Propagandists are already working to sow disinformation and social discord in the run-up to the November elections.
Many of their efforts have focused on social media, where peoples limited attention spans push them to share items before even reading them in part because people react emotionally, not logically, to information they come across. Thats especially true when the topic confirms what a person already believes.
Its tempting to blame bots and trolls for these problems. But really its our own fault for sharing so widely. Research has confirmed that lies spread faster than truth mainly because lies are not bound to the same rules as truth.
As a psychological scientist who studies propaganda, here is what I tell my friends, students and colleagues about what to watch out for. That way, they can protect themselves and each other from lies, half-truths and misleading spins on current events.
If something you see online causes intense feelings especially if that emotion is outrage that should be a red flag not to share it, at least not right away. Chances are it was intended to short-circuit your critical thinking by playing on your emotions. Dont fall for it.
Instead, take a breath.
The story will still be there after you verify it. If it turns out to be real, and you still want to share it, you may also want to consider the fire you may be contributing to. Do you need to fan the flames?
During these unprecedented times we have to be careful about not contributing to emotional contagions. Ultimately, you are not in charge of alerting the public to breaking news, and youre not in any race to share things before other people do.
A new tactic being adopted by misinformation warriors is to post feel-good stories that people will want to share. Those pieces may be true or may have as much truth as urban legends. But if lots of people share those posts, it lends legitimacy and credibility to the fake source accounts that originally post the items. Then those accounts are well positioned to share more malicious messages when they judge the time is right.
These same agents use other feel-good ploys as well, including attempts to play on your vanity or inflated self-image. Youve probably seen posts saying Only 1% of people are brave enough to share this or take this test to see if you are a genius. Those arent benign clickbait theyre often helping a fraudulent source get shares, build an audience, or in the case of those personality quizzes or intelligence tests they are trying to get access to your social media profile.
If you encounter a piece like this, if you cant avoid clicking then just enjoy the good feeling it gives you and move on. Share your own stories rather than those of others.
What you read may make some extraordinary claim like the pope endorsing a U.S. presidential candidate when he has never endorsed a candidate before. Astronomer and author Carl Sagan advocated for the response you should have to such claims: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, which is a longstanding philosophical premise. Consider whether the claim youre seeing was supported by any evidence at all and then check that the quality of that evidence out.
Also, remember that a quirk of human psychology means that people only need to hear something three times before the brain starts to think its true even if its false.
If youre reading something that matches so well with what you had already thought, you might be inclined to say Yep, thats true and share it widely.
Meanwhile, differing perspectives get ignored.
We are strongly motivated to confirm what we already believe and avoid unpleasant feelings associated with challenges to our beliefs especially strongly held beliefs.
It is important to identify and acknowledge your biases, and take care to be extra critical of articles you agree with. Try seeking to prove them false rather than looking for confirmation theyre true. Be on the lookout because the algorithms are still set up to show you things they think you will like. Dont be easy prey. Check out other perspectives.
Posts that are riddled with spelling and grammatical errors are prime suspects for inaccuracies. If the person who wrote it couldnt be bothered to spell-check it, they likely didnt fact-check it either. In fact, they may be using those errors to get your attention.
Similarly, a post using multiple fonts could unintentionally reveal that it had material added to the original or be trying to deliberately catch your eye. (Yes, the errors in the heading for this tip were intentional.)
Memes are usually one or more images or short videos, often with text overlaid, that quickly convey a single idea.
While we may all enjoy a good laugh with a new Ermahgerd meme, memes particularly those sowing political discord have actually been identified as one of the emerging mediums for propaganda. In recent years, the practice of using memes to incite divisiveness has rapidly escalated, and extremist groups are using them with increasing effectiveness.
For example, white supremacist groups have commandeered the Pepe the frog meme, a cartoonish image that may attract younger audiences.
Their origins as benign, humorous images about grumpy cats, cats who want cheeseburgers or calls to keep calm and carry on have led our brains to classify memes as enjoyable or, at worse, harmless. Our guards are down. Plus their short nature further subverts critical thinking. Stay alert.
