La psoriasis (AFI:[soja.sis], del griego , picor) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crnica de la piel de origen autoinmune,[1] que produce lesiones escamosas engrosadas e inflamadas, con una amplia variabilidad clnica y evolutiva. No es contagiosa, aunque s puede ser hereditaria, es ms probable que la hereden los hombres que las mujeres.
Puede afectar a cualquier parte de la piel, frecuentemente a las zonas de codos, rodillas, cuero cabelludo, abdomen y espalda. No es raro que produzca afectacin de las uas. Esto se conoce como psoriasis ungueal. Las uas pueden ser la nica zona afectada al principio de la psoriasis. En ocasiones produce complicaciones como la artritis psorisica.
La clasificacin ms utilizada se organiza segn los sntomas, los tipos de lesiones cutneas y la gravedad general del cuadro. Es la clasificacin ms til para la eleccin de su tratamiento y para el conocimiento del pronstico de la enfermedad en cada paciente. La clasificacin est detallada en el apartado Cuadro clnico. En la antigedad era falsamente diagnosticada como lepra, debido a la similitud de sintomatologa.
Se estima que entre un 1 y un 3% de la poblacin sufre de psoriasis.[2][3]
La prevalencia de la psoriasis vara entre las diferentes poblaciones de todo el mundo.[4] Los datos indican que la aparicin de la psoriasis vara segn la edad (menor en los nios) y regin geogrfica, siendo ms frecuente en los pases ms distantes del ecuador.[5] Las tasas de prevalencia en Europa se calculan en alrededor del 1,5%, mientras que en los EE.UU. se estima que la incidencia es aproximadamente del 4,6%. En contraste, se han observado tasas de prevalencia mucho ms bajas entre los afroamericanos, los pases africanos del este, India (0,7%) y China (0,4%).[6]
Si bien puede debutar a cualquier edad, suele hacerlo entre los 15 y los 35aos, con un pico mximo de incidencia en la segunda dcada. Afecta por igual a ambos sexos, aunque es ms precoz en mujeres y en personas con antecedentes familiares.
La psoriasis puede aparecer tambin en la infancia. Aproximadamente un tercio de los pacientes registrados fueron diagnosticados antes de los 20 aos,[7] acentundose en estos casos los posibles problemas de autoestima y comportamiento asociados a la enfermedad. Investigaciones clnicas han hecho referencia a casos de acoso escolar debidos a la enfermedad.
La psoriasis es una enfermedad multifactorial compleja,[4] de origen autoinmune,[1] y su etiologa exacta es en gran parte desconocida. Se ha demostrado una predisposicin gentica, la cual sin embargo no puede explicar completamente la patognesis de la enfermedad. Adems de la susceptibilidad gentica, se suman factores ambientales, as como el gnero y la edad. Recientemente, ciertos desequilibrios en los mecanismos de regulacin epigenticos se indican como elementos causales en la psoriasis.[4]
La herencia de esta enfermedad es posiblemente polignica. Se ha demostrado una importante agregacin familiar,[8] con una concordancia aproximada en gemelos monocigticos del 60%[6] y la asociacin a determinados HLA.
En este sentido, se asocia la predisposicin a psoriasis con los antgenos HLA-CW6, y HLA-DR7. Adems, existe correlacin entre el tipo clnico de psoriasis y otros antgenos HLA. Por ejemplo, el HLA-B17 se asocia a un inicio ms precoz y un curso ms grave, y el HLA-B27 est relacionado con la forma pustulosa generalizada.[9]
Continued here:
Psoriasis - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
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