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Computers are getting smaller and faster day by day because electronic components are getting smaller and smaller. But this process is about to meet its physical limit.

Electricity is the flow of electrons. Since the size of transistors is shrinking to the size of a few atoms, transistors cannot be used as switches because electrons may transfer themselves to the other side of blocked passage by the process called quantum tunneling.

Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that explores the physical world at a most fundamental level. At this level, particles behave differently from the classical world taking more than one state at the same time and interacting with other particles that are very far away. Phenomena like superposition and entanglement take place.

In classical computing for example there are 4 bits. The combination of 4 bits can represent 2^4=16 values in total and one value a given instant. But in a combination of 4 qubits, all 16 combinations are possible at once.

What can quantum computers do?

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Introduction to quantum computing - GeeksforGeeks