Well-meaning futurists often take a simple technological idea, apply it to human life, and then stretch the conclusions to absurd lengths. Youve probably heard a few of these pie-in-the-sky extrapolations. For several decades, computer chips evolved very rapidly: a technological singularity will end life as we know it in a few years! Weve managed to synthesize some useful nano-sized things: nanobots will soon rebuild our entire bodies and eliminate illness! Simple tissues can sometimes be frozen and thawed again: cryonics will make death obsolete!

Such is the case with the Lunar Ark, a lunatic idea more at home in science fiction than science fact.

The Lunar Ark project has a simple purpose at least in the minds of its creators. Humans do bad and scary things. They have wars and build bombs and change the climate. Earth is a delicate place, one inevitable error in human judgment away from being destroyed forever.

Given our precarious situation, we need a backup copy of life so that we can start over again when everything goes south. Its a dark and strange way of looking at life, which has somehow flourished for billions of years, new species taking over from old, rolling merrily on and on through multiple mass extinctions and regenerations.

The Lunar Ark teams methods of achieving this goal are similarly strange. They want to extract the DNA, seeds, eggs, spores, and sperm from 6.7 million living species and cryogenically freeze all of it. Maybe theyll start with only the endangered species. The samples would be stored in floating, rotating cylindrical banks where magnetically levitated robots will place and retrieve them. This frozen life bank will sit, tended by the robots, ready to recolonize Earth with a life backup, or be carried along on some future space colonization mission. Where do you store something where it could possibly be safe from human and natural forces for centuries or more? This is where the Moon comes in.

Lunar lava tubes are underground cavities formed by volcanic processes in our satellite. A similar phenomenon is found beneath the surface of the Hawaiian Islands, which can help us understand the geological processes at work. The surface layer of a lava flow cools and eventually hardens. Underneath, molten magma may continue to flow; if the flow is on a mild incline, the magma can drain out partially or entirely, leaving an empty cavern under a thick, arched rock roof. The cavern may be very stable if it forms with the proper geometry.

Thurston Lava Tube at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii.Frank Schulenburg, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

On the Moon, a physically stable lava tube could also provide a protective cocoon for its contents. The mass of rock should shield the cavity beneath from cosmic radiation, as well as micrometeoroid strikes. It would moderate the temperature swings of about 300 K (530 degrees Fahrenheit!) between lunar day and night on the surface. These properties have made lunar lava tubes a perennial favorite location for a human lunar base.

They attracted attention from the Lunar Ark project as well. By comparison, any location near the surface of the Earth with its thick atmosphere, tumultuous weather, constant erosion, active volcanism, and multitude of life forces is extremely unstable. A lunar tube repository would still be vulnerable to an unlucky meteorite strike, or some future reawakening of lunar volcanism. Perhaps the greatest risk is that all the ills of the human world that the Ark project hopes to escape could also colonize the Moon in coming centuries.

This project exemplifies an ongoing problem with futurism, and technology in general: addressing human affairs and the complex trajectories of natural life as if they were software engineering problems. Partition the problem into logical subunits, address each logical block, and solve it systematically with computer concepts. Any problem that cant be solved today will be magically overcome tomorrow by explosive growth in technology and become cheap in a decade.

This is just what the Lunar Ark is doing. Worried about corrupting the program of life on Earth and losing lots of biodata? Just back it up to a hard disk so that we can install a fresh copy. What if the backup disk gets corrupted? We can store it in a limited-access, climate-controlled, safe location. How do we restore life from the backup? Just unfreeze it, assume that will work sometimes, and plan for future technology to come along and fix the rest of it. Well figure it out later. Theres always a kludge.

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Perhaps we use futurism as something of a comfort blanket. Human endeavor, and indeed life itself, are strange and unknowable things. We cant even slightly predict the future of most complex natural systems. Thats terrifying. Computer and software technologies are logical creatures, understood and bound by absolute and predictable systems of rules. They can give us the comfort of knowable logical certainty that the Universe cant otherwise provide. Rather than let the chaotic course of life wind its way forward, we hope to trump difficulty through technology, to outsmart chance by logical calculation, and to defeat death with hardware engineering.

Its a valiant effort, but in vain. The Lunar Ark could no more ensure biodiversity on Earth than an artificial intelligence could end the need for toil, or a nanobot swarm could eliminate physical suffering. Many problems can be overcome by computer technology paradigms, but the chaotic nature of life is not one of them.

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The weird plan to hide a "backup copy" of life in lava tubes on the Moon - Big Think

Set on a 7-acre vineyard in Californias Napa Valley, a compound known as Yountvilla is a private second home designed for entertaining a large family.

