God will prepare everything for our perfect happiness in heaven, and if it takes my dog being there, I believe he'll be there.~The Reverend Billy Graham

Its peculiar that the origin of the word dog is essentially unknown. It is true that theories abound such as that the term was derived from the Old Germanic Word docga stemming from the word dukkon meaning power and strength. But in the end, theyre just theories. Essentially a domesticated wolf, the dog is a member of the Canidae family, like the jackal and the fox. And about seven centuries ago, the Old English word hund became hound and represented all domestic caninesa word now used mainly to identify a type of dog used just for hunting.

A beautiful, young Weimaraner with his head cocked to the side isolated on a white background.

But it wouldnt be a stretch if the simplest response from Quora commenter Raenna Foeller makes the most sense"We dont know. We are unable to trace it back very far. All we have is unproven conjecture.or the most profound, that in fact God, spelled backward, is dog.

And that particular fact would make a recent study all the more acceptable.

The paperwhich reviewed 10 different studies, spanning decades and including thousands of participantsshowed a strong correlation between owning a dog and a lower risk of death over the long term.

Now its important to keep in mind that studies of this nature cant take into account all the variables, as theres countless factors that go into pet ownership and longevity, says the Methuselah Foundation, an incubator and sponsor of mission-relevant ventures, research, projects and prizes to accelerate breakthroughs in longevity. But despite the confounders, dog owners can rejoice knowing their furry friends are not only adding to their smiles, but also possibly to their lifespan.

Its also important to note that many, many studies have taken on the question of whether pets are good for us, and that the American Heart Association (AHA), in 2013, concluded while there is significant evidence that having a pet, particularly a dog, seems to be heart-healthy, one should not be purchased or rescued simply for that purpose.

The new study, Dog Ownership and Survival: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, was conducted by Caroline K. Kramer, MD, PhD; Sadia Mehmood; and Rene S. Suen, all of the Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada.

The Mount Sinai researchers reviewed studies published between 1950 and 2019 to evaluate the association of dog ownership with all causes of death, with and without prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as cardiovascular mortality.

Dog ownership has been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk, Kramer, the studys lead author, wrote about researchers reasons behind analyzing the data. Recent reports have suggested an association of dog companionship with lower blood pressure levels, improved lipid profile and diminished sympathetic responses to stress. However, it is unclear if dog ownership is associated with improved survival as previous studies have yielded inconsistent results.

In the review of data from some 3.8 million participants in 10 studies with a 10-year follow-up, researchers found that dog ownership was associated with a 24% risk reduction for all-cause mortality as compared to non-ownership. And 6 studies demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of death. Kramer noted that in individuals with prior coronary events, living in a home with a dog was associated with an even more pronounced risk-reduction for all-cause mortality. Additionally, when researchers analyzed only studies evaluating death from heart disease, dog ownership conferred a 31% risk reduction for cardiovascular death.

The Mount Sinai researchers concluded owning a dog quite possibly does the heart good. Dog ownership is associated with lower risk of death over the long term, which is possibly driven by a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, they wrote.

So have scientists finally answered the question of whether dogs are good for us? The jury may still be out.

In a 2014 article in the Veterinary Nursing Journal, June McNicholas, PhD, wrote: Few people are better placed to appreciate the importance of pets to older owners and the bond that exists between them and their pet, than those working in veterinary practices. For example, how the owner depends on the pet for companionship and the opportunity to give love and feel loved; or how a pet may be part of an integral routine of pet care and self-care. Quite simply, how the pet is so central to the lives of many older people that it is something they cannot visualize being without.

A psychologist who specializes in the relationships between people and pet animals and the effects of those relationships on the physical and psychological well-being of pet owners, McNicholas has published papers in a number of academic journals on her research of the effects of pet loss, the role of pets in child development, animal assisted therapy, and the role of pets to people recovering from serious or life-threatening illness.

For example, her 2005 study examined evidence for a link between pet ownership and human health and the importance of understanding the role of pets in people's lives.

In that study, McNicholas cited research dating from the 1980s that popularized the view that pet ownership could have positive benefits on human health. Those benefits ranged from higher survival rates from heart attacks and reduced risk of heart disease to a significantly lower use of physician services and an overall better physical and psychological well-being in community-dwelling older people.

No studies have found significant social or economic differences between people who do or do not have pets that would adequately explain differences in health outcome, McNicholas wrote, leading to the belief that pet ownership itself is the primary cause of the reported benefits.

McNicholas went on to say research up to 2005 had failed to fully replicate the benefits of the 1980s studies, however. Still, she wrote, The main issue may not be whether pet ownership per se confers measurable physical benefits but the role that pets have in individual people's livesnamely, the contributions of the pet to quality of life or the costs to well-being through a pet's death. This issue embraces a broader definition of health that encompasses the dimensions of well-being (physical and mental) and a sense of social integration.

McNichols concluded that people do not own pets specifically to enhance their health, rather they value the relationship and the contribution their pet makes to their quality of life.

A 1992 study compared risk factors for heart disease in pet owners and nonowners in 5,741 participants at the Baker Medical Research Institute in Melbourne. That study found that pet owners had significantly lower systolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides than nonowners. Researchers concluded that participants in their study had lower levels of risk factors for heart disease which were not explained by cigarette smoking, diet, body mass index or socioeconomic profile.

And a 2018 analysis of 11,233 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older in Ota City, Tokyo, Japan found that compared with respondents with no history of pet ownership, motor fitness and walking activity are greater for dog owners and social function is higher for dog and cat owners. Researchers postulated that caring for a dog or cat might be an effective health promotion strategy to increase physical activity and facilitate social participation among older adults.

In 2013, the American Heart Association (AHA) released a Scientific Statement to critically assess the data about the influence of pet ownership on the risk of heart disease. Authors published the statement on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. The statement was endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, American Society of Hypertension, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, National Heart Foundation of Australia, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and World Heart Federation

In its analysis, the AHA concluded that while pet ownership is probably associated with decreased risk of heart disease, and pet ownership, particularly dog ownership, may have a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, people should not adopt or rescue a dog for the primary purpose of reducing heart disease.

The AHA said they had problems with the methodological issues in many studies of pet ownership, though they admitted there are a number of methodologically sound studies, and a substantial body of data that suggests that pet ownership is associated with a reduction in CVD [cardiovascular disease] risk factors and increased survival in individuals with established CVD.

The data are most robust for a relationship between dog ownership and CVD risk reduction, particularly dog ownership and increased physical activity, the AHA wrote. Whether this is attributable to dogs being the pets most commonly owned and studied, dogs being the pet most likely to increase their owners physical activity, or additional other beneficial effects of dog ownership is uncertain, the AHA reported. Given that most studies are non-randomized, it cannot be determined with confidence whether the reduction of CVD risk factors with pet ownership is merely associative or causative, although there are plausible psychological, sociological, and physiological mechanisms for causation for many of the associations, particularly dog ownership and increased physical activity.

In the end, the AHA said that more research is needed including studies of risk factor modification, primary prevention and pet acquisition as part of a strategy to reduce the risk of heart disease.

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Have Researchers Finally Figured Out Whether Dogs Are Good For Us? - Forbes