Dont touch your face."Avoid hugging." Stand 6feet apart."

So many rules about preventing the spread of the coronavirus warn against touching other people. For the last two months, grandparents have been advised against holding their grandchildren while sick patients cannot grasp a relatives hand.

What kind of effect does this lack of human touch haveon people?

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Amanda Whitlock, 39, a photo editor in Chicago, describes herself as a natural introvert. She lives on her own, with her cat Mr. B, and a newly adopted kitten and says shes usually very content in her own company. Whitlock went into a self-imposed lockdown in early March and hasnt had any physical contact with another person since. She says its all starting to get to her.

"I'm someone that has anxiety anyway. The last few days, I think it's really been pretty heavy on me. You know, it would be nice to be able to go out and hang out with someone and hold their hand. You know, something as simple as that, she said.

Theres a good reason why Whitlocks anxiety is on the rise. Studies show physical contact with other people reduces feelings of stress. British evolutionary psychologist and professor Robin Dunbar says it can all be traced back to our monkey ancestry. Grooming each others fur is how apes build friendships. Humans have substituted that grooming with stroking and cuddling, he says and that act of physical touch has a profound effect on our health.

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Not only does [touch]build friendships directly and indirectly, but those friendships have a dramatic effect on your well-being, your general health, your ability to recover from illnesses and even your longevity.

"Not only does it build friendships directly and indirectly, but those friendships have a dramatic effect on your well-being, your general health, your ability to recover from illnesses and even your longevity.

Its too early to tell whether the absence of human touch during the pandemic will have long-term consequences. Some groups are particularly vulnerable, like older people living alone, Dunbar says. Playwright Eve Ensler, who now goes by the name V, is worried about how the virus is changing the way we view our bodies. She fears that people are linking human touch with illness.

I think there's something about going out and seeing people being afraid of each other and afraid of each other's bodies.Touch is becoming something equated with sickness and death, and that scares me deeply."

I think there's something about going out and seeing people being afraid of each other and afraid of each other's bodies.Touch is becoming something equated with sickness and death, and that scares me deeply, she said.

The pandemic reminds V of the 1980s when the AIDS virus first became known. Fear of contracting HIV changed attitudes toward sex, and she worries the coronavirus will alter our behavior, too.

[AIDS] definitely changed our relationship to sex and to freedom.Drastically. I so don't want COVID-19 to do this to our relationship to touch. That would be a huge loss for human beings, she said.

Sexual intimacy is off the tablefor many people right now. But for some in the sex industry, its business as usual. Charlotte Rose, an advocate for sex workers in Britain,says many in the industry are still working because theyre not entitled to government support.

There is a large percentage that are still working because they can't claim benefits.A lot of sex workers especially migrant sex workers arent eligible either. So, unfortunately, people are still offering skin-on-skin contact.

Rose used to work in the industry and many of her clients had disabilities. She says for them, it was often not just about sex, but about simple physical contact with another person.

For probably about 90% of my clients,it wasn't even about the intercourse side of it, it was just skin-on-skin contact.I mean, I was predominantly seeing people with disabilities. And, you know, they're already a very marginalized and vulnerable group, and they're the ones that are suffering incredibly at this particular time, she said.

Rose has maintained contact with some of those clients and says a number of them are really struggling with social isolation right now.

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Sports and remedial massage therapist Ruth McKinnon knows the importance of human touch in her work, too. Originally from Toronto, McKinnon moved to London in 2017 and began working as a registered massage therapist in the citys financial district.

While many of her clients had physical injuries, McKinnon says theres no question that stress is what brought a lot of people to her clinic. A massage fires up the dopamine in the brain, helping you to relax and ultimately sleep better, she says. But McKinnon hasnt been able to work since mid-Marchwhen the British government announced that all clinics must close because of the pandemic.

McKinnon says shes feeling the effect of the lack of physical contact, too.

Even for myself, not having that regular touch with lots of different people is hard. My husband has noticed an increased amount of touching that I'm doing with him. It's so vital, she said.

McKinnon has no idea when her clinic will open again, but is hopeful she will be able to get back to work soon even if it means wearing protective clothing.

In the meantime, its not all gloom. There are some things you can do to ease the skin hunger you may be feeling. Professor Dunbar says connecting with someone over Skype or Zoom doesnt compare to a good hug but it helps. He jokes that its probably why we have these enormous great white eyeballs."

Theres something about being able to stare into the whites of other people's eyes that seems to be really important in creating that sense of intimacy. On Skype, you stare into the eyeballs and you can see the smile breaking on their face before you even finish the punchline of the joke you're telling them, he said.

In Chicago, Whitlock has been FaceTiming a man she met through a mutual friend. They havent been on a real-life date yet. This week, theyre planning to act out Shakespeares "The Tempest" together on FaceTime. But Whitlock says she longs for the day they can meet in person.

I would love to be able to text him and be like, Hey, let's meet up. Or, you know, since we can't really go anywhere, lets find a safe way in one of our places to meet. That would be awesome, she said.

But Whitlock says she doesnt think its going to happen anytime soon. For now, its just Mr. B and SP, her two cats that are keeping her company.

I think that if I didn't have my pets they're my family. If I didn't have them, I would definitely be climbing the walls right now for some human contact.

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Human touch is essential. How are people coping with skin hunger? - The World