In addition to the 14,000-square-foot main residencein what Oakland, California-based architect Toby Long calls Napa-barn stylethe estate includes a 2,000-square-foot pool house and a 2,000-square-foot party barn. The cinema, conservatory-style great room, swimming pool, hot tub, outdoor kitchen with two pizza ovens, large reflecting pool, six-car garage, tennis court and two outdoor terraces bring the party home. But for all its singularity, the lavish estate is among a growing number of modern modular mansions springing up across the U.S. that feature prefab factory-built components.

More:Its Not a Hobbits Home, but This New Zealand Property Starred in Lord of The Rings

Ultra-high-net-worth individuals, some driven by the need to sequester safely during the pandemic era, have chosen to erect these houses, which can cost millions and even tens of millions of dollars, because they are more efficient to build, are of superior quality, and most significantly, they can be completed far more quickly than those built via traditional on-site construction methods.

Mr. Long, who has been building prefab houses for over two decades under the brand name Clever Homes, said that the genre is emerging from its slumber in the U.S. When you mention prefab or modular, people think of high volume, low quality. But its overcoming its legacy of cheapnessits a sophisticated process.

Steve Glenn, CEO and founder of Plant Prefab, which is based in Rialto, California, has completed about 150 units, including 36 at the Lake Tahoe-area ski resort development the Palisades at Olympic Valley, where residences sell for $1.8 million to $5.2 million.

Prefab is popular in Scandinavia, Japan and parts of Europe but not in the U.S., Mr. Glenn said. We have had a significant growth in orders over the last couple of years; some is Covid-related because people have the flexibility to choose where they want to work and live.

Plant Prefabs building system provided an efficient and predictable way to build high-quality homes in Lake Tahoes short building season at a time when U.S. shortages of skilled labor are particularly acute on the West Coast, said Lindsay Brown, principal and owner of the Brown Studio, the Encinitas, California-based firm that designed the Palisades development. Prefab mitigated the need for us to compromise on our designs, he added.

Although the first documented prefab house was recorded in 1624it was made of wood and shipped to Massachusetts from Englandthe concept wasnt employed on a mass scale until World War II, when there was a great need for cheap housing that could be built quickly, and its only in the last decade or two that custom home builders have embraced it for high-end private estates and luxury residential developments.

Its not an inexpensive option. Prices for custom prefabricated houses average $500 to $600 per square foot, but often are much higher. When site planning, transportation, finishing and landscaping are added in, the total finished cost can double or even triple.

On Mr. Longs Napa Valley project, for instance, the prefab budget alone was $1,000 per square foot.

These modern modular mansions are unique, he said. There are not a lot of people doing them. I build 40 to 50 prefab houses a year, and only two or three of them are mansions.

Prefab, he added, can be a practical option in luxury-resort areas such as the Colorado ski-and-golf resort Telluride, where the snowy Rocky Mountain winters can throw a monkey wrench into construction schedules.

Its hard to build there, Mr. Long said. It could take two to three years to get on a builders schedule and two to three years to build the house, and theres a short build season because of the weather. All these factors spur people to explore other methods of building. You can shortcut and simplify the schedule by working with a factory partner.

Modular mansions, he added, can be completed in one-third to one-half the time of those built with traditional construction methods. We can do a project in under a yearnot the two to three years it takes in most towns, he said.

There are two main types of conventional prefab options on the market that builders of high-end houses employ: modular and panelized.

In the modular system, building-block-like units are constructed in a factory, shipped to the site, placed in position with a crane and finished by a general contractor and a construction crew.

In the conventional structural insulated panelized system, panels that sandwich an insulating foam core are manufactured in a factory, packed flat and shipped to the site and assembled.

Most of Mr. Longs architectural designs are what he calls hybrids: They meld modular and panelized elements with traditional on-site construction, and depending on the prefab manufacturer, a proprietary brand-named system that incorporates various features of both.

More:Fall Luxury Developments Around the World

In the case of the Napa Valley estate, for instance, the timber systems of the structures were prefabricated. The project has 20 modules16 for the main house and four for the pool house. The party barn, which is framed by prefab timbers, is being built from a repurposed barn that was dismantled and shipped to the site. The main living area of the residence, including the great glassed-in room, was the only portion of the project built on site.

In projects with high-dollar investments and complex architecture and finishes, there are always elements that are built on site, Mr. Long said, adding that the amenities and special features of custom residences are what drive the cost up.

Architect Joseph Tanney, a partner in the New York-based firm RESOLUTION: 4 ARCHITECTURE, typically works on 10 to 20 luxury hybrid prefab projects a year, most of them in New Yorks Hamptons, Hudson Valley and Catskills, and all of them are designed to meet LEED standards.

Weve found that the modular methodology provides the highest value proposition in terms of time and money relative to the overall quality of the entire project, said Mr. Tanney, co-author of Modern Modular: The Prefab Houses by Resolution: 4 Architecture. By leveraging the efficiency of conventional wood-framed modules, were capable of building about 80% of the house in the factory. The more we can build in the factory, the higher the value proposition.

