Chronicled Completes Technical Pilot Demonstrating Cryptographic Anonymous Transfer of SGTINs for Supply Chain … – PR Newswire (press release)

In addition to removing trust barriers and multi-party friction and bottlenecks, Chronicled's technical pilot represents the first step towards full prevention and elimination of the entry of counterfeit products and components into the supply chain. Within the cryptographic framework of the pilot, an SGTIN can be in the possession of only a single trading partner at any given time. Any duplication will alert the network to the existence and location of a counterfeit asset.

The first market vertical that Chronicled is tackling with the methodology -- in partnership with The LinkLab -- is the pharmaceutical supply chain. An FDA regulatory regime called the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) calls for full end-to-end track and trace of pharma products by 2023 on an interoperable platform. However, under conventional approaches, the pharmaceutical industry fears the leakage of sensitive business intelligence that could tip-off their trading and financing partners about purchasing patterns and business volumes.

"Our team has been working hard on this key privacy issue, and as a result Chronicled is now the first to successfully demonstrate this cryptographically secure method of anonymous physical asset identity transfer," said Chronicled CEO, Ryan Orr. "As an immediate next step, we plan to continue to work with industry partners to implement current supply chain workflows using this technology while optimizing for volume, aggregation, returns, recalls, and performance considerations."

"This is the first step in a longer-term plan to fundamentally improve the way assets move through supply chains by using blockchain technology to immutably track the provenance of any object with an SGTIN," said Chronicled CTO, Maurizio Greco.

Data written to a blockchain are transparent and immutable and do not rely on central databases or human intermediaries. Because of this, the zk-SNARK methodology is not susceptible to human error or conventional hacking. The framework piloted by Chronicled prevents any leakage of company identity, shipment information, and transaction volumes and makes the usage of a blockchain ledger resistant to unwanted usage or analysis of data by an industry analyst or malicious third party. Associated smart contracts allow a regulator to fully and reliably audit the provenance of an asset after the fact, without the need for prior knowledge, continuous monitoring, or the need for trust in the various organizations operating within the supply chain.

"In early August, Chronicled will host a clean-room session with three experts in the field of applied cryptography to verify the robustness of the technical method and publish independent assessments in a public forum," said Chronicled Engineer Maksym Petkus.

While the initial pilot is being implemented using a Parity client on Ethereum, it is compatible with other blockchain systems, including Quorum and Hyperledger, which Chronicled also supports. When fully implemented, the system is expected to represent a major step towards eliminating much of the friction that exists under present regulatory and trade regimes, as data privacy is afforded while at the same time the record of custody and provenance is immutably and cryptographically secured. This unique solution to solving the competing requirements of full privacy, and also item level provenance when requested by a regulator, will represent a major move toward digitalization, trust, and interoperability in global trade flows.

More broadly, the pilot lays the foundation for the implementation of secure, automated business practices on blockchain systems. Follow-on use cases might include IoT-based verification of physical custody of a physical shipment as a precursor to being able to transfer custody of an SGTIN to the next trading partner in the chain; or, immediate, secure fulfillment of contractual obligations, including, for example, automated payment upon delivery of a shipment.

About ChronicledBased in San Francisco, Chronicled is a technology company leveraging blockchain and IoT to power smart, secure supply chain solutions. Chronicled secures IoT device identities, data, and event logs and automates IoT-dependent business logic through smart contracts. Chronicled is also a founding member of the Trusted IoT Alliance, with the mission of creating open source tools and standards to connect IoT and blockchain ecosystems to deliver business value.

About The LinkLabThe LinkLab is a unique supply chain consulting group founded to provide life science companies guidance and support to meet world-wide serialization regulations. With deadlines fast approaching, we work to provide companies with innovative approaches to ensure gaps are identified, timelines are met, and business value is realized. The LinkLab formed from observing the Pharma industry's progression in establishing electronic management of prescription medicines and seeing a need for improvements. With experience going back to 2008 in planning for California's ePedigree law, The LinkLab principals have, for the last four years, focused on projects which support the packaging, distribution, and commercial requirements of serializing prescription medicines. To learn more, visit http://www.thelinklab.com/.

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Chronicled Completes Technical Pilot Demonstrating Cryptographic Anonymous Transfer of SGTINs for Supply Chain ... - PR Newswire (press release)

Macron’s emails RELEASED: WikiLeaks publishes documents and there’s 790 mentions of BREXIT – Express.co.uk

GETTY

Assanges network says the emails have been verified through its DKIM system.

