The sequence of events leading to formation of water, light elements in metal, and increases in oxygen fugacity for Earths progenitor embryos in this work. Stage 1 is the embryo where surface temperatures are too high to retain primary atmospheres of hydrogen. Stage 2 is the initial condition for our calculations in which the molten embryos accrete and retain primary atmospheres of H2. Metalsilicate differentiation may have already begun at this stage. Stage 3 is the result of chemical equilibration of the silicate and metal melts with the evolved atmospheres. Annotations show the changes in oxygen fugacity and metal density deficits. Reactions shown are simplifications of the full set, for illustration purposes. Two or more such embryos combine to form the final Earth. astro-ph.EP

Earths water, intrinsic oxidation state, and metal core density are fundamental chemical features of our planet. Studies of exoplanets provide a useful context for elucidating the source of these chemical traits. Planet formation and evolution models demonstrate that rocky exoplanets commonly formed with hydrogen-rich envelopes that were lost over time.

These findings suggest that Earth may also have formed from bodies with H2-rich primary atmospheres. Here we use a self-consistent thermodynamic model to show that Earths water, core density, and overall oxidation state can all be sourced to equilibrium between H2-rich primary atmospheres and underlying magma oceans in its progenitor planetary embryos.

Water is produced from dry starting materials resembling enstatite chondrites as oxygen from magma oceans reacts with hydrogen. Hydrogen derived from the atmosphere enters the magma ocean and eventually the metal core at equilibrium, causing metal density deficits matching that of Earth.

Oxidation of the silicate rocks from solar-like to Earth-like oxygen fugacities also ensues as Si, along with H and O, alloys with Fe in the cores. Reaction with hydrogen atmospheres and metal-silicate equilibrium thus provides a simple explanation for fundamental features of Earths geochemistry that is consistent with rocky planet formation across the galaxy.

Edward D. Young, Anat Shahar, Hilke E. Schlichting

Comments: 3 main figures, 5 auxiliary figuresSubjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)Cite as: arXiv:2304.07845 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2304.07845v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)Journal reference: Nature, v. 616 (7956), 306-311 (2023)Related DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05823-0Focus to learn moreSubmission historyFrom: Edward Young[v1] Sun, 16 Apr 2023 17:56:53 UTC (36,069 KB)https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.07845Astrobiology

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Earth Was Shaped By Primordial Hydrogen Atmospheres ... - Astrobiology News