Total nutrition including energy, protein, macro and micronutrients during calving and early lactation is critical to cow health while also determining milk production both this year and next.

Animal Nutrition Manager from farm nutrition company Altum, Jackie Aveling, says that an energy deficit in this period could impact cycling and conception rates, so it is important to provide a high quality balanced diet to meet nutrient needs.

"One of the best methods to determine if a herd is consuming adequate nutrients is herbage testing to pinpoint any limiting factors in the diet in combination with analysis from other supplementary feeds."

Dairy pasture data collected over the last five years from thousands of Altum clients has been statistically analysed to a 95% confidence interval by region, element and month to confirm seasonal trends:

Potassium levels are higher over winter and spring, then trend down over summer.

Magnesium and calcium - both key elements for the lactating cow - trend lower in winter and spring.

The majority of trace elements trend lower over the spring period as pasture growth increases, with a few exceptions.

"In a forage based diet, pasture potassium levels exceed the needs of calving and lactating cows.

"Potassium can negatively impact the availability of magnesium in the cow which increases the risk of milk fever. Identifying pasture potassium and magnesium levels will help farmers plan an effective supplementation programme," says Jackie.

"A robust supplementation programme includes a combination of methods including high quality magnesium directly provided to the herd through water, dry cow molasses lick blocks and pasture dusting."

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Herbage testing for herd nutrition assessment