Libertarianismus je oznaen pro skupinu politickch ideologi, kter odmtaj donucovn a naopak vyzdvihuj politickou i obecnou svobodu a aktivitu skrze dobrovoln obansk sdruen i spolky. Dle se zasazuj o spolenost s minimlnmi zsahy sttu nebo v krajnch ppadech o spolenost zcela bez sttnho zzen.
Pojem libertarianismus (v etin se tento termn pouv zdka, zde znamen krajn variantu a pokraovn liberalismu) se nkdy obecn uv ve spojitosti se silnou touhou po svobod, bez ohledu na politick pesvden, a jako termn v mnohem um slova smyslu oznauje (zejmna v USA) intelektuln-politick hnut, kter oivuje a dl rozvj klasick i evropsk liberalismus. Libertarini obhajuj individualismus a voln obchod. Zdrazuj dleitost nevynucenho socilnho podku a ztotouj se s morlnm odporem ke sttu, kter disponuje svou "krutou" a donucovac funkc. Je pro n charakteristick, e dvaj pednost neintervenn zahranin politice nejen z obavy ped zahraninm avanturismem, ale pro jej spojen s vlkou, s nrstem sttn moci a se ztrtou vnitnch svobod. Nkte libertarini ve svm odporu ke sttu dospj a k anarchismu.[1]
Politicky se libertarianismus nkdy chybn zamuje za modern, trn orientovan konzervatismus. Spolen vyznvaj dleitost trnch vztah i voluntarismus, ale libertarini si zskali inteligenci, na kterou se konzervativci odvolvaj, zvlt v ekonomickch problmech.[zdroj?] Mimo oblast ekonomiky se vak libertarini od konzervativc oste odliuj, zvlt v pojet zahranin politiky a problmech individuln svobody.[1]
Libertarianismus se d chpat jako soust irho proudu liberalismu, tedy jedn ze t nejvlivnjch politickch filosofi 19. stolet. Liberalismus bhem svho vvoje prodlal hlubok zmny a v souasnosti jde o soubor nkolika od sebe velmi odlinch smr vetn libertarianismu, ale i klasickho liberalismu a egalitrnho liberalismu.
Liberalismus 19. stolet, dnes oznaovan jako klasick, byl ve svm politickm ztlesnn stanoviskem pedevm nov emancipovanch vych a stednch vrstev a jako takov stl v protikladu nejen k politickmu konzervatismu, ale velmi zhy tak vi marxismu a jinm verzm socialismu. lo o liberalismus nejen politick, ale v nemen me i ekonomick, v nm dleit msto psluelo poadavku, aby byly odstranny vechny pekky pro ekonomickou innost jednotlivc uvnit sttu i v mezinrodnm mtku.
Liberln pojet politick svobody se velmi zhy spojilo s ideou demokracie a v podob liberln demokracie se rozilo do velk sti souasnho svta. Mylenka svobody vak me bt interpretovna rzn a neexistuje politick filosofie, kter by ochotn nenabdla vlastn definici svobody. V ppad klasickho liberalismu je takovou definic tzv. negativn pojet svobody, tj. takov, kter svobodu chpe jako absenci vnjch omezen jednn.[2]
Klasick liberalismus 19. stolet m krom nsledovnk egalitrn-liberlnch i takov, kte nadle pikldaj maximln vhu mylence svobody v urit specifick interpretaci a ktei jsou v poslednch desetiletch oznaovni jako neoliberlov a libertarini.[2]
I kdy z liberalismu vychzej a maj s nm mnoho spolenho, tyto mylenkov smry se nazvaj jinak v dsledku vznamovho posunu termnu liberln v USA smrem doleva, aby nedochzelo k zmnm. Oba tyto proudy se sten pekrvaj, ale nejsou toton. Neoliberalismus erp svou inspiraci pedevm z ekonomick teorie a jeho vedoucmi pedstaviteli jsou ekonomov jako Friedrich August von Hayek a Milton Friedman. Libertarianismus je sloitjm tvarem, protoe vedle klasickho politickho a ekonomickho liberalismu se v nm uplatuje tak vliv anarchismu a libertarinskho socialismu.[3]