French investigators said in June they found no traces of a Russian hacking group in the cyberattack on Macrons election campaign.

The thousands of emails were released on Monday as a searchable index.

In total, 71,848 emails, 26,506 attachments and 4,493 unique senders are included in the leak.

However, early on WikiLeaks said it had confirmed the 21,075 emails were sent or received by addresses associated with the campaign.

This is done by checking domain keys used to sign emails.

More than 21,000 were verified while there are 50,773 emails it could not verify.

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1 of 10

It is believed that Julian Assange chooses to live in Sweden because the country's media laws are among the world's most protective for journalists

A statement said WikiLeaks believes based on statistical sampling that the overwhelming majority of the remainder are also authentic.

It said: As the emails are often in chains and include portions of each other, it is usually possible to confirm the integrity other emails in the chain as a result of the DKIM verified emails within it.

Macrons camp was attacked with a hack just days before his run-off victory over Marine Le Pen.

Russia was blamed initially.

Head of Frances cybersecurity agency, Guillaume Poupard, has said there is no evidence of Russian interference.

Whistleblower Assange has spent five years holed up in Londons Ecuadorian embassy after originally moving in to avoid extradition to Sweden to face rape charges.

These charges have since been dropped but Julian Assange still fears he will be seized if he leaves the embassy and taken to America to face punishment for releasing secret information.

GETTY

WikiLeaks fans will be able to trawl through the emails which reference Brexit hundreds of times and show the Macron camp was keeping a keen eye on everything Marine le Pen did.

In an interesting development, multiple emails go against the French tough line on Brexit.

In a recent chain, Macron's industrial and military adviser said Britain should be kept onside because it is the "most important" military player in Europe.

Another adviser told Macron the EU seemed less appealing without Britain.

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Macron's emails RELEASED: WikiLeaks publishes documents and there's 790 mentions of BREXIT - Express.co.uk

Elad Gil and Silicon Valley’s bright future in cryptocurrency, genetics … – TechCrunch

A disappointed Pokmon GO Fest attendee has proposed class-action lawsuit againstNiantic

Elad Gil is running around the Color Genomics office when I come to meet him for a little sit-down. The place is full for a Friday afternoon. Theres a worker taking calls on the couch in the front and plenty of others pacing about in the background.

The office is tucked away in an unassuming industrial area of Burlingame, California, in a building that reminds me of some 60s-style government structure. Color is easy to spot. First suite on the first floor and the only one with, well, bright color.

Gil offers me a water and we sit down in a little conference room. Jokingly, he says maybe he can do something funny for the featured image for my article like pretend to hold up the color wheel logo. Katie would never let me do that, he says, referring to his chief marketing officer and ex-Twitter employee Katie Jacobs Stanton. Hes nerdy funny. I like that.

Gil came to Silicon Valley with impressive academic credentials, including a degree in mathematics, another in molecular biology and a PhD in biology from MIT. It was 2001, and he had hoped to make a dent in the universe. But the timing was off. The country was already headed toward an economic downturn, then 9-11 happened.

He was at a telecom company that quickly grew to 150 people and shortly after shrank to a tenth of the size in five rounds of layoffs. Gil was cut in the third round.

That was a turning point for him.

All these people helped, he said. Like big brand-name VCs were referring me to companies just to help. They were like, Everythings collapsing. Youre some random person who showed up with a PhD in biology. You have no job prospects.

He went on to hold prominent positions at Google and Twitter and now as a co-founder in Color Genomics. Hes also an investor in several well-known startups including Airbnb, Square, Stripe and Pinterest and is in a position, which hes known to readily use, to give back to Silicon Valley in much the same way.

But, a dark cloud has been hanging over the Valley lately. News of several incidents of sexual harassment and sex discrimination of female founders have toppled VCs once seen as demigods and caused some to lose hope in the dream.

SB: Ive heard people say Silicon Valley is over. Theyve kind of almost lost faith in their heroes, and then theres all these other little pop-up satellite Silicon Valley-esque cities starting to come up. Do you think Silicon Valley is over?

EG: Oh God, no. I think its best days are ahead of itDo you know the last time they said that Silicon Valley was over?

SB: When?

EG: Theres two times.One was in the early 90s where they were like Its over. Theres nothing left to be done.

SB: At the height of the semiconductors.

