Slowly but surely, quantum computing is getting ready for its closeup.

Google made headlines in October 2019 upon proclaiming that it had achieved the long-anticipated breakthrough of quantum supremacy. Thats when a quantum computer is able to perform a task a conventional computer cant. Not in a practical amount of time, anyway. For instance, Google claimed the test problem it ran would have taken a classical computer thousands of years to complete though some critics and competitors called that a gross exaggeration.

IBM, for one, wasnt having it. The other big player in quantum, it promptly posted a response essentially arguing that Google had underestimated the muscle of IBM supercomputers which, though blazingly fast, arent of the quantum variety.

Tech giant head-butting aside, Googles achievement was a genuine milestone one that further established quantum computing in the broader consciousness and prompted more people to wonder: What will these things actually do?

But even once quantum computing reigns supreme, its potential impact remains largely theoretical. But thats more a reflection of quantum computings still-fledgling status than unfulfilled promise.

Before commercial-scale quantum computing is a thing, however, researchers must clear some major hurdles. Chief among them is upping the number of qubits, units of information that these impressive pieces of hardware use to perform tasks. Whereas classical computer bits exist as 1s or 0s, qubits can be either or both simultaneously. Thats key to massively greater processing speeds, which are necessary to simulate molecular-level quantum mechanics.

Despite quantums still-hypothetical nature and the long road ahead, predictions and investment abound. Google CEO Sundar Pichai likened his companys recent proof-of-concept advancement to the Wright brothers 12-second flight: Though very basic and short-lived, it demonstrated whats possible. And whats possible, experts say, is impressive indeed.

From cybersecurity to pharmaceutical research to finance, here are some ways quantum computing facilitates major advancements.

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Location: Armonk, New York

Quantum computing and artificial intelligence may prove to be mutual back-scratchers. As VentureBeat explained, advances in deep learning will likely increase our understanding of quantum mechanics while at the same time fully realized quantum computers could far surpass conventional ones in data pattern recognition. Regarding the latter, IBMs quantum research team has found that entangling qubits on the quantum computer that ran a data-classification experiment cut the error rate in half compared to unentangled qubits.

What this suggests, an essay in the MIT Technology Review noted, is that as quantum computers get better at harnessing qubits and at entangling them, theyll also get better at tackling machine-learning problems.

IBMs research came in the wake of another promising machine-learning classification algorithm: a quantum-classical hybrid run on a 19-qubit machine built by Rigetti Computing.

Harnessing [quantum computers statistical distribution] has the potential to accelerate or otherwise improve machine learning relative to purely classical performance, Rigetti researchers wrote. The hybridization of classical compute and quantum processors overcame a key challenge in realizing that aim, they explained.

Both are important steps toward the ultimate goal of significantly accelerating AI through quantum computing. Which might mean virtual assistants that understand you the first time. Or non-player-controlled video game characters that behave hyper-realistically. The potential advancements are numerous.

I think AI can accelerate quantum computing," Googles Pichai said, "and quantum computing can accelerate AI.

Location: New York, New York

The list of partners that comprise Microsofts so-called Quantum Network includes a slew of research universities and quantum-focused technical outfits, but precious few business affiliates. However, two of the five NatWest and Willis Towers Watson are banking interests. Similarly, at IBMs Q Network, JPMorgan Chase stands out amid a sea of tech-focused members as well as government and higher-ed research institutions.

That hugely profitable financial services companies would want to leverage paradigm-shifting technology is hardly a shocker, but quantum and financial modeling are a truly natural match thanks to structural similarities. As a group of European researchers wrote last year, [T]he entire financial market can be modeled as a quantum process, where quantities that are important to finance, such as the covariance matrix, emerge naturally.

A lot of recent research has focused specifically on quantums potential to dramatically speed up the so-called Monte Carlo model, which essentially gauges the probability of various outcomes and their corresponding risks. A 2019 paper co-written by IBM researchers and members of JPMorgans Quantitative Research team included a methodology to price option contracts using a quantum computer.

