Editor's note: This is a roundup of some of the most popular but completely untrue stories and visuals of the week. None of these are legit, even though they were shared widely on social media. The Associated Press checked them out. Here are the facts.
CLAIM: The Pfizer coronavirus vaccine is made up of 99.9% graphene oxide, a toxic compound.
THE FACTS: Graphene oxide is not among the ingredients found in Pfizer's covid-19 vaccine, despite alarmist claims to the contrary on social media. Videos spreading widely on Instagram and Twitter on Thursday touted a report from Spain that allegedly claimed to find graphene oxide -- a material made by oxidizing graphite -- in a vial of the Pfizer shot. "There's no other reason for this to be in here except to murder people," said a woman in one of the videos. The woman also baselessly claimed the compound would cause an inflammatory immune reaction called a cytokine storm in people who got the vaccine. In reality, there's no graphene oxide in the Pfizer vaccine, according to the ingredient list and Kit Longley, senior manager of science media relations at Pfizer. There's also no evidence to suggest the Pfizer vaccine would cause a cytokine storm, Longley said. The coronavirus itself, however, has caused this type of immune response in some patients. Chemical and medical experts who are not associated with Pfizer confirmed to The Associated Press that there is no way graphene oxide would be found in the vaccine. "It is not in the ingredient list, and there is no way it could be present," said Allen Myerson, a professor of chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Utter nonsense," said Dr. Paul Offit, a vaccine expert at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. There has been research on potentially using graphene oxide in other vaccines, but the amounts would not be toxic to human cells, according to Johns Hopkins infectious disease specialist Dr. Amesh Adalja. The report cited in some of the viral posts lists Spain's University of Almeria on its title page, and appears to be written by a professor at the university. The university has said it was not involved in research indicating the presence of graphene in the vaccine. The university added in a statement that it supports vaccines and disavows the conclusions of the professor's unofficial report. The report has not been peer reviewed and is not published in a scientific journal. It includes a disclaimer that its findings do not represent any institutional position of the university.
-- Associated Press writer Ali Swenson in Minneapolis contributed this report.
CLAIM: The delta variant of the coronavirus is fake.
THE FACTS: A widely circulating Facebook post denying the existence of the coronavirus delta variant ignores science and the reality that the highly contagious variant has spread rapidly across the globe. The post is a meme featuring former President Donald Trump holding up an executive order he signed in 2017. In place of the executive order text are the words, "The Delta Variant Is Fake News." Commenters on the post accused Democrats of making up the delta variant to "keep the pot stirred up" and "keep everyone living in fear." In fact, nonpartisan scientists and health officials worldwide have acknowledged the existence of the delta variant, a version of the virus that experts say spreads more easily than other variants because of mutations that make it better at latching onto cells in our bodies. The variant, which is named after the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet, has been identified in more than 90 countries since it was first detected in India. Studies have shown that full doses of the available vaccines protect against variants, including the delta variant. The delta variant poses the most danger in places where vaccinations are sparse. In Africa, for example, coronavirus cases are rising faster than ever before, partially driven by the mutation, according to the World Health Organization.
-- Ali Swenson
CLAIM: Photo shows President Joe Biden kneeling down to the Israeli president, "pledging unconditional support to Israel."
THE FACTS: Multiple media outlets wrote about the photo, which actually shows Biden kneeling before Rivka Ravitz, chief of staff for the Israeli president, after learning she had 12 children. The interaction happened at a June 28 meeting between Biden and Israeli President Reuven Rivlin at the White House. At the meeting, Biden assured Rivlin that he will not tolerate a nuclear Iran, The Associated Press reported. A photo of Biden kneeling during the meeting with Rivlin and Ravitz circulated on social media with a false caption. "Biden Kneels Before Israeli President; Pledges Unconditional Support to Israel," states an Instagram post that misrepresented the photo. The false post also circulated on Facebook. Haim Zach, a press photographer for the Israeli government, took the photo. Zach told the AP in an email that Ravitz is an ultra-Orthodox Jew and when Biden reached out to shake her hand, Rivlin explained to Biden that she doesn't shake hands with men, adding that she's a mother of 12. Zach said Biden then knelt and told Ravitz that as a Catholic man he wanted to show his admiration to her as a mother of 12. During the meeting with Rivlin, Biden underscored his support to normalize relations between Israel and countries in the Arab and Muslim world. A White House briefing issued after the meeting reads: "President Biden conveyed his unwavering support for Israel's security and his commitment to deepening the cooperation between the two countries across all fields." The statement did not use the phrase "unconditional support."