EG: Yeah, because all the semiconductor stuff was really sort of like 70s and 80s. And then in early 90s 91, 92, 93 theres the internet. And I was talking to somebody who was really prominent in the internet wave, and he was like I moved out here in like 93 and everybody thought it was over.

Literally, that was the thing. They were like The best times are behind us. All the stuff that could be done has been done. Its over. And then a small group of people were like Lets do stuff on the internet. Others were like Thats insanity. Like the internets a stupid toy thing that connects five universities. Who cares? Then of course, Netscape happened, and then theres a wave of innovations, and then in the bubble that I moved into with my perfect bad timing, the collapse I moved into. In that period, everybodys like Oh, theres nothing interesting on the internet, and we have to go back to hard tech. And Kleiner Perkins got into clean tech, and all these people were talking about nano tech, and it was like Silicon Valley is over, and theres nothing to do. We need to find new industries. Thats literally what happened.

Then all the social waves happened, and the mobile waves happened Just like theres a business cycle, theres a venture cycle, and innovation cycle. You end up with these gaps, and I think were just going through a period where theres less obvious things.

Interjection: We started talking about cryptocurrencies, ice cream, health tech and whats next in Silicon Valley. Ive cut a bunch of this short for brevity.

EG:I basically think the last six months have been cryptocurrencys Netscape moment, and I think were still trying to figure out whats Google, and whats PayPal, and Yahoo, and what to keep in with this first wave.

SB: [Cryptocurrency] scares people, especially when its very new.

EG:Totally. You remember the first internet. People were like Oh, nobodys going to buy anything on that. Theyre not going to put a credit into a website. Thats madness.Now weve got Instacart, Amazon..

Can I say something, and then argue that I never said it when you have a tape? Can I do that purposefully?

SB: Okay. What do you want to argue?

EG: I never said I like chocolate ice cream. I like chocolate chip, or something like that.

SB: And Ill be like No, on the record. This is where he said it.

Okay, so kind of wrapping this up. Where do you see Color fitting in in all of this?

EG: Yeah. I think Color was sort of part of a very early first wave of the visual data areaSo really our focus is on how do you unlock information thats sort of locked up for people, make it something they can actually use to help manage their own health.

SB: People might say it makes it a lot harder if you have to go through your physician first to get this information. I think thats kind of the allure of these at-home health tests a lot of the time.

EG: I think it depends on how much friction you can take out of the physician process, but also the flip of it is, if physicians are telling people that they should consider it, thats actually a really powerful way, as well, for people to participate. So I think there are sort of two sides of the same coin.

As an Ashkanazi Jew, I remember going to my doctor and like Hey, should I be taking these genetic tests for cystic fibrosis and Tay-sachs and all this other stuff as a carrier? And he was like, Oh yeah. Youre Jewish. Sure. You should do it.

SB: Sure. Gotta be proactive.

EG: But I had to bring it up, right? Its something thats often recommended for Ashkenazi Jews to do. So, were basically trying to create an online version of that, where youre still working with the physician but theres different ways for you to work with him.

SB:Where do you think people can innovate further in the health tech space right now? What would you like to see?

EG: Yeah. Um, thats a great question. I think ultimately, theres so much data available ambiently through peoples bodiesThis company Cardiogram that I mentioned. Im a small investor there, from a disclosure perspective. Thats a good example of where youre just ambiently recording and then telling people that they may have had a heart attack. I think that those are some themes that are really intriguing.

I think the top part in health care is that the people who are often benefiting the most from things, arent necessarily the people making the buying decisions. There are some things at a low enough price-point, so that really changes the adoption rates of different tested products. Thats one obstacle, in terms of larger scale adoptions.

SB: Okay. I think well end it on that.

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Is Kazakhstan the next cryptocurrency hotspot? – Crypto Insider (press release) (blog)

Back in 2014, Kairat Kelimbetov, then-head of Kazakhstans National Bank suggested that Bitcoin could be a form of financial pyramid scheme. The common belief among Kazakhstani officials was that cryptocurrencies could undermine the countrys already struggling tenge.

The tenge absolutely was struggling, though.

Nearly 80 percent of the Kazakhstan National Banks reserves, deposited from customers, are not kept in tenge, the countrys national currency. Though the number is lower for businesses, the fact that most of the banks reserves are in dollars, euro, and other currencies is not encouraging for the countrys national currency. Even still, with the tenge having fallen over 70% between 2008 and 2014 due to rampant corruption and low oil prices, media rumors of a BTC ban were circulating the Central Asian nation throughout 2014.

