Ventilators have become the single most important piece of medical equipment for critically ill coronavirus patients whose damaged lungs prevent them from getting enough oxygen to vital organs. The machines work by forcing air deep into the lungs, dislodging the fluid and accumulated pus that interfere with the exchange of oxygen, a process orchestrated by tiny air sacs known as alveoli.

Lungs are complex organs that deliver oxygen to the bloodstream and keep organs functioning.

Human lungs are spongy vessels made up of millions of microscopic, balloon-shaped air sacs called alveoli, the workhorse of the respiratory system where the exchange of gases takes place.

A single alveolus, no bigger than the width of a human hair, is ringed by a mesh of tiny capillaries that transport oxygen to the bloodstream.

A single alveolus, no bigger than the width of a human hair, is ringed by a mesh of tiny capillaries that transport oxygen to the bloodstream.

A single alveolus, no bigger than the width of a human hair, is ringed by a mesh of tiny capillaries that transport oxygen to the bloodstream.

Ventilators are not a cure for Covid-19 patients, but mechanical breathing assistance can keep patients alive while they battle the infection.

Critical care ventilators are more than just air pumps. They are finely tuned machines with software that must be constantly adjusted by skilled medical workers to ensure that patients receive the right combination of oxygen level, pressure, breath volume and breathing rate.

Non-coronavirus patients on ventilators have about a 50 percent survival rate. The mortality rate for coronavirus patients on ventilators is not yet clear in part because, with no proven method of treatment for the virus, coronavirus patients are often being kept on these machines for weeks in order to keep them breathing long enough to give their lungs a chance to heal.

Exhaled air is filtered for viral particles

Air supplied to the patient

contains 21-100% oxygen

Air supplied to the patient

contains 21-100% oxygen

Exhaled air

is filtered

for viral particles

Intubation is fraught. Patients must be heavily sedated to allow doctors to insert a breathing tube into the lungs and to prevent them from waking up and pulling out the tubes. Because too much air pressure can damage the lungs, intubated patients must be constantly monitored.

Fears of a ventilator shortage in New York and the poor prognosis for intubated patients have helped spur innovations for sustaining patients without relying on critical care ventilators.

Health care providers have embraced a maneuver that has long been used for ventilated patients periodically turning them on their stomach to increase lung capacity. Proning, as its called, opens up areas of the lungs that are normally compressed by the weight of the heart when lying on ones back. Doctors are currently studying whether using proning for some patients in respiratory distress can allow them to recover without being placed on ventilators.

Flipping over patients in acute respiratory distress, doctors have discovered, can markedly increase oxygenation. The process can be labor-intensive, however, requiring staff to turn over patients several times a day.

Medical workers have increasingly turned to CPAP and BiPAP machines, inexpensive air pumps used by millions of Americans with sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other breathing disorders. Hospitals have been repurposing unused machines and using them both with or without intubation to send pressurized air into the lungs of coronavirus patients.

Soft and transparent plastic helmet

holds positive pressure inside

Room oxygen

supply option

Soft collar

seals helmet at the neck

Plastic helmet

holds positive

pressure inside

Room oxygen

supply option

To reduce the risk of infection for hospital workers, doctors have also been fitting patients with jury-rigged helmets that deliver oxygen via CPAP machines while filtering out exhaled viral particles. The helmets were pioneered by Italian doctors forced to improvise because of a shortage of intensive care ventilators.

Link:

In the Fight to Treat Coronavirus, Your Lungs Are a Battlefield - The New York Times