-- Associated Press writer Arijeta Lajka in New York contributed this item.
CLAIM: Players on the U.S. women's national soccer team "turned their backs" on a World War II veteran playing the national anthem at a game Monday.
THE FACTS: Before the United States defeated Mexico on Monday during the women's final match before the Olympics, the U.S. players turned to face an American flag located near the stadium's scoreboard during the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Following the match, false posts circulated on social media claiming members of the team turned their backs on WWII veteran Pete DuPre as he played his rendition of the national anthem on a harmonica. Players on Mexico's national team also turned to face their flag located near the scoreboard at the Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Conn., during the playing of their national anthem. "Several members of the U.S. womens national soccer team turned their backs on a 98 year old World War 2 veteran as he played the national anthem on his harmonica," a Facebook user wrote, in a now-deleted post. The false claim also circulated widely on Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. Several media outlets also wrote about the false claim. "Not true. No one turned their back on WWII Veteran Pete DuPre during tonight's anthem," the U.S. soccer communications team tweeted on Monday night. "Some USWNT players were simply looking at the flag on a pole in one end of the stadium. The players all love Pete, thanked him individually after the game and signed a ball for him." That evening, Carli Lloyd, a player for the U.S. team, tweeted, "We turned because we faced the flag." Video also showed the soccer players greeting DuPre after the game and signing a soccer ball.
-- Arijeta Lajka
CLAIM: A photo of a man lying on the pavement in blue pants covered in blood shows Haitian President Jovenel Moise after his assassination early Wednesday.
THE FACTS: The photo has been circulating online since August 2020 and shows a slain lawyer, not the assassinated president. As news broke of Moise's assassination, the Haitian diaspora began circulating the old photo on WhatsApp as proof of the 53-year-old president's death. The photo is really from the Aug. 29, 2020, killing of Monferrier Dorval, a prominent lawyer who was shot outside his home. Dorval was head of the bar association in the capital of Haiti. During a September 2020 protest demanding justice for Dorval, an AP photographer captured a protester reenacting the lawyer's death. The protester placed graphic photos of Dorval dead on top of his body during the reenactment. The photo used by the protester matches the photo that circulated on social media falsely identified as showing the death of the Haitian president. The misrepresented photo was also shared in Spanish online. Moise had denounced Dorval's killing, calling it a "great loss for the country." Moise was killed and first lady Martine Moise was seriously injured during the attack on their residence. The president had been ruling by decree for more than a year after the country failed to hold elections. In recent months, the opposition demanded he step down.
-- Associated Press writer Beatrice Dupuy in New York contributed this item.
CLAIM: A tweet by Victory News Network shows that 4th place runner Rebecca Washington is set to replace Sha'Carri Richardson on the U.S. Olympic team. The Mormon athlete says she hopes to help inspire the nation's children to say "no" to drugs.
