The proteins in our bodies are easily confused with the proteinin food.There are similarities and links between the two for example, both consist of amino acids.

But, when scientists talk about proteins in biology, they are talking about tiny butcomplex molecules that perform a huge range of functions at a cellular level, keeping us healthy and functioning as a whole.

Scientists will often talk about proteins "folding" and say that when they fold properly, we're OK. The way they fold determines their shape, or 3D structure, and that determines their function.

But, when proteins fail to fold properly, they malfunction, leaving us susceptible to potentially life-threatening conditions.

We don't fully understand why: why proteins fold and how, and why it doesn't always work out.

When proteins go wrong: 'Lewy bodies' or protein deposits in neurons can lead to Parkinson's cisease

The whole thing has been bugging biologists for 50 or 60 years, with three questions summarized as the "protein-folding problem."

It appears that that final question has now been answered, at least in part.

An artificial intelligence systemknown as AlphaFold can apparently predict the structure of proteins.

AlphaFold is a descendant of AlphaGo a gaming AI that beat human GO champion Lee Sedol in 2016. GO is a game like chess but tougher to the power of 10.

DeepMind,the company behind AlphaFold, is calling it a "major scientific advance."

To be fair, it's not the first time that scientists have reported they have used computer modeling to predict the structure of proteins;they have done that for a decade or more.

Perhaps it's the scale that AI brings to the field the ability to do more, faster. DeepMind say they hope to sequence the human proteome soon, the same way that scientists sequenced the human genome and gave us all our knowledge about DNA.

But why do it? What is it about proteins that makes them so important for life?

Well, predicting protein structure may help scientists predict your health for instance, the kinds of cancer you may or may not be at risk of developing.

Proteins are indeed vital for life they are like mechanical components, such ascogs in a watch or strings and keys in a piano.

Proteins form when amino acids connect in a chain. And that chain "folds" into a 3D structure. When it fails to fold, it forms a veritable mess a sticky lump of dysfunctional nothing.

Proteins can lend strength to muscle cells, or form neurons in the brain.The US National Institutes of Health lists five main groups of proteins and their functions:

There can be between 20,000 and 100,000 unique types of proteins within a human cell. They form out of an average of 300 amino acids, sometimes referred to as protein building blocks. Each is a mix of the 22 differentknown amino acids.

Those amino acids are chained together, and the sequence, or order, of that chain determines how the protein folds upon itselfand, ultimately, its function.

Protein-folding can be a process of hit-and-miss. It's a four-part process that usually begins with twobasic folds.

Healthy proteins depend on a specific sequence of amino acids and how the molecule 'folds' and coils

First, parts of a protein chain coil up into what areknown as "alpha helices."

Then, other parts or regions of the protein form "beta sheets," which look a bit like the improvised paper fans we make on a hot summer's day.

In steps three and four, you get more complex shapes. The two basic structures combine into tubes and other shapes that resemble propellers, horseshoes or jelly rolls. And that gives them their function.

Tube or tunnel-like proteins, for instance, can act as an express route for traffic to flow in and out of cells. There are "coiled coils" that move like snakes to enable a function in DNA clearly, it takes all types in the human body.

Successful protein folding depends on a number of things, such as temperature, sufficient space in a celland, it is said, even electrical and magnetic fields.

Temperature and acidity (pH values) in a cell, for instance, can affect the stability of a protein its ability to hold its shape and therefore perform its correct function.

Chaperone proteins can assist other proteins while folding and help mitigate bad folding. But it doesn't always work.

Misfolded proteins are thought to contribute to a range of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's andHuntington's diseaseand ALS.

It's thought that when a protein fails to foldand perform a specific function, known as "loss of function," that specific job just doesn't get done.

As a result, cells can get tired for instance, when a protein isn't there to give them the energy they need and eventually they get sick.

Researchers have been trying to understand why some proteins misfold more than others, why chaperones sometimes fail to help, and why exactly misfolded proteins cause the diseases they are believed to cause.

Who knows? DeepMind's AlphaFold may help scientists answer these questions a lot faster now. Or throw up even more questions to answer.

Bugs can be tasty. So why is it that we don't we eat more of them? There are plenty of reasons to do so: insects are easy to raise and consume fewer resources than cows, sheep or pigs. They dont need pastures, they multiply quickly and they don't produce greenhouse gasses.

Water bugs, scorpions, cockroaches - on a stick or fried to accompany beer: these are delicacies in Asia, and healthy ones at that. Insects, especially larvae, are an energy and protein bomb. One hundred grams of termites, for example, have 610 calories - more than chocolate! Add to that 38 grams of protein and 46 grams of fat.

Insects are full of unsaturated fatty acids, iron, vitamins and minerals says the UNS Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The organization wants to increase the popularity of insect recipes around the world.

In many countries around the world, insects have long been a popular treat, especially in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Mopane caterpillars, like the ones shown here, are a delicacy in southern Africa. They're typically boiled, roasted or grilled.

Even international fine cuisine features insects. And in Mexican restaurants, worms with guacamole are a popular snack. Meanwhile, new restaurants in Germany are starting to pop up that offer grasshoppers, meal worms and caterpillars to foodies with a taste for adventure.

In Europe and America, beetles, grubs, locusts and other creepy crawlers are usually met with a yuck! The thought of eating deep-fried tarantulas, a popular treat in Cambodia, is met with great disgust. But is there a good reason for that response?

Fine food specialists Terre Exotique (Exotic Earth) offer a grilled grasshopper snack. The French company currently sells the crunchy critters online via special order. A 30-gram jar goes for $11.50 (9 euros).

There are about 1,000 edible insect varieties in the world. Bees are one of them. They're a sustainable source of nutrition, full of protein and vitamins - and tasty for the most part. The world needs to discover this delicacy, says the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization.

In 2012, researchers used ecological criteria to monitor mealworm production at an insect farm in the Netherlands. The result? For the production of one kilogram of edible protein, worm farms use less energy and much less space than dairy or beef farms.

Even in Germany, insects used to be eaten in abundance. May beetle soup was popular until the mid-1900s. The taste has been described as reminiscent of crab soup. In addition, beetles were sugared or candied, then sold in pastry shops.

French start-up Ynsect is cooking up plans to offer ground up mealworms as a cost-effective feed for animals like fish, chicken and pigs. This could benefit the European market, where 70 percent of animal feed is imported.

Author: Lori Herber

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What are proteins and why do they fold? - DW (English)