The space double-whammy: Less gravity, more radiation

Astronauts floating weightlessly in the International Space Station may appear carefree, but years of research have shown that microgravity causes changes to the human body. Spaceflight also means exposure to more radiation. Together, microgravity and radiation exposure add up to pose serious health risks. But research is not only making space safer for astronauts, it's helping to improve health care for the Earth-bound as well.

One of the effects of space radiation is damage to DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material in nearly every cell of our bodies. When damaged DNA repairs itself, errors can occur that increase the risk of developing cancer. A new study, MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Cultured Human Fibroblast in Space -- Micro-7 for short -- will examine the effect of gravity on DNA damage and repair. Because there is no controlled radiation source aboard the space station, the cells will be treated with bleomycin, a chemotherapy drug, to induce DNA damage.

"When a cell in the human body is exposed to radiation, DNA will be broken and repaired, which is considered the initiation stage of tumor development," explains principal investigator Honglu Wu, Ph.D., at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. "Cells damaged from radiation exposure in space also experience microgravity, which we know changes gene expressions even without radiation exposure." That equals the space double-whammy for the human body.

Previous studies have exposed cells or organisms on Earth to high-energy charged particles to simulate space radiation, using the resulting cell damage or induction of tumors to predict the risk of cancer for astronauts from radiation. But those predictions don't include the effects of microgravity, making them potentially less accurate than the space based Micro-7 study. This investigation will address that by examining the effects of bleomycin-induced DNA damage aboard the orbiting laboratory.

The study will be the first in space to use cultured human fibroblasts, the non-dividing cells that make up most of the human body. Fibroblasts form the framework for organs and tissues and play a critical role in wound healing and other bodily functions.

The investigation is scheduled to launch to the orbital complex aboard SpaceX-3 March 16, 2014. Micro-7 is managed by NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., and is funded by NASA's Space Biology Program. Bioserve Space Technologies at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. is providing the experiment hardware and implementing the science payload aboard the space station.

Wu will focus on how these cells respond to DNA damage in space by examining changes in a small, non-coding form of RNA known as microRNA, which is known to affect how genes are expressed in cells. The investigation will compare the cells in spaceflight with those on the ground to identify unknown functions of microRNA and the functions they regulate in our bodies. Similarities and differences in the space and Earth data will also improve our knowledge of fundamental biological processes critical for maintaining normal cell function.

In the future, Wu would like to have a controlled radiation source, such as a portable X-ray machine, on the space station to expose cultured cells or small animals to specific doses of radiation in space. Cells or organisms on the ground would be exposed to the same dose, and the DNA repair in both compared. Wu says that may be possible in the near future, perhaps by modifying a bone density scanner or other equipment aboard the space station.

Researchers can use data from Micro-7 in future Earth-based studies to examine whether the cell changes observed during spaceflight are seen in disease states of tissues and organs as well. Ultimately, this may help scientists better understand disease and this type of research could even lead to development of new treatment drugs.

"If we learn more about how cells repair DNA damage more efficiently or less efficiently in space, that knowledge also will be helpful for cancer radiotherapy or treatment with radiation," Wu adds. "A challenge in medical treatment is that certain tumors are highly resistant to radiation. But there could be various ways to make them more radiosensitive, or less resistant to radiation. That would help provide more effective treatment." And also make those weightless astronauts a bit more carefree.

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The space double-whammy: Less gravity, more radiation

Better Cancer Treatments May Follow Research In Outer Space

Image Caption: Dr. Dennis Morrison poses with the Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System flight hardware that was used on the International Space Station to produce microcapsules for cancer treatment delivery. Credit: NASA

Rebekah Eliason for redOrbit.com Your Universe Online

Although a necessary evil for a vast amount of people, systemic cancer treatment is an invasive procedure with devastating side effects.

People undergoing cancer treatment often experience nausea, immune suppression, hair loss and organ failure. All of this is endured with the hope of exterminating the cancerous tissues in the body. If a treatment were developed to specifically target the cancerous tissue instead of treating the patients entire body, it would provide a welcome alternative to using toxic levels of chemotherapy and radiation. Quality of life for patients with cancer would drastically improve with such treatments.

Fascinatingly, the research for such therapy began in space and could soon provide such treatment options here on Earth.