THE FACTS: Victory News Network posts parody on social media. The 4th place runner in the Olympic trials for the 100-meter race is Jenna Prandini, and she will be Richardson's replacement on the U.S. Olympic Track and Field team. On July 2, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency announced Richardson had accepted a one-month suspension after testing positive for marijuana, The Associated Press reported. Her win in the Olympic trials for the 100-meter race was also disqualified, and her name was left off the Olympic roster released Tuesday by USA Track and Field. Following the news, a tweet from parody account Victory News Network showed split screen photos of Richardson and Prandini. "4th place runner Rebecca Washington is set to replace Sha'Carri Richardson on the U.S. Olympic team. The Mormon athlete says she hopes to help inspire the nation's children to say "no" to drugs," reads the tweet. The misleading post was picked up by social media users on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, who framed it as presenting accurate information. After the tweet gained traction on social media, Victory News Network clarified that none of what it posts is real. "This is a parody account," Victory News Network posted on Twitter on Monday. "We write funny fake news. If you see someone taking one of our made-up stories way too seriously, please let them know it's a joke." The post falsely claims a photo of Prandini shows "Rebecca Washington." But no one named Rebecca Washington is listed on the USA Track and Field website as having qualified for the women's 100. Prandini also denied making any statements regarding Richardson's suspension. In a Twitter post, Prandini mentioned she was "saddened to have to address the hateful and fake articles now circulating." The post continued: "Any article claiming I have made statements regarding the current situation are completely false."
-- Associated Press writer Terrence Fraser in New York contributed this item.
FILE - In this Sept. 1, 2020 file photo, a demonstrator lies on the pavement imitating the lifeless body of Bar Association President Monferrier Dorval, covered with photos of the murder scene, during a protest to demand justice for Dorval, who was fatally shot in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. On Friday, July 9, 2021, The Associated Press reported on claims circulating online wrongly asserting that a photo of a man lying on the pavement in blue pants covered in blood shows Haitian president Jovenel Mose after his assassination early Wednesday. The photo is really from the Aug. 29, 2020, killing of Dorval, a prominent lawyer who was shot outside his home. (AP Photo/Dieu Nalio Chery, File)
FILE - In this Thursday, June 10, 2021 file photo, the United States women's national soccer team starters pose for photographers before an international friendly soccer match against Portugal, in Houston. On Friday, July 9, 2021, The Associated Press reported on stories circulating online incorrectly asserting players on the U.S. womens national soccer team turned their backs on a World War II veteran playing the national anthem at a game Monday. Not true. No one turned their back on WWII Veteran Pete DuPr during tonights anthem, the U.S. soccer communications team tweeted on Monday night. Some USWNT players were simply looking at the flag on a pole in one end of the stadium. The players all love Pete, thanked him individually after the game and signed a ball for him. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip, File)
In this March 2021 photo provided by Pfizer, a technician inspects filled vials of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine at the company's facility in Puurs, Belgium. On Friday, July 9, 2021, The Associated Press reported on stories circulating online incorrectly asserting the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine is made up of 99.9% graphene oxide, a toxic compound. But, chemical and medical experts who are not associated with Pfizer confirmed to The Associated Press that there is no way graphene oxide would be found in the vaccine. (Pfizer via AP)
See the rest here:
NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn't happen this week - Arkansas Online
- The little things pop-ups, notifications, warnings work to fight fake news, new evidence shows - Nieman Journalism Lab at Harvard [Last Updated On: July 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 2nd, 2020]
- Take care before you share: Nazma Aapi is back with her witty yet important message on fake news - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: July 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 2nd, 2020]
- Fake News and Alternative Facts - KCPW [Last Updated On: July 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 2nd, 2020]
- Fake News: What is the Epoch Times and Why Did It Arrive On My Doorstep? - Lost Coast Outpost [Last Updated On: July 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 2nd, 2020]
- There probably isn't as much fake news in the media as we think - New Scientist News [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Letters to the Editor: 'Fake news' on coronavirus; rampant revisionism; the nature of gender - The Providence Journal [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Fake News Busted! BMC clarifies 169 residents of Omkar Alta Monte in Malad have not tested positive for - Mumbai Mirror [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Fake News, Hiding Data and Profits: How COVID-19 Spun Out of Control in Brazil - The Wire [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Brazil's Bolsonaro would veto bill regulating fake news in current form - Reuters [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- MMA and QAnon: How fake news and conspiracies permeated the octagon - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Liberty and responsibility: SC rulings on internet restrictions in J&K uphold balanced constitutionalism - The Indian Express [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2020]