Since April 2020, a month into the pandemic, he said that inquiries for higher-end modern homes have spiked.

Brian Abramson, CEO and founder of Method Homes, a prefab builder based in the Seattle area that constructs houses whose finished prices range from $1.5 million to over $10 million, said that we have seen a large increase in demand for our homes since the pandemic with all the people moving and wanting to change their living situation with remote work.

He noted that the streamlined, predictable approach of prefab appeals to a lot of new clients who have built homes in the conventional way. Additionally, labor is very limited in a lot of the markets we work in, and local contractors have multiple-year backlogs so we provide a faster option, he said.

Method Homes are finished in the factory in 16 to 22 weeks and are assembled on site in one to two days. Then they take four months to over a year to finish, depending on the scale and scope of the project and local labor availability, Mr. Abramson said.

At Plant Prefab, which uses its own proprietary Plant Building System composed of specialized panels and modules, business is so brisk that the company is building a third factory, this one fully automated, that will be capable of producing up to 800 units a year.

Our system offers the design flexibility and portability of panels with the time and cost advantages of modular, Mr. Glenn says, adding that its optimized for custom architectural homebuilding.

The company, which was founded in 2016 to focus on custom homes designed by its in-house studio and third-party architects, is on a mission to make great, sustainable architecture more accessible, Mr. Glenn said. To do that, we needed a building solution designed for custom, high-quality, sustainable home construction: a factory with the technology and systems to make the process faster, more reliable, more efficient and less wasteful.

Prefab builder Dvele, which is based in the San Diego area, is experiencing similar growth. Founded five years ago, it ships to 49 states and has plans to expand to Canada and Mexico and ultimately roll out internationally.

We make 200 modules a year, and by 2024, when we open a second factory, we will be able to do 2,000 a year, said Kellan Hannah, the companys director of growth. The people who buy our homes have dual incomes and higher incomes, but we are moving away from customization.

Prefab isnt the only unconventional option that custom builders and their clients are embracing. Custom post-and-beam kits, such as those made by Seattle-based Lindal Cedar Homes, are being used to build turnkey residences that sell for $2 million to $3 million.

There are no architectural compromises in our system, said operations manager Bret Knutson, adding that interest has increased 40% to 50% since the pandemic. Clients have a very open-ended palette to choose from. They can design whatever size and style of home they want as long as they stay within the system.

He noted that clients like the variety of modern and classic home styles available and enjoy the custom design process and the flexibility of the system.

The kit doesnt include interior finishes, which he said can double or triple the total cost.

More:Real Momentum for Virtual Property as Technology Takes Hold of Industry

Lindal, the largest manufacturer of post-and-beam kit homes in North America, works mainly with clients in the United States, Canada and Japan. It delivers the house kits, which take 12 to 18 months to complete and around the same time to construct on site as do conventional builds, by shipping container, a plus for secluded vacation spots or resort islands that cannot be accessed by car.

Lindal, which has an international network of dealers, recently collaborated with the Los Angeles-based architectural firm Marmol Radziner on a 3,500-square-foot residence and matching guest house in Hawaii.

The quality of materials was absolutely premium, Mr. Knutson said. There were completely clear fir beams and clear cedar siding throughout. Even the plywood was custom-clear cedar that cost around $1,000 a sheet.

This article originally appeared on Mansion Global.

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Absolutely Prefab-ulous: Why Luxury Buyers Are Moving Toward Modular - Barron's

Cast your mind back to when Earth was a baby. The solar system was a brutal nursery. Giant fragments of rock whirled chaotically around a fiery young sun, regularly bombarding infant planets. Earth formed during this period, aptly called the Hadean, and without this steady rain of fire building up the bones of our planet, we wouldnt be here at all.

And neither would the moon.

Towards the end of this period, about 4.5 billion years ago, a Mars-sized protoplanet called Theia smacked into Earth in a collision thought to have released 100 million times more energy than the asteroid that ended the dinosaurs. The impact destroyed Theia, threw a titanic plume of material into orbitand gave birth to our moon.

This giant impact scenario is the leading theory for how the moon formed because it fits much of what we observe about the Earth and moon today. But scientists are still debating the details. Early simulations of the impact, for example, suggested the moon would be mostly made of material from Theia, but analysis of lunar rocks shows the geochemical composition of the Earth and moon is nearly identical.

Now, however, a new high-resolution simulation, described in a recent paper by NASA Ames scientists and researchers at Durham University, may help resolve the discrepancy.

According to the paper, the outcomes across a number of possible impact scenarios more closely match observations, including the moons orbit and composition. But perhaps most surprisingly, where prior work suggested the moons formation would have taken months or years, the new simulation suggests our satellite formed and was slingshotted into orbit in mere hours.

