Festing was ousted. The papal letter, published by WikiLeaks today, shows the Pope was aware of and involved in the dispute since at least November 2016 when he met with Cardinal Burke.

The Popes dramatic moves in January 2017 effectively abolished the sovereignty of the Order and have been described by its harshest critics as the annexation of one country (the Order) by another (the Holy See) [2]. Members of the Order even went so far as to challenge papal authority on the matter and refused to co-operate with the Vaticans investigation [3]. This is seen by many observers as part of a larger power struggle between conservative and liberal elements within the Church, represented by Festing and Boeselager respectively (for example, [4]).

Adding yet more intrigue to the tale are rumours that some high-ranking members of the Order have also attended Masonic lodges or other organisations deemed suspect by the Church [5]. Some of this seems to be confirmed by the Popes letter, which is dated 1 December 2016 (over a month before Boeselager was reinstated and Festing dismissed).

In the letter Pope Francis states: In particular, members of the Order must avoid secular and frivoulous (sic) behaviour, such as membership to associations, movements and organisations which are contrary to the Catholic faith and/or of a relativist nature. He goes on to state that any members of such organisations need to be removed from the Order.

Regarding the condom scandal at the heart of this matter, the Pope states: I would be very disappointed if as you told me some of the high Officers were aware of practices such as the distribution of any type of contraceptive and have not yet intervened to end such things. He further states that: I have no doubts that by following the principle of Paul and speaking the truth in love (Ephesians 4:15), the matter can be discussed with the Officers and the necessary rectification obtained.

The letter also confirms that Cardinal Burke had an audience with the Pope on 10 November 2016 to discuss the mounting crisis. This was before Boeselager was even removed by Festing.The text of the letter makes clear that the Pope was already committed to asserting his authority over the Order at this early stage. He writes: Your Eminence, together with the leaders of the Order, will have to make ever more clear the close connection which unites the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the Roman Pontiff, both from a structural and operational point-of-view. Along with the Popes letter to Cardinal Burke, WikiLeaks has published several other documents relating to the dispute. These include internal communications and memos, some of which have been quoted in the media.

[1] https://catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2017/01/25/the-vatican-has-destroyed-the-order-of-maltas-sovereignty-what-if-italy-does-the-same-to-the-vatican/

[2] https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/02/07/why-the-pope-has-taken-control-of-the-knights-of-malta

[3] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/11/knights-of-malta-condom-scandal-stretches-from-myanmar-to-the-vatican

[4] http://www.italy24.ilsole24ore.com/art/panorama/2017-01-30/pope-francis-imposes-pacification-on-the-order-of-malta-100122.php

[5] https://catholiccitizens.org/news/69506/pope-ordered-card-burke-clean-freemasons-knights-malta

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WikiLeaks - Pope's Orders

Julian Assange was denied access to lawyers, visitors in …

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By Oscar Grenfell 24 April 2019

WikiLeaks publisher Julian Assange has spent most of the past two weeks in isolation at Belmarsh prison said Christine Assange, his mother, on Monday.

Assange had still not been able to receive any visits. Not even from his lawyers! Mrs. Assange said on Twitter on April 22. She added that his treatment had been outrageous, & appears punitive to continue to keep him isolated.

Mrs. Assange noted that Belmarsh has been dubbed the UKs Guantanamo, after the US military prison notorious for indefinite detention, torture, protracted isolation and other violations of human rights. It is where most British individuals charged with terrorism offences have been imprisoned.

Some 36 hours after she issued her tweet, Mrs. Assange stated on April 24: Julian has had one video conference with his lawyers & they will visit him at Belmarsh Prison on April 26. Many thanks to all those calling for this visit from his lawyers. WikiLeaks subsequently confirmed that Assange will have an in person visit with his legal team in the coming days.

Assange was arrested by UK police officers on April 11, who dragged the journalist out of the Ecuadorian embassy, as he shouted, the UK must resist. The WikiLeaks founder, a nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize, is being pursued by the Trump administration for exposing US war crimes.

The apparent denial of the WikiLeaks founders right to hold in person consultations with his legal counsel, in the days after his arrest and conviction on the bail charges, casts grave doubt that he will be afforded due process. It is a further indication that the Trump administrations request for Assanges extradition to the US and the resulting legal proceedings in Britain are a pseudo-judicial cover for an extraordinary rendition operation, aimed at placing the WikiLeaks publisher in the clutches of the war criminals and CIA torturers he has done so much to expose.

The reported isolation of Assange has been enforced in the lead up to his next court appearance, over the extradition request, on May 2.

The attitude of the British authorities to the WikiLeaks founder was demonstrated when he was summarily convicted on bail charges in the immediate aftermath of his arrest.

None of the crucial legal questions was considered at the hearing. According to some experts, the charge was effectively resolved years ago as a result of the fact that Assange forfeited bail money in 2012, and spent more time involuntarily detained in the Ecuadorian embassy than the maximum sentence for bail violations.

Instead, the presiding UK district judge, Michael Snow denounced Assange as a narcissist and sent him to prison. In a little reported exchange, Snow told Assange that the WikiLeaks founder could expedite the extradition proceedings if he wished, adding: The advantage is that you get over to the United States, resolve this matter and get on with your life.

According to some reports, Snow may preside over Assanges next court appearance and subsequent extradition hearings.

The openly hostile treatment of Assange by British authorities underscores the real danger that they will move to extradite him as quickly as possible.

The US Justice Department has sought to facilitate this, by limiting the publicly-disclosed charges against Assange to two counts of attempting to gain unauthorised access to a US government computer.

The threadbare charges claim that US army whistleblower Chelsea Manning asked Assange for assistance in cracking a hash or password in 2010. There is no evidence that this ever took place. Even if it did, the only aim would have been to protect Mannings anonymity, a common practice among journalists working with whistleblowers.

The limited character of the charges is aimed at evading bans under existing treaties between the UK and the US on extradition for political offenses. If he is dispatched to the US, however, Assange faces the prospect of further charges, including espionage, which carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or the death penalty.

US attempts to concoct additional charges against Assange were demonstrated yesterday, when a federal appeals court rejected a request by Manning to be released on bail.

The courageous whistleblower has been held in solitary confinement for over six weeks because she has refused to give perjured testimony against Assange before a Grand Jury. Her continued detention is a transparent attempt to force her to cooperate in the US-led vendetta against Assange.

