Der Futurismus war eine aus Italien stammende avantgardistische Kunstbewegung, die aufgrund des breit gefcherten Spektrums den Anspruch erhob, eine neue Kultur zu begrnden.
Der Einfluss des Futurismus geht wesentlich auf seinen Grnder Filippo Tommaso Marinetti zurck und dessen erstes futuristisches Manifest von 1909. Die Bewegung endete mit dem Tod Marinettis im Jahre 1944.
Am 20. Februar 1909 publizierte der junge italienische Jurist und Dichter Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in der franzsischen Zeitung Le Figaro sein futuristisches Manifest und begrndete damit die futuristische Bewegung:
Trotz der hufigen Verwendung von Wir hat Marinetti das Manifest allein konzipiert (Pluralis Modestiae). Es spiegelt die berzeugungen und die Verfassung eines jungen Millionrssohnes wider, der mit siebzehn Jahren auf sich allein gestellt im Paris des Fin de Sicle Erfahrungen sammelte. Geprgt wurde er dabei von seinem literarischen Freundeskreis, zu dem vor allem Symbolisten wie Guillaume Apollinaire, Joris-Karl Huysmans und Stphane Mallarm gehrten, die sich, zur Gewalt bekennend, gegen die herrschende brgerliche Ordnung auflehnten. Mit ihnen stand Marinetti auch den Anarchisten wie Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Michail Bakunin und vor allem Georges Sorel nicht fern und begrte die Attentate ihrer Aktivisten. Im Manifest findet man auch Gedankengut von Friedrich Nietzsche. Wie Nietzsches Zarathustra, streben Marinettis Helden ihre Ziele allein gegen eine feindliche Welt ohne Rcksicht auf ihr Umfeld gewaltttig an.
Neben der Ablehnung der (christlichen) Moral und der Abneigung Marinettis gegenber Frauen zeigt sich im Manifest das Fehlen jeglicher sozialer Bezge. Nach einem vollendeten Jura-Studium fasste er den Entschluss, nicht in die Fustapfen seines erfolgreichen Vaters zu treten, sondern eine neue Kulturrichtung ins Leben zu rufen.
Das Manifest war als provokativer Tabubruch konzipiert, der Jugend, Gewalt, Aggressivitt, Geschwindigkeit, Krieg und Rcksichtslosigkeit verherrlichte und den als Passatisten (Anhnger des Vergangenen) bezeichneten etablierten Kulturtrgern und deren Anhngern den Kampf ansagte. Die Zerstrung von Bibliotheken, Museen und Akademien als Hort des Passatismus (berlebte Anschauungen) sollte der neuen Kultur den Weg ebnen und Italien eine neue kulturelle Identitt verleihen. Dazu Giovanni Lista:[2]
Die italienischen Knstler waren stets von der Idee gelhmt, nur die Nachkommen eines nunmehr verschwundenen Ruhms zu sein. Gegen diese Zwangsvorstellung von der unerreichbaren Vergangenheit verkndete Marinetti, dass sich eine neue Welt ankndige, und dass Italien jetzt seinen jahrhundertealten Ruhm zu Grabe tragen und vom Gewicht seiner herrlichen Vergangenheit befreien msse.
Selbst dieses provokative Manifest wre im skandalgewohnten Paris wohl ber ein Tagesgesprch nicht hinausgekommen, htte nicht Marinetti das in Knstlerkreisen geweckte Interesse dazu gentzt, einen Kreis junger Knstler um sich zu scharen und zu konzertiertem Schaffen zu bewegen, was er durch finanzielle Zuwendungen zu frdern verstand.
Zum Grundritual des Futurismus gehrten die zahlreichen Manifeste, mit denen sich der Futurismus in seiner Gesamtheit und in seinen Teilbereichen prsentierte.
Was den Futurismus von anderen Kunstrichtungen deutlich unterschied und zu dessen Verbreitung entscheidend beitrug, war die Art der Prsentation. Marinettis Serate futuriste (Futuristische Abende), die er ab 1910 vor allem in norditalienischen Theaterslen veranstaltete, sollten primr provozieren.[3] Deshalb begannen solche Abende grundstzlich mit der verbalen Herabsetzung der jeweiligen Stadt und ihrer Brger. Anschlieend wurden Manifeste verlesen, futuristische Kunstwerke gezeigt, futuristische Musik gespielt sowie Ausschnitte aus futuristischer Theaterkunst geboten. Solche Abende waren aus der Sicht Marinettis nur dann erfolgreich, wenn es sptestens zu Ende der Veranstaltung zu einem Tumult mit Einschreiten der Sicherheitskrfte kam und das Medienecho entsprechend gro war.
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