Its seemingly clear risk-assessment application aside, quantum in finance could have a broad future. If we had [a commercial quantum computer] today, what would we do?Nikitas Stamatopoulos, a co-author of the price-options paper, wondered. The answer today is not very clear.

Location: Redmond, Washington

The world has a fertilizer problem that extends beyond an overabundance of poop. Much of the planets fertilizer is made by heating and pressurizing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a process pioneered in the early 1900s by German chemist Fritz Haber.

The so-called Haber process, though revolutionary, proved quite energy-consuming: some three percent of annual global energy output goes into running Haber, which accounts for more than one percent of greenhouse gas emissions. More maddening, some bacteria perform that process naturally we simply have no idea how and therefore cant leverage it.

With an adequate quantum computer, however, we could probably figure out how and, in doing so, significantly conserve energy. In 2017, researchers from Microsoft isolated the cofactor molecule thats necessary to simulate. And theyll do that just as soon as the quantum hardware has a sufficient qubit count and noise stabilization. Googles CEO told MIT he thinks the quantum improvement of Haber is roughly a decade away.

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Location: Berkeley, California

Recent research into whether quantum computing might vastly improve weather prediction has determined its a topic worth researching! And while we still have little understanding of that relationship, many in the field view it as a notable use case.

Ray Johnson, the former CTO at Lockheed Martin and now an independent director at quantum startup Rigetti Computing, is among those whove indicated that quantum computings method of simultaneous (rather than sequential) calculation will likely be successful in analyzing the very, very complex system of variables that is weather.

While we currently use some of the worlds most powerful supercomputers to model high-resolution weather forecasts, accurate numerical weather prediction is notoriously difficult. In fact, it probably hasnt been that long since you cursed an off-the-mark meteorologist.

Location: London, England

To presidential candidate Andrew Yang, Googles quantum milestone meant that no code is uncrackable. He was referring to a much-discussed notion that the unprecedented factorization power of quantum computers would severely undermine common internet encryption systems.

But Googles device (like all current QC devices) is far too error-prone to pose the immediate cybersecurity threat that Yang implied. In fact, according to theoretical computer scientist Scott Aaronson, such a machine wont exist for quite a while. But the looming danger is serious. And the years-long push toward quantum-resistant algorithms like the National Institute of Standards and Technologys ongoing competition to build such models illustrates how seriously the security community takes the threat.

One of just 26 so-called post-quantum algorithms to make the NISTs semifinals comes from, appropriately enough, British-based cybersecurity leader Post-Quantum. Experts say the careful and deliberate process exemplified by the NISTs project is precisely what quantum-focused security needs. As Dr. Deborah Franke of the National Security Agency told Nextgov, There are two ways you could make a mistake with quantum-resistant encryption: One is you could jump to the algorithm too soon, and the other is you jump to the algorithm too late.

Location: Toronto, Ontario

The real excitement about quantum is that the universe fundamentally works in a quantum way, so you will be able to understand nature better, Googles Pichai told MIT Technology Review in the wake of his companys recent announcement. Its early days, but where quantum mechanics shines is the ability to simulate molecules, molecular processes, and I think that is where it will be the strongest. Drug discovery is a great example.

One company focusing computational heft on molecular simulation, specifically protein behavior, is Toronto-based biotech startup ProteinQure. Flush with $4 million in recent seed funding as of 2019, it partners with quantum-computing leaders (IBM, Microsoft and Rigetti Computing) and pharma research outfits (SRI International, AstraZeneca) to explore QCs potential in modeling protein.

Thats the deeply complex but high-yield route of drug development in which proteins are engineered for targeted medical purposes. Although its vastly more precise than the old-school trial-and-error method of running chemical experiments, its infinitely more challenging from a computational standpoint. As Boston Consulting Group noted, merely modeling a penicillin molecule would require an impossibly large classical computer with 10-to-the-86th-power bits. For advanced quantum computers, though, that same process could be a snap and could lead to the discovery of new drugs for serious maladies like cancer, Alzheimers and heart disease.