Things began to change, however, and as cryptocurrencies increased in popularity and other countries began to relax their positions, the Kazakhstan government followed suit. The Kazakhstani even saw their first BTC ATM in late 2015. Seeing the need for change, the government began the race to regulate cryptos in 2016, allowing the National Bank leverage to monitor the situation, according to Daniyar Akishev.

In June 2017, Kazakhstan announced plans to begin selling blockchain based bonds. The idea was to provide investors with a low-cost, commission-free, and speedy medium for purchasing bonds. While not necessarily a new idea, it was a landmark event for Kazakhstan in the blockchain race.

Showing an even greater commitment to the governments efforts to adapt to the technology taking root across the world, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev announced that It is high time to look into the possibility of launching the international payment unit. It will help the world get rid of monetary wars, black-marketeering and decrease volatility at markets, at the 10th Astana International Forum (AIF). According to Nazarbayev, All countries should be represented there equally. This is a difficult question but it should be solved. This signaled a distinct shift in ideology from officials 2014 decry of the subject.

From that surprising announcement, a fresh movement was seemingly born. In mid-July, working with Deloitte, Kesarev Consulting, Waves Platform, and legislation firm Juscutum, the Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) announced that the coalition would be working together to develop supportive cryptocurrency regulation in Kazakhstan. We consider this project as a perfect opportunity to create a new jurisdiction, which would be most favorable for crypto projects in the world, said Head of Juscutum, Artem Afyan.

Kazakhstani officials clearly recognize the need to adapt to the rapidly changing techno-economic environment, and theres no lack of enthusiasm from the trading population either. Kazakhstans move to become the worlds second government to regulate cryptocurrencies puts it on track to become a hub for crypto-startups, blockchain businesses, and ICOs. The financial implications of this move could prove to be more than beneficial to the nations struggling economy.

But Kazakhstan is not the only country in Eurasia to catch the Bitcoin bug. Belarus has recently approved the use of blockchain technology for its securities market, while Poland last year promoted an idea to move to a cashless economy favorable to blockchain-based security systems. Even Ukraine has lofty goals involving cryptocurrency.

The blockchain race is on, and those who act fast and efficiently could emerge as leaders in the crypto-revolution.

Images from Wikimedia commons and Forexnewsnow.com

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Cryptocurrency 101 – TechJuice – TechJuice (press release) (blog)

Cryptocurrency is the talk of the town now, its everywhere, from thousands of digital coin ATMs installed over the world to the hospital in Pakistan offering to accept the digital currency. Among all the debate about its legality and profitability, an unfamiliar mind finds itself confused over the word cryptocurrency. Now we are going to discuss all the whats and the hows of cryptocurrency.

Cryptocurrency is a digital currency which is created and accessed electronically and can be used to buy things electronically. Just like dollar, rupees or yen, various conventional currencies circulating today, there are more than 900 cryptocurrencies available. Most famous of them is Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency invented in 2009. Ethereum, Litecoin, Factom and dozen others are also used in a fair amount.

Cryptocurrency serves the same purpose as conventional currency except for the one main difference: it is decentralized i.e. there is no central bank regulating it. There is no intermediary present between two dealing parties. In the case of conventional currencies, banks have all the record and they charge fees for their services. However, in the case of cryptocurrency, there are no banks present to cut fees. It is the anonymity ensured by the absence of intermediary which has made it famous; just like in emails and phone calls, where our message travels from A to B without relying on a third-party, thus ensuring our privacy.

But the question arises who regulates the transactions? What if someone just duplicates their cryptocurrency or uses it for more than one transaction? To solve this problem, an online public ledger, Blockchain, keeps and updates all the record of transactions. It is the technology at the heart of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. It uses cryptography to make transactions secure and makes them publicly available while ensuring the users anonymity, thus also helping to reduce fraud. Since it is publicly available, the whole community can verify the authenticity of a transaction.

State Bank of Pakistan hasnt announced any regulations for the cryptocurrency, which means that digital currency neither holds the status of money nor it is illegal to use. However, earlier this year, FBR launched action against those involved in money laundering and tax evasion through digital currency, and SECP warned the public to beware of scams in cryptocurrency. Apart from this, there arent any comments by the Government of Pakistan.

The majority of countries have no legislation regarding any digital currency. Japan has given it the status of legal tender. However, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, and few other countries have declared it illegal, citing their concern over its possible use in money laundering.