lenov americk Demokratick strany bvaj asto oznaovni za liberly, piem pojem liberl je v americk politick tradici odlin od pevaujcho evropskho chpn. Evropsk typ liberalismu by v Americe byl spe oznaovn prv za libertarianismus. Liberalismus v americkm pojet je sociln a kulturn orientovan a pikld vznam stt pi een cel ady otzek. Stt m do znan mry zodpovdnost za takov otzky, jako je usnadnn integrace menin, za rove vzdln a za zajitn rovnosti ve smyslu vyrovnvn potench anc. Tento proud je blzk evropsk sociln demokracii, resp. v poslednch letech meme hovoit o sbliovn pedevm ze strany nkterch evropskch stran, zejmna Labour Party ve Spojenm krlovstv.[2]
Souasn libertarianismus je komplexn a d se o nm uvaovat jako o celku, jen se skld ze t mezi sebou voln propletench pramen. Na prvnm mst figuruje akademicky oiven klasick liberalismus z obdob po 2. svtov vlce. Klovou lohu v nm sehrla dla Miltona Friedmana a Friedricha Hayeka. Jin, dleit vznam pedstavovaly kritiky veejnho vnmn od Jamese M. Buchanana a Gordona Tullocka, kter napadaly vldn model benevolentnho despoty a vyhledvn penz pro jej leny, ale i prce mnoha dalch trn orientovanch ekonom, nap. Richarda Posnera a Henryho Manna, a jejich vahy o prvu a ekonomice, dle pak vahy Richarda Epsteina o stavn jurisprudenci, stejn tak jako dlo Anarchie, stt a utopie Roberta Nozicka, zaloen na prvu a podporujc Buchanana, a nakonec i fundovan kritika Thomase Szasze, kter se zamila na zneuvn psychiatrie.
Druhm zdrojem je fakt, e v americk kultue existuje siln individualistick proud, kter zmohutnl dky nejrznjm intelektulnm poinm. V USA zdomcnly ideje, kter maj svj pvod ji v pozdn scholastickm mylen pes anglick levellery a Johna Locka, Ameriany Thomase Paina a Thomase Jeffersona, dle pak ve francouzskm liberalismu, jacksoninsk sociln teorii a manchesterskm liberalismu Richarda Cobdena, Johna Brighta, Herberta Spencera a Benjamina Tuckera. Ve 20. stolet pedstavuj nejdleitj zdroje H. L. Mecken, Albert J. Nock, izolacionismus star pravice, Ludwig von Mises a rakout ekonomov svobodnho trhu i spisovatelka a filosofka Ayn Randov. Souasnou vlivnou osobnost je Murray Rothbard, autor mnoha dl na toto tma.
Tet zdroj pedstavuje skutenost, e ve svt existuje politick hnut libertarin, kter erp z rozmanitch a pestrch individualistickch a promnnch proud americkho ivota, z opozinch kruh odprc vietnamsk vlky a vojenskch odvod, z ad odprc zdann a ppadu tvrd mny a po mnohdy nboensky inspirovan rodinn hnut.[1]
V USA existuje dleit s organizac propagujcch libertarinskou politiku a ideje s n spojen. Z mezinrodnho hlediska se tito lid prosadili i na akademick pd a tak v mezinrodn sti veejnch politickch instituc, je se zamuj na trh. Nzory tchto politickch instituc pedevm v otzkch privatizace byly v rznch podobch pijaty i na vldn rovni.[1]
Kandidt Libertarinsk strany Ron Paul se v prezidentskch volbch v roce v USA 1988 umstil za republikny a demokraty jako tet. (b) Ron Paul pot kandidoval jet v roce 2008 a 2012 v rmci Republiknsk strany, obdobn jako jeho syn Rand Paul v roce 2016.[4]
Libertarinsk teorie vystupuje proti Rawlsov egalitarismu. Ta znamenala pro libertarianismus prlom do akademickho prosted, kde do t doby nebyl brn zcela vn. Tuto teorii formuloval Rawlsv kolega z Harvardovy univerzity filosof Robert Nozick v knize Anarchie, stt a utopie (1974).