Aboard the International Space Station (ISS), there is the unique opportunity to study substances in a microgravity environment. Currently there is a particular amount of research that has made substantial advancements in cancer therapy. This process is known as microencapsulation and provides the ability to create tiny, liquid-filled, biodegradable micro-balloons which contain particular mixtures of concentrated anti-tumor drugs. With the use of specialized needles, a doctor can inject the micro-balloons, also called microcapsules, into specific treatment sites within a cancer patient. New targeted therapy similar to this could revolutionize cancer treatment delivery.

In order to develop this type of technology, it was necessary to utilize the microgravity environment aboard the space station to understand microencapsulation before the experiments could be performed on Earth. Dennis Morrison, PhD, retired NASA principal investigator of the Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System-II (MEPS-II) study and current vice president and director for microencapsulation research and development at NuVue Therapeutics, Inc., explained, The technique that we have for making these microcapsules could not be done on the ground, because the different densities of the liquids would layer, but in space, since there is not sedimentation due to gravity, everything goes spherical.

Using a mixture of 80 percent water and 20 percent oil, the MEPS operations in microgravity were successful in uniting the two liquids in a way incapable of production on the Earth. In the unique conditions of space, the liquid-filled microcapsules spontaneously formed into spherical, tiny liquid-filled bubbles that were encased with a thin, semi-permeable outer membrane.

Since each molecule on a liquids surface in space is pulled with equal tension by its neighbors, the surface tension causes liquids to form into spheres. This MEPS-II system effectively allowed liquids to combine in a bubble shape that let the fluids interface instead of sit on top of each other.

We were able to figure out what parameters we needed to control so we could make the same kind of microcapsules on the ground, said Morrison. Now, we no longer have to go to space. Space was our teacher, our classroom to figure out how we could make these on Earth.

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Better Cancer Treatments May Follow Research In Outer Space

Near-drowning of astronaut tied to wrong diagnosis, slow response (+video)

The near drowning of a space-station astronaut from water that had collected in his helmet during a spacewalk stemmed from acceptance of unusual conditions known to increase risks.

Willingness to accept as routine minor amounts of water in a space-walking astronaut's helmet and a misdiagnosis of a previous water leak helped set the stage for an incident last summer that could have cost an International Space Station crew member his life, according to an analysis of the event.

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In a 122-page report released Wednesday, a mishap investigation board identified a range of causes for the near-tragedy, including organizational causes that carried echoes of accident reports that followed the loss of the shuttles Challenger and Columbia and their crews in 1986 and 2003.

About 44 minutes into a 6.5-hour spacewalk last July, Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano noted that water was building up inside his helmet the second consecutive spacewalk during which he reported the problem. Twenty-three minutes later, he and partner Chris Cassidy were ordered to end the spacewalk.

"The good news was that Luca was very close to the air lock when this happened," said Chris Hansen, space-station chiefengineer and head of the board,during a briefing Wednesday that outlined the findings. "When we terminated the EVA, Luca had a pretty close path to the air lock."

Still, as Parmitano worked his way back to the air lock, water covered his eyes, filled his ears, disrupted communications, and eventually began to enter his nose, making it difficult for him to breathe. Later, when crew mates removed his helmet, they found that it contained at least 1.5 quarts of water.

NASA officials immediately set up the five-member mishap investigation board to uncover the broader causes behind the incident, even as a team of engineers at the Johnson Space Center worked to find the precise mechanical cause for the buildup of water.

Engineers traced the leak to a fan-and-pump assembly that is part of a system that extracts moisture from the air inside the suit and returns it to the suit's water-based cooling system. Contaminants clogged holes that would have carried the water to the cooling system after it was extracted from the air. The water backed up and flowed into the suit's air-circulation system, which sent it into Parmitano's helmet. The specific cause of the contamination is still under investigation.

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Near-drowning of astronaut tied to wrong diagnosis, slow response (+video)

Nasa 'Could Have Prevented' Astronaut's Near-Drowning In Space Walk

Dusty Space Cloud

This image shows the Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy in infrared light as seen by the Herschel Space Observatory, a European Space Agency-led mission with important NASA contributions, and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. In the instruments' combined data, this nearby dwarf galaxy looks like a fiery, circular explosion. Rather than fire, however, those ribbons are actually giant ripples of dust spanning tens or hundreds of light-years. Significant fields of star formation are noticeable in the center, just left of center and at right. The brightest center-left region is called 30 Doradus, or the Tarantula Nebula, for its appearance in visible light.

This enhanced-color image shows sand dunes trapped in an impact crater in Noachis Terra, Mars. Dunes and sand ripples of various shapes and sizes display the natural beauty created by physical processes. The area covered in the image is about six-tenths of a mile (1 kilometer) across. Sand dunes are among the most widespread wind-formed features on Mars. Their distribution and shapes are affected by changes in wind direction and wind strength. Patterns of dune erosion and deposition provide insight into the sedimentary history of the surrounding terrain.