The reason for the absence of any clear legislation is that the cryptocurrency is still in developing phase and a very small fraction of public uses it. Unless major investors enter this market, we cannot expect a word about its legality from the government.

Because of the absence of any third party, it offers a number of benefits.

No one knows how much digital currency you have and what transaction you have made unless you make your online wallet public. Compared to conventional currency, where banks carry all the information regarding your balance and transactions, it is up to you how much information you want to share with others.

Whenever you make a transaction, data is updated on Blockchain, an online ledger, but your identity is kept private. If someone wants to verify a transaction they would look it up in Blockchain, but they wont know your name. However, this privacy must not be confused with complete anonymity; you are still required to prove your identity while signing up.

Of what use a currency is if you cannot buy things with it. Many websites accept cryptocurrency as payment. For instance, Overstock.com accepts Bitcoins as payment and the good thing is they also ship to Pakistan. You can also top up your prepaid mobile phone using Bitrefill. Freelancers also prefer to use cryptocurrency, as it reduces their transaction fees and increases their earning by 2% to 5%.

Yes, there are many risks and disadvantages of using cryptocurrency.

There are a limited number of coins at the moment and demand varies from day to day. The rate of digital currency adoption may hamper or increase depending on the press coverage and other factors. But point needing emphasis is that overall trend is upwards. Earlier this year Bitcoin surpassed the value of one ounce of gold. Around the same time, it also dropped by 30%. Its a high-risk medium and you better not keep your savings in it.

You wont find any ATM for cryptocurrency in Pakistan. There arent any local retailers offering to accept any digital currency. So, you cant simply go out in the market and use cryptocurrency; it still has a lot of growing to do. The price that vendor cuts for processing your transaction keep changing, servers often dont work and it takes a whole day to do just one transaction. Cryptocurrency is new to this world and is still under development, but still, it is improving with every passing day.

World of cryptocurrency is an uncharted territory. It is so new that there isnt any legislation regarding its taxation. The government hasnt classified it either as a commodity or a currency. There are no statements regarding taxation of cryptocurrency. There is still a lot of confusion about its taxability. So, in order to avoid trouble, it is advisable to establish a record keeping system and keep a track of when is cryptocurrency acquired and when it is disposed of.

In the next story, I will tell you about the most popular cryptocurrency Bitcoin. I will also give you a detailed explanation on what you can do to buy Bitcoin or other coins in Pakistan.

Feel free to drop your questions below for further discussion.

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Wall Street stunned over AMD’s blowout results due to cryptocurrency mining demand – CNBC

Investors are mesmerized with AMD's impressive second quarter as cryptocurrency mining demand drove the company's financial results above Wall Street's expectations.

The chipmaker reported better-than-expected second-quarter earnings and guidance Tuesday. Its shares surged more than 10 percent in after-hours trading following the report and were up more than 9 percent in early regular trading Wednesday.

"AMD turned in a solid beat to our and consensus estimates as the company's new Ryzen desktop CPU ramped into production and GPU demand outstripped supply," Stifel analyst Kevin Cassidy wrote in a note to clients Wednesday. "While management wasn't specific on how much, the GPU revenue upside was driven by cryptocurrency applications."

AMD shares have rallied 102 percent through Tuesday in the previous 12 months compared with the S&P 500's 14 percent return. That performance ranks No. 4 in the entire S&P 500, according to FactSet.

Cryptocurrency miners use graphics cards from AMD and Nvidia to "mine" new coins, which can then be sold or held for future appreciation. AMD traditionally has a better reputation for mining cryptocurrencies.

The ethereum cryptocurrency is up more than 2,400 percent year to date through Wednesday, while bitcoin is up about 160 percent this year, according to data from industry website CoinDesk.

In June, AMD shares jumped after the company told CNBC that the dramatic rise in digital currency prices has driven demand for its graphics cards. At the time, major computer hardware retailers had sold out of AMD's recently launched RX 570 and RX 580 models.

Digital currency mining was the key topic during AMD's earnings conference call with Wall Street on Tuesday evening. Analysts asked company management three times for clarification on the magnitude and sustainability of cryptocurrency mining demand.

One analyst noted the company is working to mitigate future downside risk and is not incorporating continued digital currency mining outperformance in its guidance.

"Crypto mining helped stimulate demand for AMD GPUs in Q2, which we think could translate to a risk should cryptocurrency values decline, AMD is working to manage the crypto risk by targeting supply to the core GPU gaming market, and working with some of its AIB [add in board] partners to offer specific feature sets to segment the market between gaming & mining," Jefferies analyst Mark Lipacis wrote Wednesday. "AMD is not including upside from mining in its outlook."