Was the post from an unreliable media outlet? The Media Bias/Fact Check website is one place to look to find out whether a particular news source has a partisan bias. You can also assess the source yourself. Use research-based criteria to judge the quality and balance of the evidence presented. For instance, if an article expresses an opinion, it may present facts slanted in a way favorable to that opinion, rather than fairly presenting all the evidence and drawing a conclusion.
If you find that youre looking at a suspect site, but the specific article seems accurate, my strong suggestion is to find another credible source for the same information, and share that link instead. When you share something, social media and search-engine algorithms count your sharing as a vote for the overall sites credibility. So dont help misinformation sites take advantage of your reputation as a cautious and careful sharer of reliable information.
It may be surprising, but politicians and other public figures dont always tell the truth. It may be accurate that a particular person said a particular sentence, but that doesnt mean the sentence is correct. You can double-check the alleged fact, of course, but you can also see how truthful particular people are.
If youre hearing information from a friend, of course, theres no website. Youll have to rely on old-fashioned critical thinking to evaluate what she says. Is she credible? Does she even have sources? If so, how reliable are those sources? If evaluating the message is too much work, maybe just stick with the like button and skip the share.
If you find something that seems compelling and true, check out what nonpartisan sources say on the subject. For a view of media outlets perspectives, take a look at the Media Bias Chart.
Finding no mention of the topic in nonpartisan media may suggest the statement or anecdote is just a talking point for one side or the other. At minimum, ask yourself why the source chose to write or share that piece. Was it an effort to report and explain things as they were happening, or an attempt to influence your thinking or actions or your vote?
There are a lot of reputable fact-checking organizations, like Snopes and FactCheck. There is even a dedicated meme-checking site. It doesnt take long to click over to one of those sites and take a look.
But it can take a very long time to undo the harm of sharing misinformation, which can reduce peoples ability to trust evidence and their fellow humans.
To protect yourself and those in your social and professional networks be vigilant. Dont share anything unless youre sure its true. Misinformation warriors are trying to divide American society. Dont help them. Share wisely.
[Get facts about coronavirus and the latest research. Sign up for our newsletter.]
Read this article:
10 ways to spot online misinformation - The Conversation US
- What Pepe The Frog's Death Can Teach Us About ... - NPR.org [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2018] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2018]
- The Truth About Pepe The Frog And The Cult Of Kek [Last Updated On: March 16th, 2018] [Originally Added On: March 16th, 2018]
- Heat Street Apologizes for Saying Pepe the Frog Isn't Anti ... [Last Updated On: March 16th, 2018] [Originally Added On: March 16th, 2018]
- Pep Le Pew - Wikipedia [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2018] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2018]
- Amazon.com: Pepe Scream: Appstore for Android [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2019] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2019]
- Zara Loses Its Skirt Over Pepe the Frog - The New York Times [Last Updated On: February 25th, 2019] [Originally Added On: February 25th, 2019]
- An Obituary For The Painfully Misunderstood Pepe The Frog ... [Last Updated On: March 29th, 2019] [Originally Added On: March 29th, 2019]
- Pepe the Frog - Wikipedia [Last Updated On: March 29th, 2019] [Originally Added On: March 29th, 2019]
- I 'stormed' Area 51 and it was even weirder than I imagined - The Guardian [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2019] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2019]
- What the uncanceling of Pepe the Frog just for HK protests, though tells us about US media - RT [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2019] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2019]
- How the alt-right co-opted the OK hand sign to fool the media - The Guardian [Last Updated On: October 3rd, 2019] [Originally Added On: October 3rd, 2019]
- The 'OK' Hand Gesture Is Now Listed As A Symbol Of Hate - NPR [Last Updated On: October 3rd, 2019] [Originally Added On: October 3rd, 2019]
- Pepe the protest frog? Hong Kong kids aren't alt-right - FRANCE 24 [Last Updated On: October 3rd, 2019] [Originally Added On: October 3rd, 2019]
- Why Joker is unlikely to inspire real-world violence - Vox.com [Last Updated On: October 16th, 2019] [Originally Added On: October 16th, 2019]
- How Area 51 memes enticed a generation to Naruto run at a military base - The Independent [Last Updated On: November 12th, 2019] [Originally Added On: November 12th, 2019]