This image obtained by the framing camera on NASA's Dawn spacecraft shows the south pole of the giant asteroid Vesta. Scientists are discussing whether the circular structure that covers most of this image originated by a collision with another asteroid, or by internal processes early in the asteroid's history. Images in higher resolution from Dawn's lowered orbit might help answer that question. The image was recorded with the framing camera aboard NASA's Dawn spacecraft from a distance of about 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometers). The image resolution is about 260 meters per pixel.

This undated photo shows a classic type 1a supernova remnant. Researchers Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and US-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize on October 4, 2011 for their research on supernovae.

A quartet of Saturn's moons, from tiny to huge, surround and are embedded within the planet's rings in this Cassini composition. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is in the background of the image, and the moon's north polar hood is clearly visible. See PIA08137 to learn more about that feature on Titan (3,200 miles, or 5,150 kilometers across). Next, the wispy terrain on the trailing hemisphere of Dione (698 miles, or 1,123 kilometers across) can be seen on that moon which appears just above the rings at the center of the image. See PIA10560 and PIA06163 to learn more about Dione's wisps. Saturn's small moon Pandora (50 miles, or 81 kilometers across) orbits beyond the rings on the right of the image. Finally, Pan (17 miles, or 28 kilometers across) can be seen in the Encke Gap of the A ring on the left of the image. The image was taken in visible blue light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Sept. 17, 2011. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 1.3 million miles (2.1 million kilometers) from Dione and at a Sun-Dione-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 27 degrees. Image scale is 8 miles (13 kilometers) per pixel on Dione.

Combining almost opposite ends of the electromagnetic spectrum, this composite image of the Herschel in far-infrared and XMM-Newton's X-ray images obtained January 20, 2012, shows how the hot young stars detected by the X-ray observations are sculpting and interacting with the surrounding ultra-cool gas and dust, which, at only a few degrees above absolute zero, is the critical material for star formation itself. Both wavelengths would be blocked by Earth's atmosphere, so are critical to our understanding of the lifecycle of stars . (AFP / Getty Images)

Resembling looming rain clouds on a stormy day, dark lanes of dust crisscross the giant elliptical galaxy Centaurus A. Hubble's panchromatic vision, stretching from ultraviolet through near-infrared wavelengths, reveals the vibrant glow of young, blue star clusters and a glimpse into regions normally obscured by the dust. (NASA / ESA / Hubble Heritage)

A bubbling cauldron of star birth is highlighted in this image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Infrared light that we can't see with our eyes has been color-coded, such that the shortest wavelengths are shown in blue and the longest in red. The middle wavelength range is green. Massive stars have blown bubbles, or cavities, in the dust and gas--a violent process that triggers both the death and birth of stars. The brightest, yellow-white regions are warm centers of star formation. The green shows tendrils of dust, and red indicates other types of dust that may be cooler, in addition to ionized gas from nearby massive stars.

This composite image shows the central region of the spiral galaxy NGC 4151. X-rays (blue) from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are combined with optical data (yellow) showing positively charged hydrogen (H II) from observations with the 1-meter Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope on La Palma. The red ring shows neutral hydrogen detected by radio observations with the NSF's Very Large Array. This neutral hydrogen is part of a structure near the center of NGC 4151 that has been distorted by gravitational interactions with the rest of the galaxy, and includes material falling towards the center of the galaxy. The yellow blobs around the red ellipse are regions where star formation has recently occurred. (NASA / CXC / CfA / J. Wang)

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Nasa 'Could Have Prevented' Astronaut's Near-Drowning In Space Walk

Studying The Effects Of Microgravity And Radiation On Human Cells

February 28, 2014

Lawrence LeBlond for redOrbit.com Your Universe Online

Life aboard the International Space Station (ISS) may seem like a carefree existence, but a wealth of evidence has proven otherwise. Years of research shows that the effects of microgravity wreaks havoc on the human body.

However, microgravity isnt the only thing that astronauts need to worry about in space. Going into space means exposure to radiation, which is known to damage our DNA. And when DNA tries to repair itself, errors can occur that increase the odds of developing cancer.

Between the two, humans face serious health risks when journeying into space. But mounting research is not only making spaceflight safer for our astronauts, it is helping to improve the health of people on terra firma as well.