Joshua Schulte, a former CIA contractor, has similarly been held in solitary confinement for over a year. He is accused of leaking a massive trove of documents to WikiLeaks, exposing the CIAs computer hacking and spying operations, and is undoubtedly being subjected to the same coercive pressure as Manning.

Following yesterdays hearing, Manning defiantly condemned the US government for continuing to abuse the grand jury process. I dont have anything to contribute to this, or any other grand jury, she declared.

Mannings punitive detention is a warning of the treatment that will be meted out to Assange if he is extradited to the US.

The dangers were also spelt out in Reporters Without Borders 2019 World Press Freedom Index, released yesterday. It warned against The violent anti-press rhetoric from the highest level of the US government, physical assaults against US journalists and the threat of prosecution under the Espionage Act hanging over all whistleblowers.

The assault on freedom of the press is not limited to the Trump administration.

Senior Democratic Party representatives have issued the most vociferous condemnations of Assange, branding him as a foreign agent without First Amendment rights, because of WikiLeaks publication of true and newsworthy material exposing the Democratic National Committees attempts to rig the partys 2016 presidential primaries against Bernie Sanders, and Hillary Clintons pledges to the Wall Street banks that she would do their bidding.

The corporate press in the US, Britain and Australia, has played a shameful role. Demonstrating they function as the servile stenographers of the intelligence agencies, a host of reporters have declared that Assange is not a journalist. Their arguments are largely based on the fact that he is not employed by a multi-billion dollar media conglomerate and publishes material that exposes the lies and abuses of governments.

Since his arrest, numerous corporate publications have repeated the personal smears against Assange concocted by the corrupt Ecuadorian regime to justify its termination of his political asylum.

Some have featured videos of Assange during his nearly seven-year detention in the embassy. The footage, taken as part of an Ecuadorian spying operation targeting the WikiLeaks founder, may constitute a violation of the right to privacy of a political asylee under international law.

These lies and slanders against Assange are in contrast to the immense support that he enjoys among millions of workers, students and young people.

The mass opposition to Assanges persecution must be transformed into a political movement, to prevent his extradition and secure his freedom.

The WSWS and the Socialist Equality Parties (SEP) around the world are committed to playing a central role in this crucial fight.

Over the past 18 months, the SEP (Australia) has held a series of rallies, demanding that the Australian government immediately fulfil its obligations to Assange, as an Australian citizen, by securing his return to Australia, with a guarantee against extradition to the US.

Another rally, aimed at placing this demand at the centre of the current Australian federal election, will be held in Sydney this Saturday, followed by meetings in a number of cities.

The SEP in the UK has taken part in protests and vigils calling for an all-out mobilisation against the moves to extradite Assange. It will participate in a London public meeting, called by the Julian Assange Defence Committee, on April 26.

The SEP (US) has been at the forefront of the struggle for Mannings immediate release, winning support from auto workers, teachers and other key sections of the working class, along with students and youth.

The WSWS calls on all defenders of democratic rights to join the fight for Assanges freedom. Contact us today.

Authorised by James Cogan for the Socialist Equality Party, Suite 906, 185 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000.

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Julian Assange – Computer Programmer, Journalist – Biography

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Julian Assange came to international attention as the founder of the whistle-blowing website WikiLeaks.

Born in 1971 in Townsville, Australia, Julian Assange used his genius IQ to hack into the databases of many high profile organizations. In 2006, Assange began work on WikiLeaks, a website intended to collect and share confidential information on an international scale, and he earned theTime magazine "Person of the Year" title in 2010. Seeking to avoid extradition to Sweden over sexual assault allegations, Assangewas granted political asylum by Ecuador and holed up at the country's embassy in London in 2012.In 2016, his work again drew international attention when WikiLeaks published thousands of emails from U.S. presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and the Democratic National Committee. In April 2019, Assange's asylum was rescinded and he was arrested in London.

Journalist, computer programmer and activist Julian Assange was born on July 3, 1971, in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Assange had an unusual childhood, as he spent some of his early years traveling around with his mother, Christine, and his stepfather, Brett Assange. The couple worked together to put on theatrical productions. Brett Assange later described Julian as a "sharp kid who always fought for the underdog."

The relationship between Brett and Christine later soured, but Assange and his mother continued to live a transient lifestyle. With all of the moving around, Assange ended up attending roughly 37 different schools growing up, and was frequently homeschooled.

Assange discovered his passion for computers as a teenager. At the age of 16, he got his first computer as a gift from his mother. Before long, he developed a talent for hacking into computer systems. His 1991 break-in to the master terminal for Nortel, a telecommunications company, got him in trouble. Assange was charged with more than 30 counts of hacking in Australia, but he got off the hook with only a fine for damages.

Assange continued to pursue a career as a computer programmer and software developer. An intelligent mind, he studied mathematics at the University of Melbourne. He dropped out without finishing his degree, later claiming that he left the university for moral reasons; Assange objected to other students working on computer projects for the military.

In 2006, Assange began work on WikiLeaks, a website intended to collect and share confidential information on an international scale. The site officially launched in 2007 and it was run out of Sweden at the time because of the country's strong laws protecting a person's anonymity. Later that year, WikiLeaks released a U.S. military manual that provided detailed information on the Guantanamo detention center. WikiLeaks also shared emails from then-vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin that it received from an anonymous source in September 2008.

In early December 2010, Assange discovered that he had other legal problems to worry about. Since early August, he had been under investigation by the Swedish police for allegations that included two counts of sexual molestation, one count of illegal coercion, and one count of rape. After a European Arrest Warrant was issued by Swedish authorities on December 6, Assange turned himself in to the London police.

Following a series of extradition hearings in early 2011 to appeal the warrant, Assange learned on November 2, 2011, that the High Court dismissed his appeal. Still on conditional bail, Assange made plans to appeal to the U.K. Supreme Court.

According to a New York Times article, Assange came to the Ecuadorean Embassy in London in June 2012, seeking to avoid extradition to Sweden. That August, Assange was granted political asylum by the Ecuadorean government, which, according to the Times, "protects Mr. Assange from British arrest, but only on Ecuadorean territory, leaving him vulnerable if he tries to leave the embassy to head to an airport or train station."

The article went on to say that the decision "cited the possibility that Mr. Assange could face 'political persecution' or be sent to the United States to face the death penalty," putting further strain on the relationship between Ecuador and Britain, and instigating a rebuttal from the Swedish government.

In August 2015 the lesser sexual assault allegations from 2010 with the exceptionof rape were dropped due to statute of limitation violations by Swedish prosecutors. The statue of limitations on the rape allegations will expire in 2020.