Nozick zdrazuje lidskou svobodu a vychz z pesvden, e zkladnm faktem, kter se mus brt v potaz pi vahch o spravedlnosti ve spolenosti, je ten, e kad lovk je vlastnkem sebe sama. To znamen, e kad me nakldat se svm tlem, schopnostmi a dalm vlastnictvm, jak uzn za vhodn. Jeho svoboda nem bt nijak omezovna, a to v prvn ad jist ne svvoln, patnou vldou nebo morln zkaenmi jednotlivci, ale tak ne dobe mnnmi sttnmi pkazy a zkazy. Stt m podle Nozicka existovat pouze v podob "nonho hldae", tj. jako instituce, kter pln minimln nezbytn koly dohledu nad dodrovnm zkon a zajiovn bezpe oban. Ve ostatn m bt penechno autonomnm jednotlivcm, kte jako vlastnci sebe samch a nositel vlastnickch prv mohou voln realizovat akty smny a tm neustle mnit rozloen statk ve spolenosti. Ostr Nozickovy kritiky m na perozdlovn zenmu sttem, neboli proti zdann, kter povauje za velmi hlubok poruen osobn svobody jednotlivce.[2]
Libertarianismus je svmi kritiky mnohdy pedstavovn jako mylen do znan mry asociln a spoleensky nezodpovdn, ppadn jako ideologie zcela utopistick, oteven obhajujc sobectv a dal negativn lidsk sklony na zklad absolutnho drazu na svobodu. Libertarini toto upednostovn vlastnch sobeckch zjm vid jako zklad pro pospolitost spolenosti, za co jsou hojn kritizovni z rznch stran. Opomjej tak pi tom pr dleit pedpoklady fungujc spolenosti vzjemnou dvru mezi lidmi a pocit sounleitosti do jednoho spoleenstv definovanho socilnmi vazbami a loajalitou. Stt pi tom vid pouze negativn, jako instituci utlaujc svobodn jedince a nikoliv jako pirozenou soust lidskho spoleenstv. V tomto ohledu je jim asto vytno zamovn sttu v irm slova smyslu a vldy.
Samotn prioritizovn svobody za vech okolnost je dle oponent chybn, a u kvli nemonosti dodrovn prv spojench se svobodou ped nastolenm spoleenskho du i kvli svm spoleenskm implikacm. Opomjej pi tom vznam pirozench povinnost lovka vi ostatnm, jako i disciplnu a obtovn se jako dleit hodnoty fungujc spolenosti. Z tchto zkladnch protiargument pot nsleduje kritika vcnj, pedevm libertarinskho pstupu k danm.
Snahy o maximalizaci svobody se asto vykldaj jako obhajoba zmonch socilnch vrstev proti mn zmonm, protoe se zd zejm, e bohat mohou vybrat z podstatn ir nabdky monost jednn ne chud.
Tato kritika je v jednom smru nepesvdiv, protoe se zd, e svobodu redukuje na ekonomicky podmnn monosti vbru, ale dobe se na n ukazuje, jak vznamn je pro politickou filosofii problm spravedlnosti, kter systematicky zpracoval John Rawls. Z ad nboensky zaloench kritik se objevuje protiargument vi samotnmu postultu libertarinskho mylen, tedy vlastnn sebe sama. Libertarini tak dle tto kritiky opomjej vliv Boha jako stvoitele a konenho vlastnka vech lid.[2][5]
Originally posted here:
- KISS Army horing the US Army [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- Post-Election: Liberal Columnist Peter Beinart says GOP now has a "libertarian thrust" [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels goes Libertarian: Orders 10% Cut for State Agencies [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- Libertarian Group calls for Apology from Obama for his insulting and inappopriate Remarks after Ft. Hood [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- Now the responsibility of American Muslims is to expose the Radical Jihadists among us [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- Lt. Col. Ralph Peters on Hasan, calling it like it is [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- Rush County Residents Start Effort to Organize County [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Libertarian Party of Marion County Announces Second Annual Canned Food Drive [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Cato: Federal Education Results Prove the Framers Right [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Bell: If a picture is worth a thousand words, what's a word worth?... [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Maguire: How I will Vote on Wishard This Tuesday [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Contrary to Popular Belief... There IS an Election TODAY [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- That Would be Perfect: Stop the RTA [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Press Release: Libertarian Party Reaction to Voters Defeating the RTD [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- An Easy Way To Email Your Senators on Obamacare and Responsible Energy Policy [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- The Bell Curve: Oh yeah, that's a lot better... Property Tax "solution" Destroying Indiana Small Business [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Libertarian City Councilman Mark Byrne, Port Huron, MI wins endorsement of Local Paper for Reelection [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- WASHINGTON STATE: Race for King County Executive one to watch [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Closeted Republican could be elected Atlanta's next Mayor [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Obama will own a Corzine loss [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Jason Shih, Photo of Corzine Staffer busted for Drugs [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Sarah Palin blasts Biden over Energy Hypocrisy [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Murder in Arizona: Father runs over Daughter in so-called "Honor Killing," she had become "too Westernized" [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Races to Watch for Libertarian Republicans 2009 [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- HUGE NEWS OUT OF TEXAS!! Scores of Democrat County Officials Switch to Republican [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Chris Christie Wins!!! [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Dedicated to Governor-Elect Chris Christie and the Citizens of the Great State of New Jersey [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Republicans win 6 new Seats in Virginia House of Delegates [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Post-Election Party Switchers from Democrat to Republican: 8 so far in Texas [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Libertarian Party Election Results: 5 Victories, 1 Heartbreaking Loss, 1 Big 2nd place finish [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Rand Paul questioned on his Libertarian ties, Father's controversial Foreign Policy views [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Libertarian "RINO" wins County Council seat in Erie, Pennsylvania [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Republicans sweep Westchester County, New York on Anti-Tax message [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- GOP Congressional candidate Alan West says Fort Hood tragedy "proof" Jihadists infiltrating our Military [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- TEXAS STATE REPRESENTATIVE SWITCHES TO REPUBLICAN!!! [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Minnesota DFL may have a Big Problem on its hands for 2010: Lynne Torgerson [Last Updated On: December 12th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 12th, 2009]