In the simulation, shown in the video below, Theia strikes Earth with a glancing blow. An arc of material, originating from both Theia and Earth, whips into orbit and forms two bodies. The larger of these, doomed to fall back to Earth, launches the smaller one, the moon, into a stable orbit. If the initial collision took place at midnight, the moon would have formed by breakfast.

This isnt the first attempt at better fitting our observations to the moons giant impact origin story.

Scientists have proposed and simulated a number of theories to explain the moons geochemical composition. These include higher energy or multiple impacts, a hit-and-run, or the possibility of an earlier impact, when Earth was still covered by an ocean of magma. These are still possible, though each comes with its own set of challenges too.

Here, the team took a different approach, suggesting that perhaps the problem isnt the theory but our simulation of it. Older simulations used hundreds of thousands or millions of particlesyou can think of these as idealized digital stand-ins for chunks of Earth and Theia, each following the laws of physics in the collision. The latest simulation, on the other hand, uses hundreds of millions of particles, each about 8.5 miles (14 kilometers) across.

Its the highest resolution digital recreation of the moons formation yet.

The resolution brought the mechanics of large impacts into focus in a way prior, less detailed simulations simply couldnt. And in the process, the work threw a new, potentially simpler theory into the hat: That the moon formed rapidly, in just one step. The team found this scenario could produce a moon much like ours, from orbit to composition.

However, while the new work is enticing, further reinforcing it will require more high-resolution simulations and, crucially, future missions collecting more samples from the moon itself.

Whatever scientists find, the story of the moons formation has far-reaching implications. Its fate is tied closely to Earths, from tides to plate tectonics and the rise and evolution of life itself. If we find our moon is an outlieras it seems to be in our solar system, at leastperhaps the chances that life arises and survives the long haul elsewhere are lower. We just dont know yet.

Thats why its important to build and study simulations like this one.

The more we learn about how the moon came to be, the more we discover about the evolution of our own Earth, said Vincent Eke, a researcher at Durham University and a co-author on the paper, in a statement. Their histories are intertwinedand could be echoed in the stories of other planets changed by similar or very different collisions.

Image Credit: NASA Ames Research Center

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The Moon May Have Formed Just Hours After Earth Collided With a Protoplanet - Singularity Hub

In July, a puzzling new image of a distant extreme star system surrounded by surreal concentric geometric rings had even astronomers scratching their heads. The picture, which looks like a kind of cosmic thumbprint, came from the James Webb Space Telescope, NASAs newest flagship observatory.

The internet immediately lit up with theories and speculation. Some on the wild fringe even claimed it as evidence for alien megastructures of unknown origin.

Luckily, our team at the University of Sydney had already been studying this very star, known as WR140, for more than 20 yearsso we were in prime position to use physics to interpret what we were seeing.

Our model, published in Nature, explains the strange process by which the star produces the dazzling pattern of rings seen in the Webb image (itself now published in Nature Astronomy).

WR140 is whats called a Wolf-Rayet star. These are among the most extreme stars known. In a rare but beautiful display, they can sometimes emit a plume of dust into space stretching hundreds of times the size of our entire Solar System.

The radiation field around Wolf-Rayets is so intense, dust and wind are swept outwards at thousands of kilometers per second, or about 1 percent the speed of light. While all stars have stellar winds, these overachievers drive something more like a stellar hurricane.

Critically, this wind contains elements such as carbon that stream out to form dust.

WR140 is one of a few dusty Wolf-Rayet stars found in a binary system. It is in orbit with another star, which is itself a massive blue supergiant with a ferocious wind of its own.

The binary stars of the WR140 system. Image Credit: Amanda Smith / IoA / University of Cambridge/ author provided

Only a handful of systems like WR140 are known in our whole galaxy, yet these select few deliver the most unexpected and beautiful gift to astronomers. Dust doesnt simply stream out from the star to form a hazy ball as might be expected; instead it forms only in a cone-shaped area where the winds from the two stars collide.

Because the binary star is in constant orbital motion, this shock front must also rotate. The sooty plume then naturally gets wrapped into a spiral, in the same way as the jet from a rotating garden sprinkler.

WR140, however, has a few more tricks up its sleeve layering more rich complexity into its showy display. The two stars are not on circular but elliptical orbits, and furthermore dust production turns on and off episodically as the binary nears and departs the point of closest approach.

By modeling all these effects into the three-dimensional geometry of the dust plume, our team tracked the location of dust features in three-dimensional space.

By carefully tagging images of the expanding flow taken at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, one of the worlds largest optical telescopes, we found our model of the expanding flow fit the data almost perfectly.

Except for one niggle. Close in right near the star, the dust was not where it was supposed to be. Chasing that minor misfit led us to a phenomenon never before caught on camera.