In February 2016, a United Nations panel determined that Assange had been arbitrarily detained, and recommended his release and compensation for deprivation of liberty. However, both the Swedish and British governments rejected those findings as non-binding, and reiterated that Assange would be arrested if he left the Ecuadorian embassy.

On May 19, 2017, Sweden said it would drop its rape investigation of Julian Assange. While today was an important victory and important vindication, the road is far from over, he told reporters from the Ecuadorian Embassy in London. The war, the proper war, is just commencing.

Assange was granted Ecuadorian citizenship in December 2017, but his relationship with his adopted country soon soured. In March 2018, the government cut off his internet access on the grounds that his actions endangered "the good relations that the country maintains with the United Kingdom, with the rest of the states of the European Union, and other nations."

Assange and WikiLeaks returned to the headlines during the summer of 2016 as the U.S. presidential race was narrowing to two main candidates, Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump. In early July, WikiLeaks released more than 1,200 emails from Clinton's private server during her tenure as secretary of state. Later in the month, WikiLeaks released an additional round of emails from the Democratic National Committee that indicated an effort to undermine Clinton's primary opponent, Bernie Sanders, leading to the resignation ofDNC chairperson Debbie Wasserman Schultz.

In October, WikiLeaks unveiled more than 2,000 emails from Clinton campaign chair John Podesta, which included excerpts from speeches to Wall Street banks. By this point, U.S. government officials had gone public with the belief that Russian agents had hacked into DNC servers and supplied the emails to WikiLeaks, though Assange repeatedly insisted that was not the case.

On the eve of the election, Assange released a statement in which he declared no "personal desire to influence the outcome," noting that he never received documents from the Trump campaign to publish. "Irrespective of the outcome of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election," he wrote, "the real victor is the U.S. public which is better informed as a result of our work." Shortly afterward, Trump was declared the winner of the election.

In April 2019, after Ecuador announced the withdrawal of Assange's asylum, the WikiLeaks founder was arrested at the London embassy. Shortly afterward, it was announced that U.S. authorities had charged Assange with conspiring with former Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning to break into a classified government computer at the Pentagon.

Rumors of a relationship between Assange and actress Pamela Anderson surfaced after the former Baywatch star was spotted visiting the Ecuadorian embassy in late 2016. "Julian is trying to free the world by educating it," she later told People. "It is a romantic struggle I love him for this."

In April 2017, Showtime announced that it would air theAssange documentary Risk, which hadpremiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival but updated with events related to the U.S. presidential election.

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Julian Assange - Computer Programmer, Journalist - Biography

Open Source Software: The Complete Wired Guide | WIRED

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When someone buys a new smartphone, often they're preoccupied with the camera specs or the size of the screen or its storage capabilities. It's easy to overlook one of the most foundational aspects of these sleek consumer gadgets: their operating systems. The world's most popular mobile operating system is Google's Android. It powers more than 86 percent of smartphones in the world. What's even more remarkable is that Android is based on the open source Linux operating system.

That means anyone can view the code at the heart of the vast majority of smartphones, modify it, and, more important, share it with anyone else. This openness enables collaboration. Unlike, say, Microsoft Windows, which was developed and is maintained by a single company, Linux is developed and maintained by more than 15,000 programmers around the world. These programmers might work for companies that compete with each other, or they might volunteer to create something new thats then given away. For free. Gratis.

As crazy as that might sound, the open source way of building software is now embraced by the likes of IBM, which plans to pay $34 billion for open source company Red Hat, Microsoft, which paid $7.5 billion to acquire the code hosting and collaboration platform GitHub, and Walmart, which released its own open source software.

Open source is even seeing applications in the next iteration of technology: AI. Google open sourced its artificial intelligence engine, TensorFlow, in 2015, enabling companies and researchers to build applications using some of the same software the search giant used to create tools that search photos, recognize spoken words, and translate languages. Since then, Dropbox has used TensorFlow to recognize text in scanned documents and photographs, Airbnb has used it to help categorize photos in its listings, and a company called Connecterra has used it to help dairy farmers analyze their cows' health.

Why would Google give away something so central to its business? Because it hoped outside developers would make the software better as they adapted it to their own needs. And they have: Google says more than 1,300 outsiders have worked on TensorFlow. By making it open source, Google helped TensorFlow become one of the standard frameworks for developing AI applications, which could bolster its cloud-hosted AI services. In addition to garnering outside help for a project, open source can provide valuable marketing, helping companies attract and retain technical talent.

Keep in mind that Google didn't give away the data that powers its AI applications. Just using TensorFlow won't magically allow you to build a search engine and advertising business that can compete with Google.

So Google stands to benefit, but why would an outsider contribute improvements to TensorFlow? Let's say a company makes its own version of TensorFlow with unique elements, but keeps those elements private. Over time, as Google made its own changes to TensorFlow, it might become harder for that other company to integrate its changes with the official version; also, the second company would miss out on improvements contributed by others.

In short, open source provides a way for companies to collaborate on technology thats mutually beneficial.

The open source software movement grew out of the related, but separate, "free software" movement. In 1983, Richard Stallman, at the time a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, said he would create a free alternative to the Unix operating system, then owned by AT&T; Stallman dubbed his alternative GNU, a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix."

For Stallman, the idea of "free" software was about more than giving software away. It was about ensuring that users were free to use software as they saw fit, free to study its source code, free to modify it for their own purposes, and free to share it with others. Stallman released his code under a license known as the GNU Public License, or GPL, which guarantees users those four software freedoms. The GPL is a "viral" license, meaning that anyone who creates software based on code licensed under the GPL must also release that derivative code under a GPL license.

Source codeThe human-readable code that is translated, or "compiled," into the binary code that machines can read. When you buy software like Microsoft Office, you typically only get the binary code, which makes it hard to understand or modify the software.

Open source softwareSoftware distributed with a license that allows anyone to use, view, modify, and share the software's source code.

GPLThe GNU Public License, a software license that allows anyone to use, view, modify, and share a project's source code; but anyone who uses the code to create a derivative work must also provide the source code for that work under the GPL.

ApacheAn open source web server, a software foundation, and a permissive license that, unlike the GPL, allows source code to be mixed into non-open source, commercial code.

Open core softwareCommercial software built on open source software that also includes non-open source code.

LibraryUsually smaller collections of code that can be used as building blocks for larger projects, saving developers from having to write common features, such as password authentication, from scratch.