- People more wary of others viewing Covid-19 fake news than themselves survey - Yahoo Finance UK [Last Updated On: July 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 10th, 2020]
- CBSE Board Results 2020: Results not on July 11 and 13, CBSE says notice fake - The Financial Express [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Learn about misinformation, fake news and political propaganda in an online workshop from the Klamath County Library - Herald and News [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Editor, staff arrested for fake news on CMs health - The Hindu [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Fake news alert: CBSE 2020 results not releasing this week - NewsBytes [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Maharashtra Lockdown Extension News: Shutdown in Thane's Bhiwandi Town Extended Till July 19 - India.com [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- We live in an age of 'fake news'. But Australian children are not learning enough about media literacy - The Conversation AU [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- There is a pandemic of fake news and hate on social media. You can help fight it - The Times of India Blog [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Education In The Age Of Fake News, Distraction, And Vanity - Forbes [Last Updated On: July 12th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 12th, 2020]
- Fake news detection tool being developed at University of Exeter - Information Age [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- How the UAE is using fake news to manufacture a Turkish role in Yemen - TRT World [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- Google to boost fake news, illegal content monitoring on YouTube - India TV News [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- Coronavirus: misinformation is leading to 'fake news' anxieties in Dutch refugee communities - The Conversation UK [Last Updated On: July 14th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 14th, 2020]
- Priyanka Gandhi says report that she wants more time to vacate government bungalow is fake news - Scroll.in [Last Updated On: July 15th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 15th, 2020]
- PQE Group Creates an Internal Research Task Force to Fight Fake News in Relation to COVID-19 - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: July 15th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 15th, 2020]
- We were shouted at for wearing masks. This is why the situation in the US is so dire - Sky News [Last Updated On: July 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 18th, 2020]
- Man arrested for fake post on Mayurbhanj royal family in Odisha's Baripada - The New Indian Express [Last Updated On: July 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 18th, 2020]
- Fake News Alert: No Lockdown Will be Imposed in Jammu From Tomorrow | Heres The Truth - India.com [Last Updated On: July 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 18th, 2020]
- Future of astrology: Is there a place for pseudoscience in newspapers? - Press Gazette [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Prathap NM, hailed as 'drone scientist', passes off German and Japanese drones as his own - Alt News [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Khabib has not retired, will face Gaethje 'before the end of the year' - Yahoo Sports [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Project Origin is watermarking media to fight fake news ahead of the election - Axios [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Facts or fake news: Revealing patterns in the COVID-19 tweets of Trudeau and Trump - The Conversation CA [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Afraid Outraged Fake News Could Be the Culprit / Public News - Public News Service [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Covid-19 misinformation is everywhere, but it could have been much worse - CNBC [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2020]
- Trump's coronavirus briefings are back, but the trust isn't - NBC News [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- 'Staggering' Russia report reveals why government batted off Brexit interference claims - Sky News [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- Exploring the world: primary approaches to news literacy - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2020]
- Fake news alert: Helicopter-truck crash video doing rounds on social is not from Amritsar. Here's the truth - Times Now [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Clint Eastwood Sues, Says He Has Nothing to Do With CBD Products - The New York Times [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Wake up, America; discount the fake news - News from southeastern Connecticut - theday.com [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Singapore's Ambassador to the US Responds to Criticism of 'Fake News' Law - The Diplomat [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- People are injecting themselves with bleach because of fake news, says senior MP - Telegraph.co.uk [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Police crack down on those spreading fake news - The Hindu [Last Updated On: July 23rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 23rd, 2020]
- Turning Fake News on its Head: Stalin Lives Again to Reveal Deep Truth - Canada NewsWire [Last Updated On: July 25th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 25th, 2020]