A new study (Micro-7) is now examining the effect of gravity on DNA damage and repair. Because there is no controlled radiation source on the orbiting lab, cells will be treated with the chemotherapy drug bleomycin to induce DNA damage.

When a cell in the human body is exposed to radiation, DNA will be broken and repaired, which is considered the initiation stage of tumor development, explains principal investigator Honglu Wu, PhD, at NASAs Johnson Space Center in Houston.Cells damaged from radiation exposure in space also experience microgravity, which we know changes gene expressions even without radiation exposure.

This equals a space double-whammy for the human body, noted Wu.

Previous research exposed cells or organisms on Earth to high-energy charged particles to simulate space radiations. The resulting cell damage helped predict the risk of cancer for astronauts from space radiation. However, the research conducted on Earth in controlled environments do not address the effects of microgravity, which could make any results less accurate than this latest study.

The researchers believe the Micro-7 study will address that by examining the effects of bleomycin-induced DNA damage aboard the ISS.

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Studying The Effects Of Microgravity And Radiation On Human Cells

Near-drowning of astronaut tied to wrong diagnosis, slow response

The near drowning of a space-station astronaut from water that had collected in his helmet during a spacewalk stemmed from acceptance of unusual conditions known to increase risks.

Willingness to accept as routine minor amounts of water in a space-walking astronaut's helmet and a misdiagnosis of a previous water leak helped set the stage for an incident last summer that could have cost an International Space Station crew member his life, according to an analysis of the event.

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In a 122-page report released Wednesday, a mishap investigation board identified a range of causes for the near-tragedy, including organizational causes that carried echoes of accident reports that followed the loss of the shuttles Challenger and Columbia and their crews in 1986 and 2003.

About 44 minutes into a 6.5-hour spacewalk last July, Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano noted that water was building up inside his helmet the second consecutive spacewalk during which he reported the problem. Twenty-three minutes later, he and partner Chris Cassidy were ordered to end the spacewalk.

"The good news was that Luca was very close to the air lock when this happened," said Chris Hansen, space-station chiefengineer and head of the board,during a briefing Wednesday that outlined the findings. "When we terminated the EVA, Luca had a pretty close path to the air lock."

Still, as Parmitano worked his way back to the air lock, water covered his eyes, filled his ears, disrupted communications, and eventually began to enter his nose, making it difficult for him to breathe. Later, when crew mates removed his helmet, they found that it contained at least 1.5 quarts of water.

NASA officials immediately set up the five-member mishap investigation board to uncover the broader causes behind the incident, even as a team of engineers at the Johnson Space Center worked to find the precise mechanical cause for the buildup of water.

Engineers traced the leak to a fan-and-pump assembly that is part of a system that extracts moisture from the air inside the suit and returns it to the suit's water-based cooling system. Contaminants clogged holes that would have carried the water to the cooling system after it was extracted from the air. The water backed up and flowed into the suit's air-circulation system, which sent it into Parmitano's helmet. The specific cause of the contamination is still under investigation.

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Near-drowning of astronaut tied to wrong diagnosis, slow response

International Space Station's SPHERES robots to get new smarts

If you want to know how big the crew of the International Space Station (ISS) is at present, the answer depends on whether or not youre counting the robots on board. Some of the non-human residents will soon be getting smarter, with NASA announcing that the Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) robots currently on the station will later this year get a new smartphone. The increased capability of the soon to be Smart SPHERES is designed to help transition them from engineering testbeds to workaday companions that can take over some of the duties of the station astronauts.

At the moment, there are three SPHERES robots aboard the ISS. These self-contained plastic polygonal spheres carry their own power, propulsion, computers, and navigation gear, as well as expansion ports for additional appendages. Theyre used for microgravity research as an engineering and robotics testbed, and for exploring the application of free-flying robots. According to NASA, some 77 experiments have been conducted so far, including testing technologies related to automated dockings, satellite servicing, spacecraft assembly, and emergency repairs. Last year, they were even decked out with goggles as part of experiments in 3D navigation and mapping.

Now as part of Project Tango, a new smartphone is being developed by Googles Advanced Technology and Projects division of Mountain View, California. An advance on the smartphones that are currently the brains of the SPHERES, the completed phones are scheduled to be brought to the ISS later this year. According to NASA, once the new smartphones are installed theyll give the SPHERES more computing power (making them into what NASA calls Smart SPHERES), cameras, WiFi connections, and an integrated bespoke 3D sensor, which will allow the robots to map their surroundings in real time. It will also give the robots the capability to carry out inspections using still images and videos and to directly communicate with the stations computers.