Lipacis reiterated his buy rating on the company and raised his price target to $19 from $16, representing 35 percent upside from Tuesday's close.

To be sure, some analysts are still skeptical about AMD after its big run.

"We were surprised at the aftermarket reaction for the stock," Morgan Stanley analyst Joseph Moore wrote Wednesday. "We continue to be somewhat cynical on the long-term intrinsic value of the stock, despite being excited about Zen and maintaining numbers that are above the Street. As street numbers start to catch up, absolute valuation levels are going to matter more."

Moore reiterated his equal weight rating and $11 price target for AMD shares.

CNBC's Michael Bloom contributed to this story.

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Wall Street stunned over AMD's blowout results due to cryptocurrency mining demand - CNBC

Wikileaks Releases Emails From Macron Campaign – Fortune

Wikileaks published over 20,000 emails stolen from the election campaign of French President, Emmanuel Macron, on Monday morning along with a tool to search the documents.

The leaked emails, which includes records of campaign expenses and logistics, do not so far appear to contain any obvious bombshells though it could take days for the media and others to properly review their contents.

According to Wikileaks, which announced the publication on Twitter and on its website, the emails span eight years and are from thousands of people:

Today, Monday 31 July 2017, WikiLeaks publishes a searchable archive of 21,075 unique verified emails associated with the French presidential campaign of Emmanual Macron. The emails range from 20 March 2009 to 24 April 2017. The 21,075 emails have been individually forensically verified

The full archive of 71,848 emails with 26,506 attachments from 4,493 unique senders is provided for context.

A brief review by Fortune of a sample of the emails turned up largely mundane items like a bill for secretarial services, and a significant part of the trove consists of newsletters that Macron-affiliated staff received from media outlets like Le Monde.

There are, though, some emails that discuss the rise of U.S. President Donald Trump, including one from a French government economist that describes Trump as a "political hybrid animal," whose campaign was built on an America-first message.

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Wikileaks created turmoil in the U.S. Presidential election last year by leaking emails stolen from Hillary Clinton's campaign Chair, John Podesta, and is regarded by many as a propaganda outlet for the Russian government.

In its short statement announcing the release of the Macron campaign emails, Wikileaks noted French cyber-security authorities had not attributed earlier leaks to Russia and said certain hacking attacks had come with false attribution.

Monday's document dump comes months after hackers leaked emails from the Macron campaign days before the French election in Maya move that ultimately had little effect on the results, which saw Macron soundly defeat French far-right candidate Marine Le Pen.

Last week, Reuters reported that Russia had created bogus Facebook pages to spy on the Macron campaign.

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Wikileaks Releases Emails From Macron Campaign - Fortune

NSA whistleblower Snowden: VPN ban makes Russia ‘less safe and less free’ – ZDNet

NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden argues that Russia's decision to outlaw VPNs is a "tragedy of policy".

Edward Snowden has laid into the Russian government for banning the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) and other tools that people can use to circumvent censorship and surveillance.

Russian president Vladimir Putin signed the law on Sunday, prompting a Twitter tirade from Snowden, the US National Security Agency (NSA) whistleblower who has been sheltering in Moscow since 2013.

Snowden called the decision a "tragedy of policy" that would make Russia "both less safe and less free". He also linked the government's move to China's crackdown on VPN technology, which led Apple to pull dozens of VPN apps from its Chinese App Store over the weekend.

"Whether enacted by China, Russia, or anyone else, we must be clear this is not a reasonable 'regulation,' but a violation of human rights," Snowden wrote, arguing that, "If the next generation is to enjoy the online liberties ours did, innocuous traffic must become truly indistinguishable from the sensitive."

He also appeared to urge tech industry workers to push back against the anti-VPN trend.

Linking Russia's move to China's crackdown on VPN technology, Snowden urged tech workers to be vigilent.

Snowden is these days the president of the Freedom of the Press Foundation. In line with his 2013 decision to expose the NSA's mass-surveillance activities, he has long been an advocate of individuals being able to protect their communications and online activities.

However, he has previously warned against people relying too much on VPNs, because their operators may be vulnerable to hacks or subpoenas that could expose users.

The former NSA contractor originally fled from the US to Hong Kong, where he famously started working with newspapers to expose the agency's activities.