ForkA copy of a code base that serves as the basis for a distinct version of the software. Often forks are used by individuals or companies to customize software for their own needs. Other times, they become the foundations of separate projects. Libre Office, for example, is a fork of Open Office.

GitHubA popular service now owned by Microsoft for hosting code. Offers the ability to fork code bases with one click.

Importantly, the license doesn't forbid companies from selling copies of GNU software. As long as you allow your customers to share your code, you can charge as much as you want for your software. The phrase "free as in free speech, not free as in free beer" is often used to help explain this apparent contradiction.

Other programmers soon followed Stallman's example. One of the most important was Linus Torvalds, the vitriolic Finnish programmer who created the Linux operating system in 1991. Linux is a "kernel," the core of an operating system that talks to the hardware and translates the basic input from your keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen into something the software can understand. GNU lacked a finished kernel at the time, so many GNU users combined GNU and Linux into a functional operating system. Bundles of the GNU operating system, Linux kernel, and other tools became known as GNU/Linux distributions; some purists still refer to Linux-based operating systems as "GNU/Linux." Soon, companies like Red Hat were making money selling support for open source technologies like Linux.

Linuxor GNU/Linux if you preferbecame especially popular for running web servers and now runs 69.4 percent of web servers, according to data compiled by W3Techs. Alongside the rise of Linux and the web came several other free tools, including the Apache web server, MySQL database, and programming languages like Perl and PHP. Many used the GPL license, but others adopted more permissive licenses that, unlike the GPL, allowed companies to create proprietary products using their code.

In time, tensions grew between those, like Stallman, who believed that all software should be free on ethical grounds, and more business-oriented developers who thought that freely sharing code was a better way to build software but not an ethical imperative. In 1998, a group met to discuss how to promote the idea of shared code and open collaboration. Worried that the term free software and Stallmans more absolutist philosophy would make their ideas less palatable to businesses that wanted to keep some of their code proprietary, the group settled on the label "open source," coined by Christine Peterson, to distinguish its aims.

During the 2000s, open source went truly mainstream. In 2004, programmer David Heinemeier Hansson released his web application programming framework Ruby on Rails, which quickly became one of the worlds most important web development tools, as well as the foundation for services like Twitter and Kickstarter. Meanwhile, Yahoo was funding the development of the open source data-crunching system Hadoop. After its release in 2006, other companies, including Facebook, Twitter, and eBay began contributing to the project, helping demonstrate the value of inter-company collaboration. Sun Microsystems' $1 billion acquisition of MySQL in 2008 proved open source could be big business. That same year Google released its first Android phones, moving open source from the server to your pocket.

Now open source is practically everywhere. Walmart uses open source software like the development platform Node, and it has opened up the code of its cloud management tool OneOps and its development platform Electrode. JP Morgan Chase open sourced its blockchain platform Quorum, on which its employees collaborated with the creators of the privacy focused bitcoin alternative Zcash. Even Microsoft, whose former CEO once called Linux a "cancer," now uses and releases open source software such as its popular .NET programming framework. It even uses Linux to run parts of its cloud service Azure and has shared its own Linux tools with the community.

Open source isnt counterculture anymore. Its the establishment.

The rise of open source hasn't been without glitches. Despite the corporate world's embrace of open source software, many independent or startup-based projects still haven't figured out how to make money. Even the developers of software thats widely used by major companies can struggle to raise funds to cover their costs or hire others. That can have serious consequences.

August 1969Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie create the Unix operating system at AT&T's Bell Labs. It's not open source, but they make the source code available.

September 1983Richard Stallman announces that he's working on a free alternative to Unix called GNU that won't require a license from AT&T.

August 1991Linus Torvalds announces that he is "doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu)." That operating system would become known as Linux.

April 1995Former WIRED web developer Brian Behlendorf and eight others release the first version of Apache web serverwith bandwidth sponsored by WIRED. The project's permissive licensing helped win big corporations over to open source. Apache is still the most popular web server today.

February 1998Christine Peterson introduces the term "open source" at a summit for promoting code sharing and collaboration.

August 1999Red Hat, which sells support for Linux to companies, goes public with a successful IPO. It would go on to become the first open source company to rake in $1 billion in annual revenue. But its big payday was yet to come.

June 2001Then Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer calls Linux a "cancer" in an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times.

July 2004The first release of Ruby on Rails, the open source development platform used by countless startups, including Twitter during its early days.

January 2008Sun acquires opens source database maker MySQL for $1 billion.

October 2008The first Android phone, the T-Mobile G-1, goes on sale, bringing the Linux operating system to the masses.

June 2012As part of its long effort to rehabilitate relations with the open source world, Microsoft announces support for Linux on its cloud service Azure.

November 2014Microsoft announces an open source version of its .NET programming framework.

October 2018Database company MongoDB adopts a new license that restricts how cloud services can use its software amid a growing controversy over commercial licensing for open source software.

October 2018IBM announces plans to buy Red Hat for $34 billion.

For example, in 2014, security researchers revealed serious vulnerabilities in two crucial open source projects: OpenSSL and Bash, which are part of many major operating systems. No software is free of potential security problems, but the fact that these issues went undetected for so long highlighted a big problem for open source: Many big-name open source projects rely on lesser-known open source components run by volunteers who have little time to fix problems and no money to hire security auditors.

Some companies that have built businesses around open source products are adopting controversial new licensing schemes. In an effort to keep cloud computing services from selling competing services based on its code, MongoDB created a new license in 2018 that restricts how other companies can use its MongoDB Community Server. Other open source companies have adopted the Fair Source license, which requires companies with more than 15 employees to pay a fee to use software that uses the license, or the newer Commons Clause, which restricts how companies can commercialize the software. You can still view the source code from software released under these licenses, but they break with the free and open source software tradition of allowing users to do whatever they want with the code.

Startups, meanwhile, are working on novel ways to turn a profit on open source. Red Hat makes money by selling support for its open source products, but thats not feasible for every open source project. A company called Tidelift aims to sell support through a single subscription fee for a package of open source projects. Think of it as Netflix for open source.

Solving these funding problems is crucial to the future of open source. But money isnt the only problem. The open source workforce is even less diverse than the tech industry as a whole, according to a survey conducted in 2017 by GitHub. Half of the respondents had witnessed bad behaviorsuch as rudeness, name calling, or harassmentand said it was enough to keep them away from a particular project or community. Around 18 percent of survey respondents had experienced such bad behavior firsthand. That's a problem because working on open source projects is now an important part of landing a job in technology. If women and minorities are shut out of open source, then the technology industry as a whole becomes that much less diverse.