Before the phone can be sent into space, it needs to be tested in microgravity, so the next step will be to send on in an airplane on a parabolic trajectory to test its hardware and software. Once the smartphone has passed earthbound tests and has been sent to the ISS, it will be used to test controlling the SPHERES robots from the ground.

Currently, the SPHERES are designed to only operate inside the space station, but the eventual plan for the roots is that they will one day go outside to act as assistants to carry out routine inspections and inventories, monitor EVAs, or carry objects for an astronaut.

"With this latest upgrade, we believe the Smart SPHERES will be a step closer to becoming a mobile assistant' for the astronauts, says DW Wheeler, lead engineer with SGT Inc in the Intelligent Robotics Group at Ames. "This ability for Smart SPHERES to independently perform inventory and environmental surveys on the space station can free up time for astronauts and mission control to perform science experiments and other work.

Source: NASA

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International Space Station's SPHERES robots to get new smarts

Cosmonauts on space station to turn teacher for Russian students

MOSCOW, Feb. 27 (UPI) -- Russian cosmonauts on board the International Space Station will turn schoolteacher, conducting a lesson from space for Russian students, officials said.

The event will broadcast the cosmonauts live to students nationwide on April 11, an Education Ministry official told RIA Novosti Wednesday.

April 11 is the day before the 53rd anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's historic first manned spaceflight, which saw the cosmonaut and his Vostok spacecraft complete an orbit of the Earth in 1961.

In October, a teleconference was held with cosmonauts working on the station to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first woman to go into space, Valentina Tereshkova.

NASA astronauts Mike Hopkins and Rick Mastracchio and Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata conducted their own student-oriented activity last week, talking with college and high school students gathered at California State University in Los Angeles as part of NASA's Destination Station awareness campaign.

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Cosmonauts on space station to turn teacher for Russian students

Can you spot North Korea?

By Sophie Brown, CNN

updated 4:01 AM EST, Wed February 26, 2014

Where did North Korea go? Pyongyang looks like a tiny island in a sea of darkness in recent photos captured by NASA .

STORY HIGHLIGHTS

(CNN) -- Give an astronaut on the International Space Station a digital camera and you're bound to end up with some astounding images -- especially if they're flying above North Korea.

When the space station passed over East Asia one night recently, a member of NASA's Expedition 38 crew took a series of photographs that show just how off-the-grid the Hermit Kingdom really is.

While thriving cities and major roads are seen glowing across South Korea and China, the landscape between the two countries is so dark that it's difficult to tell where the sea ends and North Korea begins.

Pyongyang "appears like a small island," says NASA, noting that the light emission from the North Korean capital is equivalent to the smaller towns of its neighbor to the south.

The space agency, which turned the images into a timelapse video, says city lights at night are a good indicator of the relative affluence of cities.

Looking at the images, it's hardly a surprise that energy use is dramatically different on either side of the 38th parallel. In South Korea, per capita power consumption is 10,162 kilowatt hours while in North Korea the figure is 739 kilowatt hours, according to World Bank data.

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Can you spot North Korea?

NASA could have prevented near-drowning of astronaut during July spacewalk, report reveals

NASAofficials admitted the near-drowning of an astronaut on a spacewalk last summer could have been prevented, investigators said in a report issued Wednesday.

That's the conclusion of an investigation board created byNASAin the wake of last July's close call outside the International Space Station.

Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano nearly drowned when his helmet filled with water around 45 minutes into the operation on July 16. He barely made it back inside alive.

But according to the report, his helmet had also leaked one week earlier, at the end of his first spacewalk. The report says the space station team misdiagnosed the first failure and should have delayed the second spacewalk until the problem was understood.

"The event was not properly investigated, which could have prevented putting a crew member at risk a week later," Chris Hansen, chairman of the Mishap Investigation Board, told reporters in a teleconference.

While the root cause of the leak remains under investigation, the probe traced the leak to a blocked water separator inside Parmitano's spacesuit. The spacesuits are nearly 35 years old, but Hansen said "nothing in our investigation pointed to aging issues with the suit."

Hansen and his team gave NASA a total of 49 recommendations to help the space agency improve internal communications and safety procedures. Hansen noted that NASA had already incorporated many of the investigators' suggestions.

"We've already resolved many of these items," Bill Gerstenmaier, NASA's associate administrator for human exploration and operations, said in the teleconference.