- Cake meme reflects coronavirus absurdity in a world where nothing is what it seems - NBC News [Last Updated On: July 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 26th, 2020]
- The Misinformation Age Has ExacerbatedAnd Been Exacerbated Bythe Coronavirus Pandemic - TIME [Last Updated On: July 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 26th, 2020]
- Why are millennials and Gen Z turning to Instagram as a news source? - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- [Webinar] #FreeSpeech: Perspectives from the UK and the US on Social Media Liability for Fake News, Damaging Content and Censorship - July 29th, 9:00... [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- Governors who took the virus seriously from the start get a boost - NBC News [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- Fighting fake news! Actively working on removing misinformation from platform: YouTube - The Financial Express [Last Updated On: July 27th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 27th, 2020]
- NOT REAL NEWS: A look at fake news that was shared on social media this week - WBTW [Last Updated On: July 29th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 29th, 2020]
- UK trade department to tackle 'fake news' with new rebuttal role - The Guardian [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2020]
- Propaganda, fake news and disinformation on the internet could destroy us Susan Dalgety - The Scotsman [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2020]
- The news item "SPECIAL REPORT: Janez Jana's Newest Investment Scared the Government and Big Banks" is an online scam - Gov.si [Last Updated On: July 30th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 30th, 2020]
- Fake news and COVID-19, a neverending saga - The New Indian Express [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- People on social media more inclined to believe Coronavirus fake news: Study - India TV News [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Our View: Fake news leaves a mess in its wake - The Times [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- A lot of people said its a fake issue: Trump confirms he didnt raise Russian bounties with Putin - POLITICO [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Yes, Fake News Is a Problem. But Theres a Real News Problem, Too. - The New York Times [Last Updated On: July 31st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 31st, 2020]
- Dont bank on Britains foppish, lazy elites to save us from deep fakery - The Guardian [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2020]
- Shipments of Belarusian ammunition to USA dismissed as fake news - Belarus News (BelTA) [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2020]
- COVID-19 fake news: how to spot it and what locals are doing to stop it - LocalNews8.com [Last Updated On: August 2nd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 2nd, 2020]
- Facebook Complies With Brazilian Judge's Order To Block 12 Accounts Accused Of Running A Fake News Network - Inventiva [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
- Heres one reason youre more likely to believe #fakenews and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 - MarketWatch [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
- Covid-19: Misinformation, fake news on coronavirus is proving to be contagious - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
- AI-Driven News and Social Credibility Tool Launches in US to Identify and Combat Fake News - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: August 3rd, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 3rd, 2020]
- We must teach students to navigate through misinformation, fake news: VP - Times of India [Last Updated On: August 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 5th, 2020]
- Disha Salian's father says 'no truth' in reports of her involvement with politician: 'Stop tarnishing my daughter's reputation' - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 6th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 6th, 2020]
- Netflix's Fake-News Thriller 'The Hater' Is Way Too Real - WIRED [Last Updated On: August 6th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 6th, 2020]
- Sensitive to claims of bias, Facebook relaxed misinformation rules for conservative pages - NBC News [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- FAQ: Why Brazil's Plan to Mandate Traceability in Private Messaging Apps Will Break User's Expectation of Privacy and Security - EFF [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- WhatsApp has done well to curb fake news, but social and messaging services need to invest more in tech - The Financial Express [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- WhatsApp brings new 'search the web' feature to curb fake news - Deccan Herald [Last Updated On: August 7th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 7th, 2020]
- Fake Twitter account of Manoj Sinha created to spread rumours; FIR lodged - The Tribune India [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- US President Trump tweets picture of him on Mt Rushmore, says reports of asking to be on it 'fake' - Deccan Herald [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Recruitment notice in our name to fill 5285 vacancies is fake: Ministry of Railways - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Badshah on being questioned by police in fake followers case: Ive categorically denied all the al... - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]
- Swara Bhasker says Rhea Chakraborty subjected to dangerous media trial led by impulses of mob just... - Hindustan Times [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2020]