One way many open source projects are trying to address the issue is through a code of conduct called the Contributor Covenant, which warns participants against personal attacks, harassment, or "other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting." As common sense as these guidelines might sound, they've proved controversial among open source coders used to being judged solely on their code, not their professionalismor lack thereof. The author of the Contributor Covenant is still periodically harassed.

Still, there are signs of progress. In 2018, Torvalds, long accused of creating a toxic environment in the Linux community, apologized for his past behavior, and the Linux project adopted the Contributor Covenant.

Inclusion isnt just an ethical issue for open source. Diverse teams build better products. And making better software is what open source is all about.

Is Stallman Stalled?WIRED profiled Richard Stallman and the free software movement in our first issue in 1993.

Google Just Open Sourced TensorFlow, Its Artificial Intelligence EngineGoogle has a long history of releasing open source code, including the AI code thats part of its software empire. This wasn't an entirely altruistic decision: Google expects to benefit from other companies advancing the state of AI.

Microsoft Says It's in Love With Linux. Now It's Finally Proving ItHow Microsoft went from being the poster child of proprietary software to open source proponent by releasing one of its flagship developer-centric products as open source.

The Internet Is Broken, and Shellshock Is Just the Start of Our WoesHow the massive security bug called Shellshock lay undiscovered for more than two decades in the open source program Bash, which is included with MacOS and most Linux-powered operating systemsand why it matters for the internet.

Open Source Won. Now What?Red Hat rakes in billions in revenue every year, but many other open source companies have struggled. Meanwhile, volunteer developers burn out, and serious bugs go unaddressed.

Giving Open Source Projects Life After a Developer's DeathWhen the developers of open source projects pass away or burn out, it can have ripple effects across many projects that rely on those developers' code. Here's how the community is learning to handle these situations.

The Woman Bringing Civility to Open Source ProjectsAda Coraline wrote the Contributor Covenant, a code of conduct for open source projects in 2014. She has faced harassment ever since, but many of the largest open source projects have adopted either her covenant or a similar code of conduct.

Last updated April 23, 2019.

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Edward Snowden makes ‘moral’ case for presidential pardon …

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Edward Snowden has set out the case for Barack Obama granting him a pardon before the US president leaves office in January, arguing that the disclosure of the scale of surveillance by US and British intelligence agencies was not only morally right but had left citizens better off.

The US whistleblowers comments, made in an interview with the Guardian, came as supporters, including his US lawyer, stepped up a campaign for a presidential pardon. Snowden is wanted in the US, where he is accused of violating the Espionage Act and faces at least 30 years in jail.

Speaking on Monday via a video link from Moscow, where he is in exile, Snowden said any evaluation of the consequences of his leak of tens of thousands of National Security Agency and GCHQ documents in 2013 would show clearly that people had benefited.

Yes, there are laws on the books that say one thing, but that is perhaps why the pardon power exists for the exceptions, for the things that may seem unlawful in letters on a page but when we look at them morally, when we look at them ethically, when we look at the results, it seems these were necessary things, these were vital things, he said.

I think when people look at the calculations of benefit, it is clear that in the wake of 2013 the laws of our nation changed. The [US] Congress, the courts and the president all changed their policies as a result of these disclosures. At the same time there has never been any public evidence that any individual came to harm as a result.

Although US presidents have granted some surprising pardons when leaving office, the chances of Obama doing so seem remote, even though before he entered the White House he was a constitutional lawyer who often made the case for privacy and had warned about the dangers of mass surveillance.

Obamas former attorney general Eric Holder, however, gave an unexpected boost to the campaign for a pardon in May when he said Snowden had performed a public service.

The campaign could receive a further lift from Oliver Stones film, Snowden, scheduled for release in the US on Friday. Over the weekend the director said he hoped the film would help shift opinion behind the whistleblower, and added his voice to the plea for a pardon.

Ahead of general release, the film will be shown in 700 cinemas across the US on Wednesday, with plans for Stone and Snowden to join in a discussion afterwards via a video link.

In his wide-ranging interview, Snowden insisted the net public benefit of the NSA leak was clear. If not for these disclosures, if not for these revelations, we would be worse off, he said.

In Hong Kong in June 2013, when he had passed his documents to journalists, Snowden displayed an almost unnatural calm, as if resigned to his fate. On Monday he said that at that time he expected a dark end in which he was either killed or jailed in the US.

More than three years on, he appears cheerful and relaxed. He has avoided the fate of fellow whistleblower Chelsea Manning, who is in solitary confinement in the US. Snowden is free to communicate with supporters and chats online late into the night.

His 2.3 million followers on Twitter give him a huge platform to express his views. He works on tools to try to help journalists. He is not restricted to Moscow and has travelled around Russia, and his family in the US have been to visit him.

But Snowden still wants to return to the US and seems confident, in spite of all the evidence to the contrary, that it will happen. In the fullness of time, I think I will end up back home, he said.

Once the officials, who felt like they had to protect the programmes, their positions, their careers, have left government and we start looking at things from a more historical perspective, it will be pretty clear that this war on whistleblowers does not serve the interests of the United States; rather it harms them.

Snowden attracts lots of conspiracy theories. Early on, he was accused of being a spy for China and then a Russian spy. In August a cryptic tweet followed by an unusual absence prompted speculation that he was dead. He said he had simply gone on holiday.

There had also been rumours that his partner, Lindsay Mills, had left him, which would have been embarrassing as their romance occupies a large part of the Stone film. Snowden said she is with me and we are very happy.

His revelations resulted in a global debate and modest legislative changes. More significant, perhaps, is that surveillance and the impact of technological change has seeped into popular culture, in films such as the latest Jason Bourne and television series, such as the Good Wife.

Snowden also welcomed a renaissance of scepticism on the part of at least some journalists when confronted by anonymous briefings by officials not backed by evidence.

He warned three years ago of the danger that one day there might be a president who abused the system. The warning failed to gain much traction, given that Obamas presidency seemed relatively benign. But it resonates more today, in the wake of Donald Trumps response to the Russian hacking of the Democratic party: that he wished he had the power to hack into Hillary Clintons emails.

If Obama, as seems likely, declines to pardon Snowden, his chances under either Clinton or Trump would seem to be even slimmer. He described the 2016 presidential race as unprecedented in terms of the sort of authoritarian policies that are being put forward.