- Theater Review: The Slow Launch and Rapid Rise of Dr. Rides American Beach House - Vulture [Last Updated On: November 12th, 2019] [Originally Added On: November 12th, 2019]
- Inside the extreme right-wings plan to take over campus conservatism - Raw Story [Last Updated On: November 12th, 2019] [Originally Added On: November 12th, 2019]
- Hong Kong and Cartoons: Art and Its Influence in the Pro-Democracy Protests - The Bagpipe [Last Updated On: November 12th, 2019] [Originally Added On: November 12th, 2019]
- How Donald Trump Jr. Landed Smack in the Middle of a Right-Wing Civil War - The Daily Beast [Last Updated On: November 12th, 2019] [Originally Added On: November 12th, 2019]
- Trump, Israel and anti-Semitism: How white nationalists are rattling the American right - Haaretz [Last Updated On: December 2nd, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 2nd, 2019]
- Hong Kongers mark half year protest anniversary with huge rally - Capital FM Kenya [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2019]
- Our Top 5 Fav Memes From The Decade - 5Why [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2019]
- Worst tweet of the decade was the Vita Coco urine tweet - Business Insider [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2019]
- Overwhelming illustrations put the internet in your eyeballs - Fast Company [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2019]
- Decade list: Top trends and memes - UNR The Nevada Sagebrush [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2019]
- White Power Hand Signal Used During Army-Navy Game - West Point, Annapolis Investigating - Jim Heath TV [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2019]
- Alexander the Bot: The Twitter War for the Macedonian Soul - Balkan Insight [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2019]
- Ive Been Reporting From the Front Lines of the Hong Kong Protests. Heres What It Taught Me About the Power of Art - artnet News [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2019]
- From sexting to politics: How emoji evolved this decade - The Next Web [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2019]
- The memes that defined the 2010s - Vox.com [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2019]
- When the O.K. Sign Is No Longer O.K. - The New York Times [Last Updated On: December 18th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 18th, 2019]
- The hope of Chanukah - The Spectator USA [Last Updated On: December 26th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 26th, 2019]
- The Top 10 Memes That Defined the Decade - Highsnobiety [Last Updated On: December 26th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 26th, 2019]
- We wish we'd written that: STAT staffers share their favorite stories of 2019 - STAT [Last Updated On: December 26th, 2019] [Originally Added On: December 26th, 2019]
- Hide the Pain Harold is the meme of the decade (according to Imgur) - The Next Web [Last Updated On: January 16th, 2020] [Originally Added On: January 16th, 2020]
- Sorry Racist Friend, That MLK Quote You Posted Yesterday Meant Nothing Coming From You - Moms [Last Updated On: January 25th, 2020] [Originally Added On: January 25th, 2020]
- Hong Kong rings in Chinese New Year with protest-themed gifts - Quartz [Last Updated On: January 25th, 2020] [Originally Added On: January 25th, 2020]
- Big premieres in the Big Sky: 149 films at Big Sky Film Fest - Montana Kaimin [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2020] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2020]
- Sundance: Feels Good Man charts a path of redemption for Pepe - TechCrunch [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2020] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2020]
- Pepe the Frog - adl.org [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2020] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2020]
- The 1975s New Meme-Heavy Video Will Make You Feel 1,000 Years Old - Vulture [Last Updated On: February 24th, 2020] [Originally Added On: February 24th, 2020]
- What is the 'boogaloo'? How online calls for a violent uprising are hitting the mainstream - NBC News [Last Updated On: February 24th, 2020] [Originally Added On: February 24th, 2020]
- Civil war talk takes on a life of its own as far-right extremists coalesce around the Boogaloo - AlterNet [Last Updated On: February 29th, 2020] [Originally Added On: February 29th, 2020]
- SXSW Review: 'Feels Good Man' documents the rise of Pepe the Frog - Vanyaland [Last Updated On: March 24th, 2020] [Originally Added On: March 24th, 2020]
- Meme of The Decade - The Banner Newspaper [Last Updated On: March 24th, 2020] [Originally Added On: March 24th, 2020]
- AFLW star Tayla Harris and the kick that ignited the trolls - then punted them to the sidelines - The Age [Last Updated On: April 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: April 26th, 2020]
- How Pepe the Frog Became a Nazi Trump Supporter and Alt ... [Last Updated On: April 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: April 27th, 2020]
