Minerva Baumann, New Mexico State University Published 8:30 a.m. MT Feb. 29, 2020

Hubble Space Telescope photo of Jupiter was taken when it was comparatively close to Earth, at a distance of 415 million miles. Hubble reveals the intricate, detailed beauty of Jupiters clouds as arranged into bands of different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These bands are produced by air flowing in different directions at various latitudes. Lighter colored areas, called zones, are high-pressure where the atmosphere rises. Darker low-pressure regions where air falls are called belts. The planets trademark, the Great Red Spot, is a long-lived storm roughly the diameter of Earth. Much smaller storms appear as white or brown-colored ovals. Such storms can last as little as a few hours or stretch on for centuries.(Photo: Images courtesy NASA, ESA, and A. Simon - NASA Goddard)

LAS CRUCES - The atmosphere of Jupiter is a colorful swirl of cloud bands in brown, yellow, red and white with an enormous red spot. To unlock some of the atmospheres mysteries on the gas giant planet, New Mexico State University researchers this week received a three-year, $283,800 grant from NASAs New Frontiers Data Analysis Program.

The New Frontiers research program, within NASAs Planetary Science Division, is aimed at enhancing the scientific return from New Frontiers class missions. The mission NMSU astronomers have chosen to investigate is the Juno mission, which is currently in orbit around Jupiter.

We proposed to analyze some infrared images and spectra of Jupiters atmosphere to try to understand the circulation patterns and the waves, and the transition between orderly and chaotic circulations in Jupiters atmosphere, said Nancy Chanover, astronomy professor and principal investigator on the project.

The team of researchers working with Chanover includes co-investigators Jason Jackiewicz, associate professor of astronomy; Wladimir Lyra, assistant professor of astronomy; and Ali Hyder, astronomy Ph.D. student.

The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest in the solar system. Its called a gas giant because its atmosphere is made up of mostly hydrogen and helium gas, like the Sun. Each of the professors is approaching the data from a different perspective. Chanovers perspective is from the upper cloud deck of Jupiter, Jackiewicz studies the interior of Jupiter and vertical motions within the atmosphere, and Lyra creates numerical simulations of fluids of all astrophysical kinds.

My part is in the modeling of the atmosphere. In this case, we are going to apply my models to the atmosphere of Jupiter to better understand and explain the observations recorded by Juno, Lyra said as he described some of his previous simulations and how they could apply to the Jupiter project.

This a previous model, so you can see as the simulation proceeds, more vortices form, they grow, they merge with other ones, they tease each other. In the end, youre going to have one large vortex. So we are applying the same kind of calculations to the atmosphere of Jupiter.

Jason Jackiewicz, associate professor of astronomy, is part of the team of researchers studying the atmosphere of Jupiter. Jackiewiczs research, the NASA-funded Jovian Interiors from Velocimetry Experiment in New Mexico project, he has been using the Dunn Solar Telescope to measure winds in Jupiters atmosphere, in particular vertical motions with a very specific technique he pioneered.(Photo: Darren Phillips / New Mexico State University)

As part of Jackiewiczs research, the NASA-funded Jovian Interiors from Velocimetry Experiment in New Mexico project, he has been using the Dunn Solar Telescope to measure winds in Jupiter's atmosphere, in particular vertical motions, with a very specific technique he pioneered. The data from Juno are being supplemented with observations from JIVE.

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It's exciting that we can obtain data from observations carried out right here in New Mexico that complement the NASA Juno space data, providing us with new constraints about how the atmosphere of Jupiter is dynamically linked to interesting features like vortices, said Jackiewicz.

Little is known about the interior composition and structure of gas giant planets like Jupiter. One of NASAs planetary science goals is to understand how the suns family of planets originated and evolve.

The Juno images provide us sort of with east, west and north south motions of the clouds and Jasons data will provide us with the vertical motions of the clouds, Chanover said. Using that three-dimensional dataset, we will really be able to probe whats driving these vortices in the atmospheric circulation.

Ph.D. student Ali Hyder will be working with the team on all aspects of the research as part of his doctoral thesis.

Jupiters atmosphere is a dynamic and ever-changing system where we can observe fluid dynamic phenomenology on a scale inaccessible on Earth, so it provides a very unique environment in which to study such phenomena, Hyder said. Being part of this project, I will be working on all aspects of numerical modeling, the actual development of the code, modification of the model, analysis of the results from the numerical simulation, and the data reduction of the observations as well.

From left: Wladimir Lyra, assistant professor of astronomy, Ali Hyder, Ph.D. student, and Nancy Chanover, astronomy professor and principal investigator of a three-year, $283,800 grant from NASAs New Frontiers Data Analysis Program to analyze infrared images and spectra of Jupiter's atmosphere. (NMSU photo by )(Photo: Amanda Adame / New Mexico State University)

Results of this research will be published in peer reviewed journals and the new data generated through the mapping of some images or the inclusion of these other datasets will be archived in the Atmospheres Node of NASAs Planetary Data System, located at NMSU.

Chanover also leads that project, which is responsible for the acquisition, preservation and distribution of all non-imaging atmospheric data from all planetary missions (excluding Earth observations).

Once the data are archived in the PDS, they are accessible by any investigator worldwide, Chanover said. It really provides value to the existing mission data that are in the archive, because now were adding what is known as derived data or a kind of new data generated as a result of those mission data. So were adding another layer on top of the primary mission data.

The blending of different research specialties to make new discoveries about Jupiter is an important part of the project for Chanover.

One of the reasons I'm really excited about this project is because its a true collaboration among three faculty members in our department who come from varied academic research areas.

The collaborative nature is also a benefit for Hyder as a graduate student.

It is a really big deal for me to get exposure to such a varied domain of expertise, which is quite unusual for a single project, Hyder said. So Im getting information regarding the atmosphere, regarding the interior, and regarding numerical astrophysics all together.

EYE ON RESEARCH is provided by New Mexico State University. This weeks feature was written by Minerva Baumann of Marketing and Communications. Minerva Baumann can be reached at 575-646-7566 ormbauma46@nmsu.edu.

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