"This tells us we need to always be vigilant," International Space Station program manager Michael Suffredini said in the teleconference. "The report kind of brought home to us, at least in the case of the normal operations in a program that's 15 years old, that we evolve over time and we build processes and technologies that we think allow us to operate as safe as we can."

So much water filled Parmitano's helmet an estimated 1 liters that he could barely see and could not hear or speak. Investigators said Parmitano's "calm demeanor" during the incident quite possibly saved his life.

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NASA could have prevented near-drowning of astronaut during July spacewalk, report reveals

Stargazer Phill marks 15 years since rock's space quest

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ASTRONOMER Phill Parker has marked the 15-year anniversary of a curious episode that saw him send a rare piece of rock on a mission into space.

Mr Parker was walking in Butterton, Newcastle, in 1993, when he stumbled on a piece of ancient 'dolerite' rock, which was first discovered by legendary scientist Charles Darwin during his many geological surveys.

The rock has since been adopted by space travellers because of its association with the evolutionary theorist, who penned the famous work, On the Origin of Species.

And, as an experiment, Mr Parker organised for his own rock believed to be between 50 and 60 million years old to be blasted into space with Russian astronauts.

During the project, in 1999, the rock, dubbed the Darwin Millennium Space Rock, spent a total of 380 days at the Russian MIR Space Station.

It was later exhibited in museums around the world including the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery and the Kennedy Space Centre Visitor Complex in Florida, where it was viewed by more than 100,000 visitors.

Now a photo of the famous rock has been sent into space via a high altitude balloon to mark the 15th anniversary of the rock's interstellar adventure.

Mr Parker, aged 67, of the Westlands, said he hoped the rock would act as an inspiration for people to continue the exploration of space.

He said: "When I first sent that piece of rock to Moscow, I never imagined it was going to be showcased in museums around the world.

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Stargazer Phill marks 15 years since rock's space quest

NASA to admit that space suit leaked on TWO separate occasions

Astronaut Luca Parmitano's helmet began leaking on a spacewalk in July Cooling water covered his ears, nose and mouth, and he nearly drowned Only now is NASA admitting that it was the second leak on the same suit Mishap Board to speak at news conference at 2pm EST (7pm GMT)

By Sara Malm and Alex Greig

PUBLISHED: 04:14 EST, 26 February 2014 | UPDATED: 06:58 EST, 26 February 2014

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NASA is set to admit that an astronaut who nearly drowned in space had water leak into his space suit twice last year.

Luca Parmitanos pressurized helmet began to fill with water, covering his eyes, ears and nose, while he was carrying out a space walk at the International Space Station in July.

Blinded by the water, Italian Parmitano relied on his memory to get him back to the airlock cabin and had to be pulled back inside the space station by his fellow astronauts.

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NASA to admit that space suit leaked on TWO separate occasions

Missouri and Pennsylvania Students to Talk Live with Space Station Crew

Crew members of Expedition 38, currently aboard the International Space Station, will make space-to-Earth connections with students and faculty in Pennsylvania and Missouri this week to share what it is like to live and work in space.

Both calls will be broadcast on NASA Television and live-streamed on the agency's website.

Students from Temple University's School of Media and Communication and College of Engineering will speak with NASA astronauts Rick Mastracchio and Mike Hopkins and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Koichi Wakata at 11:50 a.m. EST Thursday, Feb. 27.

On Friday, Feb. 28, Mastracchio and Hopkins will talk with students and teachers at Hopkins' alma mater, School of the Osage, in Osage Beach, Mo., at 10 a.m. EST.

Media are invited to cover both events. Journalists interested in covering the event at Temple University should contact Paul Gluck at 215-204-2807 or pageone@temple.edu. The event will take place at the TUTV-Temple University Television Studios located at 2020 N.13th Street in Philadelphia.

To attend the event at School of the Osage, members of the media should contact Bryce Durbin at 573-348-0115 or durbinb@osage.k12.mo.us. School of the Osage is located at 636 Hwy. 42 in Osage Beach, Mo.

Linking students directly to space station astronauts provides them with an authentic experience of space exploration, scientific studies and the possibilities for future human space exploration. NASA activities have been incorporated into classes at the schools in preparation for these conversations.

These in-flight education downlinks are part of a series with educational organizations in the United States to improve science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), teaching and learning. It is an integral component of NASA's Teaching From Space education program, which promotes learning opportunities and builds partnerships with the education community using the unique environment of space and NASA's human spaceflight program.

To keep up with Hopkins' research and life on the ISS through Twitter, follow:

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Missouri and Pennsylvania Students to Talk Live with Space Station Crew