Cambridge, Mass.-based Biogen is another notable company exploring quantum computings capacity for drug development. Focused on neurological disease research, the biotech firm announced a 2017 partnership with quantum startup 1QBit and Accenture.

Location: Stuttgart, Germany

QCs potential to simulate quantum mechanics could be equally transformative in other chemistry-related realms beyond drug development. The auto industry, for example, wants to harness the technology to build better car batteries.

In 2018, German car manufacturer Daimler AG (the parent company of Mercedes-Benz) announced two distinct partnerships with quantum-computing powerhouses Google and IBM. Electric vehicles are mainly based on a well-functioning cell chemistry of the batteries, the company wrote in its magazine at the time. Quantum computing, it added, inspires justified hope for initial results in areas like cellular simulation and the aging of battery cells. Improved batteries for electric vehicles could help increase adoption of those vehicles.

Daimler is also looking into how QC could potentially supercharge AI, plus manage an autonomous-vehicle-choked traffic future and accelerate its logistics. It follows in the footsteps of another major Teutonic transportation brand: Volkswagen. In 2017, the automaker announced a partnership with Google focused on similar initiatives. It also teamed up with D-Wave Systems in 2018.

Location: Wolfsburg, Germany

Volkswagens exploration of optimization brings up a point worth emphasizing: Despite some common framing, the main breakthrough of quantum computing isnt just the speed at which it will solve challenges, but the kinds of challenges it will solve.

The traveling salesman problem, for instance, is one of the most famous in computation. It aims to determine the shortest possible route between multiple cities, hitting each city once and returning to the starting point. Known as an optimization problem, its incredibly difficult for a classical computer to tackle. For fully realized QCs, though, it could be much easier.

D-Wave and VW have already run pilot programs on a number of traffic- and travel-related optimization challenges, including streamlining traffic flows in Beijing, Barcelona and Lisbon. For the latter, a fleet of buses traveled along distinct routes that were tailored to real-time traffic conditions through a quantum algorithm, which VW continues to tweak after each trial run. According to D-Wave CEO Vern Brownell, the companys pilot brings us closer than ever to realizing true, practical quantum computing.

Location: College Park, Maryland

In the search for sustainable energy alternatives, hydrogen fuel, when produced without the use of fossil fuels, is serving to be a viable solution for reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Most hydrogen fuel production is currently rooted in fossil fuel use, though quantum computing could create an efficient avenue to turn this around.

Electrolysis, the process of deconstructing water into basal hydrogen and oxygen molecules, can work to extract hydrogen for fuel in an environmentally-friendly manner. Quantum computing has already been helping research how to utilize electrolysis for the most efficient and sustainable hydrogen production possible.

As of 2019, IonQ performed the first simulation of a water molecule on a quantum device, marking as evidence that computing is able to approach accurate chemical predictions. As of 2022, IonQ released Forte, its newest generation of quantum systems allowing software-configurability and greater flexibility for researchers and other users. Theres hopes that the power of quantum computing can further climate change solution research on a large and accelerated scale.

Location: Boulder, Colorado

Quantum computing has become a hot topic amongst the tech industry, though one particular company is keeping it cool. ColdQuanta is known for its use of cold atom quantum computing, in which laser-cooled atoms can act the role as qubits. With this method, fragile atoms can be kept cold while the operating system remains at room temperature, allowing quantum devices to be used in various environments.

To aid in research conducted by NASAs Cold Atom Laboratory, ColdQuantas Quantum Core technology was successfully shipped to the International Space Station in 2019. The technology has since been expected to be used to support communications, global positioning, and signal processing applications. ColdQuanta has also been signed in multi-million dollar contracts by U.S. government agencies to develop quantum atomic clock and ion trap system technologies as of 2021.

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