We know that light carries momentum, which means it can exert a push on matter known as radiation pressure. The outcome of this phenomenon, in the form of matter coasting at high speed around the cosmos, is evident everywhere.

But it has been a remarkably difficult process to catch in the act. The force fades quickly with distance, so to see material being accelerated you need to very accurately track the movement of matter in a strong radiation field.

This acceleration turned out to be the one missing element in the models for WR140. Our data did not fit because the expansion speed wasnt constant: the dust was getting a boost from radiation pressure.

Catching that for the first time on camera was something new. In each orbit, it is as if the star unfurls a giant sail made of dust. When it catches the intense radiation streaming from the star, like a yacht catching a gust, the dusty sail makes a sudden leap forward.

The final outcome of all this physics is arrestingly beautiful. Like a clockwork toy, WR140 puffs out precisely sculpted smoke rings with every eight-year orbit.

Each ring is engraved with all this wonderful physics written in the detail of its form. All we have to do is wait, and the expanding wind inflates the dust shell like a balloon until it is big enough for our telescopes to image.

In each eight-year orbit, a new ring of dust forms around WR140. Image Credit: Yinuo Han / University of Cambridge / author provided

Then, eight years later, the binary returns in its orbit and another shell appears identical to the one before, growing inside the bubble of its predecessor. Shells keep accumulating like a ghostly set of giant nesting dolls.

However, the true extent to which we had hit on the right geometry to explain this intriguing star system was not brought home to us until the new Webb image arrived in June.

The image from the James Webb Space Telescope (left) confirmed in detail the predictions of the model (right). Image Credit: Yinhuo Han / Peter Tuthill / Ryan Lau / author provided

Here were not one or two, but more than 17 exquisitely sculpted shells, each one a nearly exact replica nested within the one preceding it. That means the oldest, outermost shell visible in the Webb image must have been launched about 150 years before the newest shell, which is still in its infancy and accelerating away from the luminous pair of stars driving the physics at the heart of the system.

With their spectacular plumes and wild fireworks, the Wolf-Rayets have delivered one of the most intriguing and intricately patterned images to have been released by the new Webb telescope.

This was one of the first images taken by Webb. Astronomers are all on the edge of our seats, waiting for what new wonders this observatory will beam down to us.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, NASA-JPL, Caltech

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Alien Megastructures? Cosmic Thumbprint? Here's What's Behind This Spectacular James Webb Image - Singularity Hub

(wanpatsorn/Shutterstock)

Only the most advanced companies have overcome the technical complexity involved with processing streaming data in real time. One of the vendors aiming to reduce this complexity and make stream data processing available to the masses is RisingWave Labs, which today announced $36 million in financing.

The early days of stream data processing brought us stand-alone systems that were capable of acting upon vast streams of data, and doing so with low latency and reliability. Stream processing frameworks like Apache Storm made headway in addressing these challenges and led the way to more sophisticated frameworks like Apache Flink and others.

Things got significantly more complex when companies realized they needed to know something about the past to take the best action on the newest data, which necessitated the integration of stream processing frameworks with databases or data lakes, where the historical record lived as persisted data. Architectural blueprints, such as the Lambda and Kappa architectures, were proposed to address this unique challenge, but the technical complexity in keeping these dual-path systems running are immense.

Today were seeing the emergence of a new category of productthe streaming databaseaimed at solving this problem. Instead of running data through a dedicated stream processing framework like Storm or Flink, the backers of streaming databases think that all the data processingincluding the business end of a streaming big data pipeline like Kafka, Kinesis, or Pulsarcan be handled by the SQL query engine contained in a relational database.

RisingWave is a Postgres-compatible database developed to process data streams in the cloud (Image courtesy RisingWave Labs)

Thats the approach taken with RisingWave, a new open source streaming database that emerged just over a year ago. Yingjun Wu, a former AWS and IBM engineer, created RisingWave as a cloud-native database with the goal of providing the bernefits of stream processing without the technical complexity inherent with stream processing frameworks.

Existing open-source systems are very costly to deploy, maintain, and use in the modern cloud environment, Wu, who is the CEO of RisingWave Labs, says in a press release today. Our goal is not to build yet another streaming system that is 10X faster than existing systems, but to deliver a simple and cost-effective system that allows everyone to benefit from stream processing.

Developed in Rust, RisingWave is a Postgres-compatible database can do many of the things that stream processing frameworks do, but within the context and control of a familiar relational database running in the cloud and the SQL language, according to Wu, who has a PhD from National University of Singapore and was also a visiting PhD at Carnegie Mellon University.

[RisingWave] consumes streaming data, performs continuous queries, and maintains results dynamically in the form of a materialized view, Wu says in a blog post earlier this year. Processing data streams inside a database is quite different from that inside a stream computation engine: streaming data are instantly ingested into data tables; queries over streaming and historical data are simply modeled as table joins; query results are directly maintained and updated inside the database, without pushing into a downstream system.

