Too many of us still know way too little about how the world worksbut there is hope

Galileo Galilei

So heres a fine howdy-do for Galileo Galilei: Exactly one dayone flipping dayafter the great mans 450th birthday, on Feb. 15, 2014,a study by the National Science Foundation (NSF)revealed that one in four Americans does not know that the Earth orbits the Sun. Thats roughly 78 million people, or six times greater than the entire population of Galileos native Italy in 1632the year he was sentenced to life under house arrest for advancing that heretical belief. Yet somehow, four centuries later later,25% of us still havent gotten the word. If theres any comfort at all to be taken from the studyand there is, but only in that Im-not-the-dumbest-one-in-the-class sort of wayits that the European Union fared even worse, with 36% flunking the heliocentrism part of the science test.

Its a reassuring truth of human history that wisdom is eternal. Our greatest accomplishments and insights in art, science, technology, philosophy, theology, medicine and government are timelessthings that once known can never truly be unknown. But its an equally hard truth that stupid is forever too. The flat-earthers have always been with us, as have the believers in phrenology and alchemy and eugenics and sorcery, and, more recently and perniciously, the climate change deniers and the vaccines-cause-autism ninnies.

Sometimes its greed and political calculation at work: If we call climate change a hoax, we keep the riches flowing to the fossil fuel industry. Sometimes its a search for answers (if a child develop autism someone must be to blame) coupled with a know-nothing carnival barker like Jenny McCarthy. And sometimes its religion.

Galileos persecutors were the fathers of the Catholic Church, holding fast to a Bible that described the Earth as fixed and unmovable and the sun as rising and setting and returning to its place each day. The people who deny evolution today arent in the field, collecting the bones and offering reasoned alternatives to what Darwin discovered. They too know what they know because the Bible saysor seems to sayits true.

But to blame the believers is, in its own way, a blinkered view of things. The hard fact is, there are plenty of peoplethe majority of people, in factwho can comfortably live in a world in which faith and science live side by side. It was Carl Sagan himself who once wondered why a God who presides over a universe in which evolution unfolds, in which physical sciences play out and in which great truths are slowly discovered by people with dawning wisdom, isnt somehow a subtler, more nuanced and more appealing God.

The very same day the dispiriting NSF study was announced, Rice University released a far more encouraging survey of 10,000 scientists, evangelical Protestants and average Americans. According to the Rice results, almost 50% of Evangelicals believe that science and religion can work together, a figure that actually exceeds the 38% of all Americans who believe the same thing. As for all those non-spiritual scientists? Eighteen percent of them attend weekly religious services, only slightly less than the 20% of average Americans who are also regular worshippers. And 15% think of themselves as very religious, compared to 19% of everyone else. Scientists who also happen to be Evangelicals actually practice their religion more than Evangelical non-scientists.

Yes, there are some findings in the survey likely to give science types heartburn: 60% of Evangelicals believe that scientists should be willing to consider miracles as possible explanations for the phenomena they study, as do 38% of all Americans. But on the whole, the warring camps we hear so much about may be smaller and friendlier than weve come to believe. And to the extent that a battle does exist, its mostly being fought out at the extremes: thefinger-in-the-eye atheists like Bill Maher, who regard believers with a kind of pitying disdain and dont care who knows it; the religious fundamentalists who defy inquisitiveness, defy reason, demanding a literal interpretation of Scripture that includes a great flood and a 6,000 year old world and a planet full of fossils and billions-year-old rocks that are put there merely to test our faith.

In fairness, there is not a complete equivalency here. The likes of Maher may be tiresome, but they make a point: The world is 4.5 billion years old. Full stop. The Earth does revolve around the Sunperiod. On these matters, the modern day fundamentalists arehow best to put this?wrong. When the Catholic Church as long ago as 1758 lifted its ban on teaching the sun-centered solar system and in 1992 formally acknowledged error in its treatment of Galileo, the very guardians of Scripture themselves were acknowledging that simply because a verse is written in a book does not make it so. To insist otherwise is to fight a rearguard action, one that holds entire societies back.

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Galileo Rolls Over in His Grave