Unfortunately, many candidates in the political mainstream today, even pundits and commentators who arent running for office, believe we have to be able to do anything, no matter what, as long as there is some benefit to be had in doing so. But that is the logic of a police state.

He is even less impressed by the British prime minister, referring to Theresa May as a a sort of Darth Vader in the United Kingdom, whose surveillance bill is an egregious violation of human rights, that goes far further than any law proposed in the western world.

Snowden was initially berated by opponents for failing to criticise the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, but he has become increasingly vocal. It is a potentially risky move, given his application for an extension of asylum is up for renewal next year, so why do it?

Well, it would not be the first time I have taken a risk for something I believe in, he said. This is a complex situation. Russia is not my area of focus. It is not my area of expertise. I dont speak Russian in a fluent manner that I could really participate in and influence policy. But when something happens that I believe is clearly a violation of the right thing, I believe we should stand up and say something about it.

My priority always has to be my own country rather than Russia. I would like to help reform the human rights situation in Russia but I will never be well placed to do so relative to actual Russian activists themselves.

Might he end up as part of a US-Russian prisoner exchange, with Putin possibly more amenable to the idea if Trump was in power? There has always been the possibility that any government could say, Well, it does not really matter whether it is a violation of human rights, it does not really matter whether it is a violation of law, it will be beneficial to use this individual as a bargaining chip. This is not exclusive to me. This happens to activists around the world every day.

He said he saw the Stone film as a mechanism for getting people to talk about surveillance, though he felt uncomfortable with other people telling his story.

Snowden has toyed with writing his memoirs but has not made much progress. There are at least three books about him on the way; an extensively researched one by the Washington Posts Bart Gellman and two others thought to be hostile.

Asked if he was the source for the Panama Papers the comments by the source sound like Snowden he laughed. He praised the biggest data leak in history, adding that he would normally be happy to cloak other whistleblowers by neither denying nor confirming he was a source. But he would make an exception in the case of the Panama Papers. I would not claim any credit for that.

For someone who has spent his life trying to keep out of the public eye, he has now appeared in a Hollywood movie and an Oscar-winning documentary, and several plays, including Privacy, which just ended a run in New York and in which he has a part alongside Daniel Radcliffe.

It was an alarming experience for me. I am not an actor. I have been told I am not very good at it. But you know if I can, I can try and maybe it will help, I will give it my best shot.

For Snowden, his campaign for a pardon, even if forlorn, offers a chance to highlight his plight, and he expressed thanks to all those who were backing it. He also said he hoped that after the fuss of the movie he could finally fade into the background. I really hope it is over, he said. That would be the greatest gift anyone could give me.

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Edward Snowden makes 'moral' case for presidential pardon ...

Is This Cryptocurrency The Next Bitcoin? – forbes.com

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Bitcoin, which has been rallying over the last few weeks after being trapped in a more than year-long bear market, remains far below its all-time high of near $20,000 per bitcoin as traders and investors wait for major financial institutions and retailers to wade into cryptocurrencies.

The bitcoin price has recently climbed back above the psychological $5,000 per bitcoin mark, adding some 45% so far this year. Some smaller cryptocurrencies have climbed far more with a few, including binance coin, created by the Malta-based bitcoin and cryptocurrency exchange Binance, rallying back to all-time highs set in late 2017.

Now, bitcoin and cryptocurrency financial rating agency,Weiss Ratings has suggested binance coin could be the next bitcoin due to it dictating the direction of the market in recent weeks.

Many smaller cryptocurrencies, as well as bitcoin, have climbed in recent months with binance coin adding 300% so far this year.

Bitcoin has historically decided the direction of the cryptocurrency market, with bitcoin's price moves pushing and pulling smaller cryptocurrencies.

As the cryptocurrency market has matured, however, smaller cryptocurrencies have increasingly found their own direction independent of bitcoin, with binance coin, an ethereum token used to pay fees on Binance, the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange by volume, increasingly leading the market, according to Weiss Ratings.

Binance coin is up by more than 300% this year,gaining the most of thetop 10 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, CoinMarketCap data shows. The recent launch of Binance Chain earlier this month triggered another binance coin price rally, taking it above its previous all-time high of $24 per token.

Weiss Ratings took to Twitter to suggest binance coin could be the new bitcoin.

Last month, Weiss Ratings gave binance coin an overall rating of B-, putting it in the same class as bitcoin, Ripple's XRP, and EOS, a rival to ethereum.

The Weiss report gave the world's biggest cryptocurrencies overall score, most of which were not as good as their combined tech and adoption grades. EOS, bitcoin, Ripple's XRP, and binance coin all scored a B-, while litecoin, ethereum, cardano, stellar, Neo, and tron were assigned a C+.

"Binance merits a B-, but its grade is currently influenced by a recent surge in its market price, which may not be sustainable," the report authors warned.

Thereport, tantalizingly entitled Dark Shadows With A Bright Future, also assigned letter grades to cryptocurrencies that have the best combination of adoption and technology, putting EOS at the top of the field, above its long-time rival ethereum and in the same class as bitcoin and Ripple's XRP.

Weiss Ratings gave binance coin the same overall grade as bitcoin, EOS, and Ripple's XRP.

Binance coinis currently the seventh biggest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, according to CoinMarketCap data, with a total value of $3.3 billion. This is a far cry from bitcoin's lofty valuation, which is nudging $100 billion.

Binance coin has been boosted recently by the well-publicized launch of theBinance DEX (Decentralized Exchange) after the company released its testnet for public use in February.

The Binance DEX is expected to be the world's first widely-used decentralized exchange and is built on Binances own blockchain, Binance Chain. The decentralized exchange will allow users to retain control of their own private keys, something that many cryptocurrency users have long called for so hackers are not able to break into accounts if the centralized exchange database is compromised.

Binance coin has been climbing ahead of the launch of Binance's decentralized exchange.

Meanwhile, Binance has courted controversy recently with the "de-listing" of bitcoin SV, a fork of bitcoin which split from bitcoin cash last November.

Last week, Binance said it will de-list bitcoin SV, striking it from the exchange as of April 22 as it no longer "meet[s] the high level of standard we expect."

Ahead of the decision, which was then adopted by other major crypto exchanges, the widely-respected chief executive of Binance, Changpeng Zhao (often known simply as CZ), warned that his exchange could remove bitcoin SV if its biggest proponent, Craig Wright, continues to claim to be bitcoin's creator, the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, and attack those who disagree with him.

Bitcoin SV developers and supporters attacked the decision, accusing Binance and CZ of "market manipulation."