The open source project, which available on GitHub via an Apache 2.0 license, is being adopted by organizations for a range of uses, including real-time analytics and alerting; IoT device tracking; monitoring user activity; and online application data serving. The company, which changed its name from Singularity Data three weeks ago, recently unveiled the beta of a hosted commercial version of RisingWave; its slated to become generally available next year.

The $36 million in Series A funding announced today brings the San Francisco companys total funding to $40 million. That funding will help RisingWave tackle the real-time processing opportunities available in both legacy and green-field applications, says Yu Chen, a partner with Yunqi Partners, which was one of the venture firms that led the Series A.

There is no lack of tools to process data streams, Chen states in a press release, but RisingWave is one of the few designed as a database and can be easily plugged into a modern data stack to make real-time data intelligence a reality.

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RisingWave Emerges to Tackle Tsunami of Real-Time Data - Datanami

SingularityDAO, an organisation creating top-tier trading tools for everyday people, has officially launched its new crypto trading solution DynaSets. The tool uses advanced data-science-based signals, indicators and in-house artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor market sentiment, economic events, politics and other influencing factors to identify the optimal moment to execute trades. DynaSets are dynamically managed based on these insights, allowing for quick reactions to potential crashes, and ensuring high levels of protection for users funds.

Cryptocurrency investment poses unique challenges which arent faced by traditional finance. Markets are more volatile, open 24 hours, and with over 20,000 different cryptocurrencies to choose from, market participants need to consume a huge amount of data to make effective decisions. This is where DynaSets come in. The tool was designed to give everyday users access to the same tools as large hedge funds, offering them the same passive income opportunities that wealthier, traditional investors have access to.

The beta period for DynaSets was extremely successful, beating returns on Bitcoin and Ethereum by 32% and 45% respectively. The launch marks the culmination of more than a years work with a team of data scientists, developers and quantitative analysts to build a decentralized finance platform, the DynaSets product, sophisticated AI algorithms and advanced, effective trading strategies.

The AI underpinning DynaSets was also developed in conjunction with SingularityDAOs parent company, SingularityNET, working with its industry-leading AI which powers the brain of Sophia, the worlds first robot citizen.

Marcello Mari, CEO of SingularityDAO, said:

The crypto market is volatile and difficult for participants to navigate. They need tools to assist their decision making, but reliable portfolio management tools are only accessible to the wealthy and institutions.

Until today, hedge fund quality trading tools were only accessible to those with enough network and liquidity. This launch marks an important step in democratizing access to sophisticated trading tools anybody can add liquidity to our DynaSets and let our expert trading desk do the job while remaining in total control of their crypto.

The official launch of DynBTC and DynETH will be accompanied by a new DynaSet entering open-beta testing. The Leveraged DynaSet, dynDYDX, will deposit users funds on the dYdX exchange, borrowing money from the broker to trade with.

Mari added:

It has been a year of vigorous testing, working with best-in-class crypto hedge fund traders and some of the worlds most advanced AI to create dynamic trading strategies that we are really proud of, and the results speak for themselves.

Users will have a two week window to contribute to all three DynaSets before they start trading. The contribution window closes on the 25th October at 12pm UTC. To take part, a minimum of $500 is required. Interested parties can learn more here.

About SingularityDAO

SingularityDAO is bringing world leading DeFi portfolio management tools to the crypto space, but without the barriers that prevent the masses from participating. SingularityDAO also has access to the full breadth of knowledge and experience offered by SingularityNET, which within their own team of 100+ people includes numerous world famous AI scientists, including their CEO Ben Goertzel. SingularityDAO has all the pieces in place to change the face of DeFi and Cryptocurrency forever and an ethos that guides them towards inclusion for all on their road to creating a beneficial singularity. For more information visit http://www.singularitydao.ai.

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Crypto Asset Management Tool Which Beat the Bear Market Launches - Asia Crypto Today

A user going by the call sign "foxed.in" has started to test Intel's Core i5-12600K "Alder Laker" processor with the Ashes of the Singularity benchmark, Benchleaks discovered. It's the same user who previously shared results for the Core i9-12900K with the same benchmark.

Thus far, the rumors for the Core i5-12600K point to a 10-core configuration with six Golden Cove cores and four Gracemont cores. Only the former features Hyper-Threading, bringing up an unorthodox setup with 10 cores and 16 threads. There's reportedly 20MB of L3 cache on the Core i5-12600K. The clock speeds are also a mess since there are two different cores in an Alder Lake chip. The Core i5-12600K is rumored to feature a 4.9 GHz dual-core core boost on the Golden Cove cores. The all-core boost is allegedly fixed at 4.6 GHz. The Gracemont cores, on the other hand, may check in with a 3.6 GHz dual-core boost and a 3.4 GHz all-core boost.