Then, while apparently trying to fly to Latin America, Snowden found himself stranded at a Moscow airport because the US had cancelled his passport. The Russians granted him asylum, which was extended for "a couple more years" in January this year.

During his stay there, Snowden has occasionally voiced strong criticism of Russia's surveillance policies.

In mid-2016, when the Russian government introduced a data-retention law and forced communications providers to help decrypt people's messages, the American said the legislation was "an unworkable, unjustifiable violation of rights that should never have been signed".

In 2014, he also denounced the so-called Blogger's Law, which imposed restrictions on what bloggers can write.

The latest law, banning VPNs, will come into effect in November this year. It is mainly intended to stop Russians viewing websites that are on the official state blacklist.

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NSA whistleblower Snowden: VPN ban makes Russia 'less safe and less free' - ZDNet

Facebook’s Sheryl Sandberg: WhatsApp metadata informs governments about terrorist activity in spite of encryption – CNBC

"The goal for governments is to get as much information as possible. And so when there are message services like WhatsApp that are encrypted, the message itself is encrypted but the metadata is not, meaning that you send me a message, we don't know what that message says but we know you contacted me," she said.

"If people move off those encrypted services to go to encrypted services in countries that won't share the metadata, the government actually has less information, not more. And so as technology evolves these are complicated conversations, we are in close communication working through the issues all around the world."

Sandberg recently met Rudd and told "Desert Island Discs" that Facebook and the U.K. government are "very aligned in our goals".

"We want to make sure all of us do our part to stop terrorism and so our Facebook policies are very clear. There's absolutely no place for terrorism, hate, calls for violence of any kind. Our goal is to not just pull it off Facebook but to use artificial intelligence and technology to get it before it's even uploaded.

"We are working in collaboration with the other tech companies now, so if a video by a terrorist is uploaded to any of our platforms, we are able to fingerprint it for all the others so that they can't move from platform to platform."

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Ex-NSA chief Chris Inglis backs government’s encryption push against Apple, Facebook – The Australian Financial Review

Former NSA deputy director Chris Inglis says the Australian government is acting reasonably in asking tech companies to be more helpful in cracking terrorists' messages.

The deputy director of the United States' National Security Agency (NSA) during the Edward Snowden leaks has backed the Australian government's push to force tech giants to assist in revealing the content of some encrypted messages, saying the likes of Facebook and Apple could do more to help track terrorists and criminals.

Speaking to The Australian Financial Review ahead of a trip to Australia this week, Chris Inglis, who was the NSA's highest-ranking civilian from 2006 to 2014 says the government's plan to enact law enforcement powers to crack open encryption by the end of the year is an appropriate attempt to strike a balance between protecting privacy and protecting citizens from terrorism.

He says the government's plan will not require the providers of apps such as WhatsApp, Wickr, Telegram Messenger and iMessage to create new so-called back doors into devices and apps, but will simply involve them doing more to open up their systems on request.

"When citizens look to their government they expect them to protect their privacy and also to keep them safe, this is not an either/or proposition. When I hear your Prime Minister and your Attorney-General speaking about this, I don't see them favouring one of these over the other," Inglis says.

"There has been scaremonger comments on these topics, but I haven't heard your government asking for new back doors, they are merely saying that, if there is a capability already there, they would like to use it under the rule of law, which has always been a legitimate government pursuit."

Tech giants such as Facebook and Apple have already asserted they provide as much assistance as they can to law enforcement agencies, both in Australia and globally, and say they are powerless to break the encryption on individual messages.

Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull raised eyebrows around the world with a comment suggesting the laws of Australia trump the laws of mathematics, which led to Edward Snowden tweeting that such remarks create a "civilizational risk".

Apple chief executive Tim Cook previously wrote an open letter to customers last year after the company refused to build a system to help the FBI unlock the iPhone of a San Bernardino terrorism culprit who jointly killed 14 people.

He said the US government's request to break encryption would require its engineers to weaken the devices for everyone else around the world.

"The same engineers who built strong encryption into the iPhone to protect our users would, ironically, be ordered to weaken those protections and make our users less safe," Cook wrote.

In July, special adviser to the Prime Minister on cyber security Alastair MacGibbon said he couldn't understand why these companies "viscerally rail against helping protect their customers", and Inglis says he believes that the likes of Apple are balancing their commercial concerns in markets in all corners of the globe against the option of being as open as possible with different governments.