- What Does Pepe the Frog Mean? | Memes by Dictionary.com [Last Updated On: April 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: April 27th, 2020]
- Boogaloo Extremists, Banned From Facebook, and the Hawaiian Shirt - The New York Times [Last Updated On: July 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 7th, 2020]
- Incels: Alienated Men And Violence In The Digital Age - Rantt Media [Last Updated On: July 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 7th, 2020]
- Drive-In Film Fest Has Debut - Micromedia Publications [Last Updated On: July 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 7th, 2020]
- Qiana Di Bari, Owner of Sale Pepe in Lahaina, On Racism in the Food Business and Why She Feels At Home On Maui - HONOLULU Magazine [Last Updated On: July 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 7th, 2020]
- Inside 'Boogaloo' movement 'armed to the teeth' and calling for overthrow of US - Daily Star [Last Updated On: July 11th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 11th, 2020]
- What is frog TikTok, and why does it so often cross over with lesbian TikTok? - Metro.co.uk [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- The Rundown: July 16, 2020 - Multiversity Comics [Last Updated On: July 17th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 17th, 2020]
- There's a documentary on the way about Pepe the Frog - entertainment.ie [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- Most Googled things by US states over past 10 years including Kim Kardashian, Baby Shark and Fortnite - The Sun [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2020]
- Disney Plus "Muppets Now" Zoom Video Call With Kermit the Frog And Friends - We Are Movie Geeks [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2020]
- Pepe the Frog Creator Tries to Reclaim Meme in Feels Good Man Doc Trailer - Rolling Stone [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2020]
- 'Feels Good Man' Will Try To Save Pepe The Frog, The Innocent Cartoon That Became A Hate Symbol - esquire.com [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2020]
- What Does The "Pepe The Frog" Meme Mean? | YourTango [Last Updated On: July 25th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 25th, 2020]
- Trailer for Award-Winning Doc FEELS GOOD MAN Takes Viewers on an Artist's Journey to Reclaim His Creation 'Pepe the Frog' - GeekTyrant [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- How 'Pepe the Frog' went from harmless to hate symbol ... [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- Pepe the Frog - Dictionary.com [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- Muppets, murderers and a new 'Star Trek' are among 10 things to watch on TV - Salt Lake Tribune [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Young Men, Alienation and Violence in the Digital Age - Fair Observer [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Muppets Now: Together Again, With a Touch of Amnesia - Rolling Stone [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Former Overwatch Pro Silkthread Reveals Blizzard Tried To Fine Him $1000 For Pepe The Frog Tweet - Bounding Into Comics [Last Updated On: August 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 5th, 2020]
- How White Nationalists Weaponize Motherhood - The Cut [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- The Hate-Fueled Rise of r/The_Donaldand Its Epic Takedown - WIRED [Last Updated On: August 9th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 9th, 2020]
- Donald Trump Jr. has a long history of spreading misinformation and conspiracy theories online - Insider - INSIDER [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Open Air Cinema and Streaming Series Continue at The Loft - Tucson Weekly [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2020]
- How Pepe the Frog's Creator Rescued Him From the Alt-Right - Daily Beast [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2020]
- You Can't DM People on 4chan: Arthur Jones and Giorgio Angelini on Pepe the Frog Documentary Feels Good Man - Filmmaker Magazine [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2020]
- Pepe the Frog Mutates from a Far Right Meme Into a Lovable, Far Gone Figure in Feels Good Man - The Texas Observer [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2020]
- An Artist Tries to Save Pepe the Frog From Fascists - Hyperallergic [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2020]
- Movie review: New doc chronicles chilling tale of Pepe the Frog - Online Athens [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2020]
- Documentary details how Pepe the Frog became the mascot of white supremacy - The State Press [Last Updated On: October 8th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 8th, 2020]
- Pepe the Frog finds redemption in the Amazon documentary 'Feels Good Man' - Idaho State Journal [Last Updated On: October 8th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 8th, 2020]
- Ladbrokes Casino bonus: how good is the 2020 welcome offer? - Telegraph.co.uk [Last Updated On: October 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 10th, 2020]