"This decision will certainly be reported to the Maltese regulators as this is surely a case of people in trusted positions abusing that trust and playing God with which token gets the most volume and market access," Calvin Ayre, a supporter of Wright and the founder and owner of CoinGeek, a cryptocurrency miner and developer, told theFinancial Timesin response to the de-listing. "In essence, market manipulation."

"The decision to delist bitcoin SV seems to be based on the fact that they dont like one scientist that works on the platform," Ayre added. "Craig [Wright] doesnt own [bitcoin SV], nor does anybody, so this appears to be very unprofessional. An exchange should just want volume of trading not picking which horses it wants to win the race and, as a result, smells of fear and manipulation."

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Is This Cryptocurrency The Next Bitcoin? - forbes.com

TrailingCrypto Bitcoin & Cryptocurrency Trading Tool

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Our aim is to Provide a Unified Trading Platform to enable user to do trading on multiple cryptocurrency exchanges from single platform.We provide many Advance Order types which is natively not available on all exchanges.Our Cloud Platform aims to provide those order types for all cryptocurrency exchanges.Currently TrailingCrypto Supports:1) Simple Orders: Market order and Limit orders2) Advance Orders: Instant Sell, Trailing Stop, Take Profit and Stop Loss orders3) Conditional Orders: OSO (Order Sends Order) and OCO (Order Cancels Order)Supported Exchanges:Binance,Bittrex,Kucoin,CEX.IO,Poloniex,Cryptopia,Hitbtc,Huobi Pro,OKex,Coinex

On TrailingCrypto one can access the diverse trading and investment instruments to participate in the ever-growing cryptocurrency market.The design of TrailingCrypto platform is an innovative blend of the best practices of traditional financial exchanges and the opportunities available in the burgeoning crypto market.The platform is suitable for both beginners as well as experienced traders.

Security is paramount for us. TrailingCrypto follow all the best security practices.In fact, during prioritizing feature development, security and stability always ace over any other feature.Presently all sensitive data are stored after 256-bit encryption, which is almost impossible to break.Also prevent unauthorized access, TrailingCrypto provides 2FA.

Unlike other exchanges or trading platform, TrailingCrypto never lock your funds. That means, you can place multiple order on same funds/balance and whichever executes first will utilize the balance.

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TrailingCrypto Bitcoin & Cryptocurrency Trading Tool

Samsung is developing its own blockchain network, report claims

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Disclosure

Image: Raymond Wong/Mashable

Samsung is developing a blockchain network and potentially a cryptocurrency token called "Samsung Coin."

This is according to a report by CoinDesk Korea, which cites an unnamed company official familiar with "Samsung's internal situation."

Details are scarce, and nothing is confirmed, but the blockchain network could either be public or hybrid a combination of public and private blockchains.

One important detail: This blockchain network will reportedly be based on Ethereum, a popular smart contract platform which makes it fairly easy to deploy your own cryptocurrency token.

Once the blockchain development is finalized, the company might move to launch its own Samsung Coin crypto-token, though "the direction has not yet been decided."

Samsung has been working on this project for at least a year, the source said.

Samsung has dipped its toes into crypto waters by introducing a cryptocurrency wallet and decentralized app support on its Galaxy S10 phone, but this is the first time I've heard of the company building a blockchain-based network and a cryptocurrency/token of its own.

It's hardly a surprise, though numerous tech companies, including Microsoft and Facebook, are working on blockchain projects. There's no word on what Samsung plans to do with its blockchain, but the company has a mobile payment/wallet service, Samsung Pay, which might benefit from cryptocurrency integration.

We've asked Samsung about its blockchain-related efforts and will update the article when we hear from them.

Disclosure: The author of this text owns, or has recently owned, a number of cryptocurrencies, including BTC and ETH.

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Samsung is developing its own blockchain network, report claims

Cryptocurrency Definition | Bankrate.com

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Cryptocurrency is a type of decentralized digital currency. Cryptocurrencies utilizeblockchainledgerstorecord and validate transactions. The first cryptocurrency wasbitcoin, which debutedin 2009, and nearly 900 cryptocurrencies have been created as of 2017, although very few have seen widespread adoption.

When cryptocurrency is used to pay for goods or services, eachtransaction is securely encrypted and recorded in a public ledger called a blockchain. The blockchain ensures acryptocurrencys integrity and eliminates the need for a central administrator, such as a treasury or acentral bank. Cryptocurrency users connect directly to each other in eer-to-peer transactions, with a degree of anonymity provided by the blockchain ledger. Acryptocurrency walletis used to store various kinds of cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency and it remains the most popular, with millions of users trading the 16 million bitcoins currently in electronic circulation. In its wake, many imitators appeared, andvirtually all of them replicated bitcoins approach while adding uniquetwists. Some of the first imitators, such as Namecoin and Litecoin, improved upon bitcoins security, although none of them have seenmainstream adoptionlike bitcoin, which as of 2017 is accepted at over 100,000 online retailers.

Other cryptocurrencies, like Nxt,resemble acomputing platform morethan a currency used for payment purposes. Where bitcoin simply registers ownership of coins, Nxts blockchain offers several transaction types, such asdata storage or commodities trading, and allows users tobuild apps that utilize the Nxt blockchain.

Ethereum is a cryptocurrency calledether to power a globally shared computer environment. Ethereum transactions are validated on a blockchain like other protocols, but these transactions dont simply confirm spent cryptocurrency; rather, whole computations are recorded in each block, and the price of performing the computation, whats called gas, is paid with ether. The processing power necessary for the computation is provided by users called miners who keep the ether as a reward.

Not ready to take the cryptocurrency plunge? You can always make online payments with a credit card, and Bankrate has the list of the best cash-back cards.

One way to understand the difference between bitcoin andethereum is to think of bitcoin as a currency enabled by a blockchain and ethereum as a blockchain enabled by currency. Whereas bitcoin exists to be spent, ethereums purpose is to provide a computing and business ecosystem. You cant spend ether on Amazon like you can with bitcoin, but you can use it to run an ethereum-based business or app without a middleman like J.P. Morgan or Apple.

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Cryptocurrency Definition | Bankrate.com

2019s best cryptocurrency wallets | 70+ compared | finder.com

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Hardware

BTC, BCH, BTG, ETH, ETC, LTC, DOGE, ZEC, XRP, DASH, STRAT, KMD, ARK, EXP, UBQ, VTC, VIA, NEO, XST, XLM & 1,000+ more

NEW The Ledger Nano X comes with added Bluetooth functionality, more memory and a higher quality screen than its big brother, the Nano S.