"Many of these systems already have what I would describe as an appropriate, well-known back door, whether it's a patching mechanism, or it's a software update mechanism those are back doors," he says.

"Most users have every confidence in the world that those work very appropriately and that only the vendor who services their software is able to replace the software, update the software and change the function of that phone in every way, shape, or form."

Other experts, such as Firstwave Cloud Technology's Simon Ryan have also suggested that it is entirely possible, at least for Facebook, to reveal the contents of private messages.

Inglis is heading to Australia in his role as chair of the strategic advisory board of US-based behaviour analytics cyber security firm Securonix, which is poised to officially open its operations Down Under this week.

His time in office at the NSA ended a year after its former IT contractor Edward Snowden plunged it into crisis by leaking thousands of documents that laid bare the methods and extent of the agency's surveillance programs.

Securonix provides technology, which it says detects malicious behaviour within an organisation or network in real-time, and would theoretically stop the kind of exfiltration of private data accomplished by Snowden.

While saying that he still sits more closely to the black-and-white view that Snowden committed an act of betrayal, Inglis says he now has some empathy with Snowden's purported intention to expose what he believed to be egregious behaviour by the government.

However, he says Snowden's credentials as a principled whistleblower are called into doubt by the fact that he did nothing to raise concerns in less harmful ways prior to leaking information.

"I would feel more sympathetic about him in 2013 if he had exercised one iota of having raised a hand, lodged a concern, kind of thrown a brick through somebody's window with an anonymous note to us, but he did none of those things," Inglis says.

"With allegations like these, you an obligation to actually be factually correct in what you allege is going on, and he was not I think that if you believe in your cause, you should be willing to stand and speak about that in the presence of your peers, and here he is in Moscow, so none of that speaks well of either of his motivation and certainly not of his means."

Inglis was portrayed in the 2016 Oliver Stone movie Snowden, which followed events leading up to the leak, and which he says provided an "egregious misappropriation of the facts" regarding the attitudes at the NSA and of Snowden's importance within it.

In the movie a character in Inglis' role is seen sending Snowden off to head a mission in Hawaii to solve a problem related to China, yet Inglis says the two never met in person, and Snowden was too far removed from the action to be remotely considered for such work.

"I have to imagine that the reason it was portrayed that way was not to make it more interesting, but rather to impress upon the audience that Edward Snowden was somebody that travelled in circles where he would have direct knowledge of the strategies, the means and the conspiracies that are practised by an NSA, and of course he was nowhere near in those places," he says.

"He was an important enough worker that he was hired to do what he did, but he was working at the edge, and many of the things that he saw, he didn't fully understand the context of, and he therefore misdescribed."

Inglis says the sense of shock that permeated the NSA following the leaks had passed by the time he left the agency. He says that he and others within the NSA were comfortable that they were doing the right thing, with noble intentions, and believed they made the scandal worse by mismanaging their external communications before Snowden leaked.

He says the agency should have explained why it had surveillance plans in place and proactively addressed concerns about a lack of controls and restraint.

"If I could go back in time I would address the fact that the government and NSA were not transparent enough the noble purpose and controls were not as well understood as what Snowden was talking about, which was capability, and a capability that you might enjoy never tells the whole story," Inglis says.

"Most of his allegations were taken as revelations and they were not. His allegations were just that. They were facetious and vilified us."

Moving into the present, Inglis says he understands people outside the US viewing its present administration with a sense of worry. However, he believes that the checks and balances in place would not allow an unpredictable president to become a national security risk.

The Trump presidency has been dogged by suggestions that his team has been too close to Moscow since the election campaign, but Inglis says there are enough protections in place that would prevent the President from exceeding his remit.

"If I was still at the NSA, I would have to appreciate the President has a role, and that role within the United States system is that he is not the sole and ultimate authority on how the nation proceeds," he says.

"You have to actually let this play out, because it's still true that the conflict of ideas is one of our best ideas. I'm confident at the end of the day that our system is going to work its way through what looks like some pretty chaotic controversies at a distance, and frankly, most days, close in, feels that way as well.

"There is a genuine battle of ideas taking place as to what is the proper role of government, and the views are extreme. It looks a bit worrisome, both close in and at a distance, but the system has lived through periods where it was equally chaotic before and we worked our way through it. If you believe in the foundations of this particular form of government, as I do, you have to believe that we'll figure it out, that we'll work our way through."

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Ex-NSA chief Chris Inglis backs government's encryption push against Apple, Facebook - The Australian Financial Review