The combination of political divisiveness and the COVID-19 pandemic led to fake news running rampant on social media in 2020. That's not really news; but you might be surprised at how fake news was shared. According to The German Marshall Fund of the United States, verified Twitter users shared a significant percentage of deceptive website news by the end of the year.
The GMF discovered that false content producers and manipulators received nearly one third (47 million) of the 155 million verified-account shares in Q4 2020. Overall, false-content-producer shares increased by over 160%, and manipulators increased by nearly 120%, while all US websites increased by a mere 14% in 2020. This has led false-content producers and manipulators to, respectively, triple and double their verified account shares since 2018.
At the top of the chart is the Gateway Pundit, which received more shares from verified Twitter users at the end of the year than The Washington Post. Breitbart received an equal amount of interactions, and Fox News, Just the News, and the Epoch Times ranked higher than NBC News.
Facebook has also contributed to the spread of disinformation, with manipulators growing their interactions 165% over the last four years against just a 75% increase for all US-based sites. In total, deceptive websites received 6.4 billion interactions in 2020, twice the number seen four years ago. In the fourth quarter of 2020 alone, deceptive sites received 1.2 billion interactions, nearly a fourth of the total 5.1 billion interactions for US-based sites.
Many false-content producers and manipulators did see a drastic fall in interactions as a result of Facebook changing its algorithm. But RedStateObserver.com still managed to receive more interactions than the Wall Street Journal in the fourth quarter of 2020. Newsmax also managed to beat out the Los Angeles Times in that same time period.
Given the results that were collected this past year, the GMF is comfortable confirming that the actions made by Facebook and Twitter to stop the spread of fake news proved to be effective. Hopefully, these platforms will continue their efforts to manage the content people publish and share. In the meantime, here are several tools to help identify what's real and what's fake news.
Further Reading
Social Media Reviews
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Verified Twitter Users Shared an All-Time-High Amount of Fake News in 2020 - PCMag
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- Take care before you share: Nazma Aapi is back with her witty yet important message on fake news - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: July 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 2nd, 2020]
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- Fake News: What is the Epoch Times and Why Did It Arrive On My Doorstep? - Lost Coast Outpost [Last Updated On: July 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 2nd, 2020]
- There probably isn't as much fake news in the media as we think - New Scientist News [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Letters to the Editor: 'Fake news' on coronavirus; rampant revisionism; the nature of gender - The Providence Journal [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Fake News Busted! BMC clarifies 169 residents of Omkar Alta Monte in Malad have not tested positive for - Mumbai Mirror [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Fake News, Hiding Data and Profits: How COVID-19 Spun Out of Control in Brazil - The Wire [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Brazil's Bolsonaro would veto bill regulating fake news in current form - Reuters [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- MMA and QAnon: How fake news and conspiracies permeated the octagon - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Liberty and responsibility: SC rulings on internet restrictions in J&K uphold balanced constitutionalism - The Indian Express [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2020]
- People more wary of others viewing Covid-19 fake news than themselves survey - Yahoo Finance UK [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2020]
- CBSE Board Results 2020: Results not on July 11 and 13, CBSE says notice fake - The Financial Express [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Learn about misinformation, fake news and political propaganda in an online workshop from the Klamath County Library - Herald and News [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
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- We live in an age of 'fake news'. But Australian children are not learning enough about media literacy - The Conversation AU [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
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- How the UAE is using fake news to manufacture a Turkish role in Yemen - TRT World [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- Google to boost fake news, illegal content monitoring on YouTube - India TV News [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- Coronavirus: misinformation is leading to 'fake news' anxieties in Dutch refugee communities - The Conversation UK [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- Priyanka Gandhi says report that she wants more time to vacate government bungalow is fake news - Scroll.in [Last Updated On: July 15th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 15th, 2020]
- PQE Group Creates an Internal Research Task Force to Fight Fake News in Relation to COVID-19 - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: July 15th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 15th, 2020]
- We were shouted at for wearing masks. This is why the situation in the US is so dire - Sky News [Last Updated On: July 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 18th, 2020]
- Man arrested for fake post on Mayurbhanj royal family in Odisha's Baripada - The New Indian Express [Last Updated On: July 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 18th, 2020]
- Fake News Alert: No Lockdown Will be Imposed in Jammu From Tomorrow | Heres The Truth - India.com [Last Updated On: July 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 18th, 2020]
- Future of astrology: Is there a place for pseudoscience in newspapers? - Press Gazette [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Prathap NM, hailed as 'drone scientist', passes off German and Japanese drones as his own - Alt News [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Khabib has not retired, will face Gaethje 'before the end of the year' - Yahoo Sports [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Project Origin is watermarking media to fight fake news ahead of the election - Axios [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Facts or fake news: Revealing patterns in the COVID-19 tweets of Trudeau and Trump - The Conversation CA [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Afraid Outraged Fake News Could Be the Culprit / Public News - Public News Service [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Covid-19 misinformation is everywhere, but it could have been much worse - CNBC [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Trump's coronavirus briefings are back, but the trust isn't - NBC News [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- 'Staggering' Russia report reveals why government batted off Brexit interference claims - Sky News [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- Exploring the world: primary approaches to news literacy - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2020]