At the time of the article, foxed.in had performed 13 Ashes of the Singularity runs on the Core i5-12600K, however, only one of them completed successfully. Judging by the huge variations between the results, it's safe to assume that the benchmark isn't optimized for Alder Lake's hybrid design yet and fails to utilize the correct cores. This falls in line with previous speculation that Alder Lake gels with Windows 11, and that games need to be optimized for the hybrid chips.

On the Crazy 1080p preset, the results range from 39 framers per second to 110 fps whereas the chip was scoring between 37 fps and 40 fps on the Medium 1080p preset. It's improbable that the Core i5-12600K would put up the similar scores at different graphics presets. The low scores are probably work of benchmark tapping into the Gracemont cores instead of the Golden Cove cores. Therefore, the 110 fps submission (assuming it wasn't on exotic cooling) may be the only valid result where the software utilized the Golden Cove cores properly.

Unfortunately, foxed.in didn't run the Crazy 1080p preset on the Core i9-12900K so we couldn't compare the Core i5-12600K to the flagship SKU. As a result, we had to scour the Ashes of the Singularity database to find proper entries for comparison. Since the benchmark is light on details on the hardware used, we can't guarantee that the GeForce RTX 3080 in those submissions is the same as the one that foxed.in used. Furthermore, the software versions are different, which can also affect the scores. We suggest you look at the results with an open mind and a grain of salt.

The Core i5-12600K scored 10,800 points on the Crazy 1080p preset. The only Core i5-11600K entry with a GeForce RTX 3080 put up a score of 9,800 points. Alder Lake appears to usher in a 10.2% performance uplift. There weren't any entries for the Core i9-11900K (Rocket Lake) so we had to go as far back as the Core i9-10900K (Comet Lake). The Core i9-10900K had a score of 11,200 points, meaning it's only 3.7% faster than the Core i5-12600K.

Technically, the Ryzen 5 5600X (Vermeer) is the direct rival to the Core i5-12600K, although the latter does come with four small cores. We're unsure how they fit into the picture until we get a review sample in the lab, though. Neither the Ryzen 9 5900X or Ryzen 7 5800X showed up in the database. There were many Ryzen 9 5950X submissions, but none matched our criteria.

For comparison, the Ryzen 5 5600X scored 8,100 points on the Crazy 1080 preset so the Core i5-12600K delivered up to 33.3% higher performance than the Zen 3 chip. The margin is similar to that of the Core i9-12900K's dominance over the Ryzen 9 5950X in the same benchmark, albeit with a different graphics preset. Is it a fluke, or does Alder Lake really poses to be a thread to Zen 3? Luckily, we won't have to wait long to find out if the rumors of a November announcement is accurate.

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Core i5-12600K Shows Strong Lead Over Ryzen 5 5600X In Ashes of the Singularity - Tom's Hardware

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Intel Alder Lake-P Core i9-12900H with 14 cores and 20 threads appears on Ashes of the Singularity database - Notebookcheck.net

Each year, millions of birds return to breeding colonies on a remote island roughly 1,300 miles from the southernmost tip of Argentina. King penguins, gray-headed albatrosses, speckled teals, and endemic South Georgia pipitsthe Antarctics only songbirdsare among the 30 species that call South Georgia Island home. The birds arent alone: Elephant seals battle for both turf and mates, and humpback, fin, and blue whales migrate through the waters. Though whaling and sealing ships docked here until the 1960s, today the few humans to explore the islands glaciers, bluffs, and snowfields are scientists and other visitors.

The islands singularity is what first attracted photographer Peter Fisher several autumns ago. Based in New York City, Fisher wanted to experience the exact opposite of his homeand South Georgia fit the bill. To get there, Fisher flew to Buenos Aires and then on to Ushuaia, Argentina, where he boarded a Lindblad Expeditions ship that took him to South Georgia. Moored offshore, the ship was home base for Fisher, who spent six days traveling to and from the island via Zodiac boat, passing his time hiking, exploring, and taking photos with a medium-format 55 mm camera that required manual focusing, which forced him to take his time with each shot. He was constantly aware of his surroundings.

Theres always an element of danger on South Georgia Island. Its part of the appeal, Fisher says. Its not Disneyland. There are no set trails or paths. The animals dont keep their distance. Youll get scrapes and bruises. The occasional snow squall will descend and youll wonder if the four layers of clothing youre wearing are enough, but you dont complain, because you are lucky enough to witness one of the most beautiful and pristine places on Earth.

To capture these photographs, Fisher spent a lot of time just staying still. He sat in a valley surrounded by tens of thousands of penguins, who waddled up to poke and peck him with their beaks out of curiosity. And he observed elephant seal pups, who nudged and napped near him on the beach. In other instanceswhen male elephant seals began jousting for territoryFisher moved a little faster: When they rear up and start charging each other, its like two walls of blubber closing in, he says. When that started to happen, I booked it out of there really quick.