- New Poll: 39% of Israelis believe Obama is a Muslim [Last Updated On: December 12th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 12th, 2009]
- Since Obama elected "Worst Year" for Homegrown Islamic Terrorism [Last Updated On: December 12th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 12th, 2009]
- A Pro-Islamist President? Obama's ties to the Muslim World exposed [Last Updated On: December 12th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 12th, 2009]
- Libertarian Party of Marion County Holds Holiday Party to Benefit Second Helpings [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Tippecanoe County Libertarian Party Plans to Walk in Christmas Parade [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- NRA: Bloomington, Indiana Herald-Times Treats Law-Abiding Gun Owners like Registered Sex Offenders! [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Kole Hard Facts of Life: Great Post On Copenhagen Global Warming Issues [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- SchansBlog: ClimateGate extravaganza [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Scherschel: A Letter to the Editor of the Bloomington Herald Times [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Press Release: Libertarian Party of Johnson County Wants Voters To Decide on Jail Expansion [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- LPIN HQ Seeks Interns in 2010 [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Cato: More Federal Health Care Fraud [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Indiana Election Division Releases Important 2010 Election Guides [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad preparing Holy War against the United States [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Pro-Liberty Students in Iran Protest Against the Government [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- It's Official! Tea Party Movement founded by Libertarian Republicans and that settles it! [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Good news for Republicans against Dodd; All three GOPers come out ahead [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Massachusetts GOP: We have a candidate [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Libertarian Republican bloggers discuss Climategate, Health Care and Hot Political Races [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Panel votes against Impeachment for Libertarian Republican Gov. Mark Sanford [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Reid Senate Plan includes Individual Mandates: $750 Fine for Non-Compliance [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- OHIO: More gains in latest poll for Fiscal Conservative John Kasich [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Yet another bigtime incumbent Dem calls it quits; Rep. Brian Baird (WA) faced increasingly tough Reelection [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- RCP running average for Obama Approvals drops to 48.9% [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Sarah Palin, Ron Paul ticket 2012? Sarah on Top [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Libertarians attacked by Leftists at Welcoming Event in Copenhagen [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Baucus mistress Melodee Hanes sleeping her way to the Top [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Not the First Time Baucus has had a Sex Scandal: Harrassment Allegations back in 1999 [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Baucus "Bimbo Eruption" gains Criticism back Home; Calls for his Resignation [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Senator DeMint officially endorses Michael Williams for US Senate - Texas [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- WISCONSIN: Terri McCormick for Congress [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Nancy Pelosi as Stalin: One California Korean-American says it fits [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Abolish Medicare says Glenn Beck [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Glenn Beck on Barbara Walters: Describe my politics? "Libertarian, Maximum Freedom" [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Obama is a Muslim entering Pop Culture [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Fed Bureaucrats get big raise in Compensation: Private Sector workers grow Poorer [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Obama Administration launches Massive Assault on Financial Privacy [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Tucker Carlson to launch new Journalist Website: Promises not to "suck up" to Obama [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- Michele Bachman: Time to KILL SOCIALISM! [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- IDAHO: Democrat switches to Republican to run against libertarian-leaning Dem Rep. Walt Minnick [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- Did the Missoulian cover up for the Max Baucus Affair? [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- And now some good old-fashioned Hardcore Right-wing Punk Rock from Wyoming [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- Obama's approval ratings take another dip at RCP [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- Adam Andrzejewski for Illinois Governor: Deserving of Conservative and Libertarian support [Last Updated On: December 15th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 15th, 2009]