- Fake news alert: Helicopter-truck crash video doing rounds on social is not from Amritsar. Here's the truth - Times Now [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Clint Eastwood Sues, Says He Has Nothing to Do With CBD Products - The New York Times [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Wake up, America; discount the fake news - News from southeastern Connecticut - theday.com [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Singapore's Ambassador to the US Responds to Criticism of 'Fake News' Law - The Diplomat [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- People are injecting themselves with bleach because of fake news, says senior MP - Telegraph.co.uk [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Police crack down on those spreading fake news - The Hindu [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Turning Fake News on its Head: Stalin Lives Again to Reveal Deep Truth - Canada NewsWire [Last Updated On: July 25th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 25th, 2020]
- Cake meme reflects coronavirus absurdity in a world where nothing is what it seems - NBC News [Last Updated On: July 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 26th, 2020]
- The Misinformation Age Has ExacerbatedAnd Been Exacerbated Bythe Coronavirus Pandemic - TIME [Last Updated On: July 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 26th, 2020]
- Why are millennials and Gen Z turning to Instagram as a news source? - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- [Webinar] #FreeSpeech: Perspectives from the UK and the US on Social Media Liability for Fake News, Damaging Content and Censorship - July 29th, 9:00... [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- Governors who took the virus seriously from the start get a boost - NBC News [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- Fighting fake news! Actively working on removing misinformation from platform: YouTube - The Financial Express [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- NOT REAL NEWS: A look at fake news that was shared on social media this week - WBTW [Last Updated On: July 29th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 29th, 2020]
- UK trade department to tackle 'fake news' with new rebuttal role - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2020]
- Propaganda, fake news and disinformation on the internet could destroy us Susan Dalgety - The Scotsman [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2020]
- The news item "SPECIAL REPORT: Janez Jana's Newest Investment Scared the Government and Big Banks" is an online scam - Gov.si [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2020]
- Fake news and COVID-19, a neverending saga - The New Indian Express [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- People on social media more inclined to believe Coronavirus fake news: Study - India TV News [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Our View: Fake news leaves a mess in its wake - The Times [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- A lot of people said its a fake issue: Trump confirms he didnt raise Russian bounties with Putin - POLITICO [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Yes, Fake News Is a Problem. But Theres a Real News Problem, Too. - The New York Times [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Dont bank on Britains foppish, lazy elites to save us from deep fakery - The Guardian [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2020]
- Shipments of Belarusian ammunition to USA dismissed as fake news - Belarus News (BelTA) [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2020]
- COVID-19 fake news: how to spot it and what locals are doing to stop it - LocalNews8.com [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2020]
- Facebook Complies With Brazilian Judge's Order To Block 12 Accounts Accused Of Running A Fake News Network - Inventiva [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
- Heres one reason youre more likely to believe #fakenews and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 - MarketWatch [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
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- AI-Driven News and Social Credibility Tool Launches in US to Identify and Combat Fake News - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
- We must teach students to navigate through misinformation, fake news: VP - Times of India [Last Updated On: August 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 5th, 2020]
- Disha Salian's father says 'no truth' in reports of her involvement with politician: 'Stop tarnishing my daughter's reputation' - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 6th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 6th, 2020]
- Netflix's Fake-News Thriller 'The Hater' Is Way Too Real - WIRED [Last Updated On: August 6th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 6th, 2020]
- Sensitive to claims of bias, Facebook relaxed misinformation rules for conservative pages - NBC News [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- FAQ: Why Brazil's Plan to Mandate Traceability in Private Messaging Apps Will Break User's Expectation of Privacy and Security - EFF [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- WhatsApp has done well to curb fake news, but social and messaging services need to invest more in tech - The Financial Express [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- WhatsApp brings new 'search the web' feature to curb fake news - Deccan Herald [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- Fake Twitter account of Manoj Sinha created to spread rumours; FIR lodged - The Tribune India [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- US President Trump tweets picture of him on Mt Rushmore, says reports of asking to be on it 'fake' - Deccan Herald [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Recruitment notice in our name to fill 5285 vacancies is fake: Ministry of Railways - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Badshah on being questioned by police in fake followers case: Ive categorically denied all the al... - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Swara Bhasker says Rhea Chakraborty subjected to dangerous media trial led by impulses of mob just... - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]