If you had to name the branch of university research that has the most tangible impact on mankind's day-to-day activities, it is likely that the life sciences would be near the top of the list: notmany days go by without the announcement of a new drug or gene discovery that has the potential to change lives or tackle disease.

Much of the best research in these fields takes place in the ultra-elite universities that excel in subjects across the board.

But analysis byTimes Higher Education of the institutions that make up the World University Rankings reveals that there is a cluster of institutions just below this elite that areparticularly strong in the life sciences and in driving forward innovation.

The 120 "life science challengers"tend to pitch much higher in the subject rankings related to clinical research and life sciences, as might be expected, with the bulk of them achieving overall scores in the middle to upper ranges (see below).

However, they also perform very strongly in terms of the citation impact of their research, something that can be credited to their excelling in fields where journal article activity is key. Unlike the "technology challengers"(another cluster in the rankings), they also tend to be older universities, with few having been established less than 50 years ago.

Beyond these similarities though, the factors that drive the individual successes of the institutions are varied. In some cases excellent strategic decisions taken by the university are a factor; in others the local or regional ecosystem for research plays a part.

Sweden, which has five institutions in the list (headed by the medical research specialist Karolinska Institute), is one example where the ecosystem for life sciences appears to be a key factor.

Ulf Landegren, professor of molecular medicine at Uppsala University, another of the Swedish institutions in the list, said that the country had historically excelled in many life science fields, but that it was now taking its performance to another level with the help of collaborative programmes. The Science for Life Laboratory is one such programme government-funded, it is based in Uppsala and also in Stockholm.

The SciLifeLab, as it is known, allows researchers from across Sweden to use cutting-edge and often expensive technology without paying for the privilege (apart from the costs of disposables used in lab work). Companies and scientists based outside Sweden can also use the facilities, but must face the full cost of doing so.

Professor Landegren, who was heavily involved in setting up Uppsalas SciLifeLab site, said the effect of the scheme has been that Swedish scientists now have ready access to advanced techniques that they may not themselves have the economy or the skills to set up.

Increasingly we see that life science is going the way of physics, in that technology is getting a little too expensive and complicated for individuals to have all the resources they need to answer their research questions so you might as well centralise it, he explained.

He added that as well as making generic technology and techniques available to all Swedish scientists, SciLifeLab went a stage further by also identifying emerging beyond state-of-the-art approaches to research and capitalising on them before they spread to other countries and universities.

Access to expensive technology and the latest techniques is a theme carried across to other institutions that make the list.

Ross Coppel, director of research in the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences at Australia's Monash University, puts its success down to past strategic decisions to invest properly in the best academic staff and equipment, but also to the skilled technicians who operate facilities.

He said universities research strategies are often very similar and it [success] comes down to your capacity to implement and execute your vision. I think we were in the fortunate position of having the financial resource to do it [and] the determination to do it and its worked out for us very well.

On the role of technicians, he said Monash had focused on their field being a career path in its own right, with good job security and benefits. In return, in terms of testing new techniques and advancing research technology, we look to them also to be pushing the boundaries of what is achievable", explained Professor Coppel.

Beyond smaller research nations like Sweden and Australia, the life science challengers cluster is dominated by institutions in the US and UK.

With 35 institutions of the 120 (the UK has 24), the US is out in front, with a number ofprivate institutions excelling in research.Here, the unique position that some American universities occupy having strong ties to hospitals and the general healthcare system is an obvious explanation for their success.

Emory University in Atlanta, for instance, is behind the state of Georgias biggest healthcare system not-for-profit Emory Healthcare while the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has its headquarters adjacent to the university's campus. This geographic proximity between researchers and the practical application of their findings has obvious collaborative benefits.

But the university is also keen to stress the importance of its global reach through its success in spinning out research into the healthcare market and its academic links overseas.

David Stephens, vice-president for research at Emory, said that the institution had "realised its greatest success in commercialising research discoveries in the field of infectious diseases. For example, nine out of 10 US HIV/Aids patients, and thousands more globally, are on life-saving drugs discovered at Emory".

Meanwhile, an effect of its international collaborations can be seen in the recent joint set-up with the University of Queensland another life science challenger institution of a multimillion-dollar biotech company developing cancer treatments.

simon.baker@timeshighereducation.com

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Which universities are pushing the boundaries in life sciences? - Times Higher Education (THE)