Desktop Client

BTC, LTC, ETH, TRX, XMR, DGB, QTUM, XLM, ZEC, XRP, BCH, ETC, DASH, AWC, BTG, DOGE, TPAY, VET, VTHO, DCR, and 280+ more

Store, buy and sell 300+ cryptocurrencies using Atomic Wallet's in-built atomic swap exchange.

MobileWeb

BTC, LTC, ETH, BAT, BCH, DASH, BTG, XRP

Buy, send and convert more than 35 currencies at the touch of a button.

Hardware

BTC, BCH, BTG, ETH, ETC, LTC, DOGE, ZEC, XRP, DASH, STRAT, KMD, ARK, EXP, UBQ, VTC, VIA, NEO, XST, XLM & 1,000+ more

Securely store some of the world's leading cryptocurrencies on the Ledger Nano S hardware wallet.

Hardware

BTC, BCH, BTG, LTC, DASH, DOGE, ETC, ETH, ERC20, NEM, NMC, ZEC, EXP, UBQ

TREZOR hardware wallet is a secure way to keep your cryptocurrency safe from hackers and malware.

Mobile

BTC, BCH, ETH, XRP, ETC, LTC, XLM, ADA, BTG, TRX, REP, BAT, DASH, DGB, DOGE, GNT, LSK, XMR, XEM, NEO, OMG, QTUM, SNT, STRAT, TRX, XVG, VTC, ZEC, ZRX

Buy and hold 28+ cryptocurrencies and more than 50 different fiat currencies in this all-in-one wallet and exchange app.

HardwareMobile

BTC, ETC, XRP, LTC, BCH, ERC20 Tokens

A mobile hardware wallet for iPhone or Android designed to offer wireless bluetooth transactions and cold storage.

HardwareMobile

BTC, ETH, LTC, XRP, BCH, ERC20

A NFC cryptocurrency wallet card with a mobile app that supports major cryptos and select ERC20 tokens.

Hardware

BTC, BCH, BTG, LTC, DASH, DOGE, ETC, ETH, ERC20, NEM, NMC, ZEC, EXP, UBQ

The next generation of hardware wallet from TREZOR, the Model T includes a host of new features including a touchscreen and improved processing.

Desktop ClientWeb

BTC, ETH, REP, ANT, BAT, EOS, SALT, CVC, DNT, SNT, SUB, TRX, OMG, BTM, DENT, PPT, MKR, DGD, QASH, ETHOS & 10+ more

Along with being a decentralised cryptocurrency exchange, Altcoin.io offers users access to its beta release atomic swap wallet.

MobileWeb

BTC, BCH, LTC, ETH

As well as being a cryptocurrency exchange, Coinbase offers one of the most popular web wallets accessible by mobile.

Hardware

BTC, BCH , DASH, DOGE, ETH, LTC, NMC

Protect your digital assets from hackers with the virus- and malware-proof KeepKey hardware wallet.

Desktop ClientMobileWeb

BTC, ETH, DASH, ETC, BCH, REP, LTC, ZEC, RSK, DGE, ICN, GNT, GNO, DGD, BCAP, CVC, STX, POE, MCI, QTUM, CFI, ART, PAY & 30+ more

A relatively new wallet on the market, Jaxx offers multi-platform support for seven different cryptocurrency assets.

Desktop Client

BTC, BCH, BTG, LTC, ETH, DASH, ETC, VTC, FUN, DCR, EOS, ANT, GNO, OMG, BAT & 15+ more

Founded in July 2016, this free desktop wallet offers support for multiple cryptocurrencies including live chart tracking features.

Mobile

BTC, ETH, ETC, BTG, DOGE, LTC, LCC, BCH, DASH, NBT, PPC, RDD, MONA, DGB, DGC, NEOS, XVG, VTC, BTA, ABN & 100+ more

A multi-coin crypto wallet designed for storing multiple cryptocurrencies on your mobile, including bitcoin and Ethereum.

Desktop ClientMobile

BTC

Electrum's desktop wallet is designed to efficiently store your BTC on multi-platforms like Windows, Mac and Linux.

Desktop Client

BTC

Armory is the only open-source wallet with cold storage and multi-signature support features to protect your cryptocurrency.

Desktop ClientMobile

BTC

Developed for bitcoin storage only, GreenAddress offers two-factor authentication and protection of your digital assets.

Mobile

BTC

Bread, previously known as Breadwallet, is a free digital wallet app focused on protecting your personal privacy during BTC storage.

Desktop ClientMobileWeb

BTC, BCH

Developed by BitPay to secure BitPays funds, Copay has quickly emerged as one of the leading wallet platforms on the market.

MobileWeb

BTC, BCH, ETH

Home to over 15 million wallets, Blockchain delivers an online solution for safe ETH and BTC storage.

Mobile

BTC

Founded in 2008, Mycelium is a well-established player in the digital currency industry, evolving to meet the growing needs of bitcoin users.

Mobile

BTC, BCH, ETH, LTC, XMR, XRP, DASH, REP, WINGS, IND, XZC, FTC

A multi-currency wallet designed with an emphasis on security, privacy and user-friendliness.

MobileWeb

BTC, BCH

A web and mobile wallet designed to make it safe and easy to send, receive and store both Bitcoin Cash and bitcoin.

Desktop Client

ETH, ERC20

Securely store Ether and other digital assets on the official Ethereum wallet, otherwise known as the Mist wallet.

Web

ETH, ETC, EOS & ERC20 tokens

MyEtherWallet (MEW) is a free, open source tool for creating wallets that work with the Ethereum platform.

Daedalus Wallet

Desktop Client

ADA

Developed by the team behind Cardano, Daedalus is an open source desktop wallet designed specifically for ADA.

MetaMask Wallet

Web

ETH

A popular Ethereum wallet, MetaMask provides private key protection for sending and storing Ether.

LoafWallet

Mobile

LTC

Developed by the creators of Litecoin, LoafWallet allows you to securely store Litecoin on iOS and Android.

Mobile

ENJ, BTC, ETH, LTC, ERC20, ERC721, ERC1155

Developed by the Enjin Coin team, Enjin Wallet is a mobile multi-crypto wallet designed to be portable, secure and easy.

LiteVault Wallet

Web

LTC

Store, send and receive LTC via the open source, web-based LiteVault wallet.

ethaddress Wallet

Paper

ETH

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2019s best cryptocurrency wallets | 70+ compared | finder.com