Public  release date: 18-Feb-2013  [ |   E-mail   |  Share    ]  
    Contact: Joe Caspermeyer    joseph.caspermeyer@asu.edu    480-727-0369    Arizona    State University
    Performing sensitive biological experiments is always a    delicate affair. Few researchers, however, contend with the    challenges faced by Cheryl Nickerson, whose working laboratory    aboard the International Space Station (ISS) is located    hundreds of miles above the Earth, traveling at some 17,000    miles per hour.  
    Nickerson, a microbiologist at Arizona State University's    Biodesign Institute, is using the ISS platform to pursue new    research into the effects of microgravity on disease-causing    organisms.  
    Nickerson presented her research findings and charted the    course for future investigations aboard the ISS on February 18    at the 2013 annual meeting for the American Association for the    Advancement of Science, held in Boston, Mass. Her talk,    entitled "Microgravity: A Novel Tool for Advances in Biomedical    Research," is part of a special session devoted to ISS science.  
    "One important focus of my research is to use the microgravity    environment of spaceflight as an innovative biomedical research    platform. We seek to unveil novel cellular and molecular    mechanisms related to infectious disease progression that    cannot be observed here on Earth, and to translate our findings    to novel strategies for treatment and prevention."  
    During an earlier series of NASA space shuttle and ground-based    experiments, Nickerson and her team made a startling discovery.    Spaceflight culture increased the disease-causing potential    (virulence) of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella, yet many of    the genes known to be important for its virulence were not    turned on and off as expected when this organism is grown on    Earth. Understanding how this switching is regulated may be    useful for designing targeted strategies to prevent infection.  
    For NASA, Nickerson's findings were revelatory, given their    implications for the health of astronauts on extended    spaceflight missions. Already faced with the potential for    compromised immunity induced by the rigors of space travel,    astronauts may have to further contend with the threat of    disease-causing microbes with amped-up infectious abilities. A    more thorough understanding of infectious processes and host    responses under these conditions is therefore vital for the    design of therapeutics and other methods of limiting    vulnerability for those on space missions.  
    The story however, doesn't end there. Further research by    Nickerson's team pointed to important implications for the    understanding of health and disease on Earth. Her team,    including NASA scientists, showed that one of the central    factors affecting the behavior of pathogenic cells is the    physical force produced by the movement of fluid over a    bacterial cell's sensitive surface. This property, known as    fluid shear, helps modulate a broad range of cell behaviors,    provoking changes in cell morphology, virulence, and global    alterations in gene expression, in pathogens like Salmonella.  
    "There are conditions that are encountered by pathogens during    the infection process in the human body that are relevant to    conditions that these same organisms experience when cultured    in spaceflight. By studying the effect of spaceflight on the    disease-causing potential of major pathogens like Salmonella,    we may be able to provide insight into infectious disease    mechanisms that cannot be attained using traditional    experimental approaches on Earth, where gravity can mask key    cellular responses," says Nickerson  
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International space station plays host to innovative infectious disease research