At the end of his trip, Fisher says he was left in awe of South Georgia and the verve of its residents. When I was sitting there taking these photos, looking in these animals eyes, I felt I was having a deep connection with the planet. Every now and then I had to put down the camera and just take it all in.

>>Next: In the Faroe Islands, a Photographer Meets Locals Embracing Their Roots

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Call of the Wild: Exploring the Beauty of South Georgia Island - AFAR Media

Published: Oct. 19, 2021 at 3:58 PM CDT|Updated: 9 hours ago

STOCKHOLM, Oct. 19, 2021 /PRNewswire/ --With the mission to stimulate new business ideas and investment opportunities, the Swedish American Life Science Summit, SALSS, combines the worlds of business and science in Stockholm, Sweden.

"Over the years SALSS has evolved to a widely recognized Summit, gathering a diverse community with representatives challenging the boundaries of technology and business. It has made Stockholm into a deal making hub for Life Science,which makes us very proud,"says Barbro C. Ehnbom, Founder and Chairman of SALSS.

The focus of SALSS this year is Cell & Gene Therapy and lessons learned from Covid-19 with a wide range of panel discussions and presentations. It will also include Company Presentations, a Rising Star exhibit and announcement of the winner of the SALSS Rising Star Award 2021. Gathering an impressive presence of Investors, Private Equity, Academia and Life Science companies this year's program features among other Dr. Lars Ekman Executive Partner, Sofinnova Investments, Dr. Mathias Uhln Professor KTH, Dr. William A. Haseltine, President, Access International, Dr. Robert Langer, Koch Institute Professor, MIT and Co-founder Moderna, Dr. Daniel Kraft Chair, Medicine, Singularity University, Mr. Richard Bergstrm, Vaccine Coordinator, GovernmentOffices of Sweden and Dr. Anders Tegnell, State Epidemiologist of Sweden.

After a formal opening of the Summit in the Stockholm City Hall by the Mayor, Anna Knig Jerlmyr and Staffan Ingvarsson, CEO Stockholm Business Region, the conference will be held as a physical meeting with virtual elements in Stockholm. The full SALSS 2021 Program, Speakers and Company bios can be found at http://www.salss.com

Presenting companiesthis year include Anocca, BICO, BioArctic, Devyser, Orexo, RohVac, Symcel, Ultimovacs and Vironova.

Rising Star Award Some of the best new life science companies will be rated by world famous jury members for the Rising Star Award! The candidates are Amniotics, Atrogi, EpiEndo Pharmecuticals, Ilya Pharma, Iaterion, Mobius Biomedical, SAGA Diagnostics, Sigrid Therapeutics and Vironova Bioanalytics. Regardless of who wins, they all deserve attention!

Jury Members:Dr. Mikael Dolsten, Dr. Robert Langer, Dr. Eugen Steiner and Dr. Mathias Uhln.

"This year the ongoing Pandemic and its imprints on the industry and human lives will be explored. There is an incredible amount of scientific research going into new diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccines, and medical devices that have been crucial to combating this pandemic. This, put in the frame of SALSS - enhancing interaction between academia, industry, politics and financing - will hopefully lead to new ideas and collaborations,as it has many times in the past."Says Professor Robert Langer, David H. Koch Institute, MIT and Co-founder Moderna.

For more information on SALSS, visit http://www.salss.comor please contact:

Linda kesson, Communications, SALSS, +46 (0)70 916 94 16, linda.v.akesson@gmail.com

Barbro Ehnbom, Founder & Chairman, SALSS,+46 (0) 705 93 83 35 barbro@salss.com

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Swedish-American Life Science Summit, SALSS 2021, takes place in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 20 to 22 - an exciting return to a physical summit with...

The ten teams for the Northern League of Legends Championship (NLC), the European Regional League (ERL) for the UK, Ireland and Nordics, have been locked in.

Nordic sides NYYRIKKI, Bifrost and Vanir, UK/Danish esports org Absolved and UK org MNM Gaming have progressed through the NLC Division 1 qualifier to reach the Spring 2022 NLC.

They will join 00 Nation (formerly known as Nordavind), BT Excel (the academy side of Excel Esports), Riddle, Singularity and Astralis Talent, who have already qualified for the NLC next year.

This means the UK sides in the NLC Division 1 next Spring will be MNM Gaming and BT Excel.

Originally the top six teams from NLC Summer 2021 were due to qualify automatically for Spring 2022, however Fnatic Rising recently announced they will be playing in the Spanish Superliganext year, while Astralis Talent acquired Tricked Esports League of Legends NLC spot. This means five teams made it through automatically and five came from the qualifier.

MNM Gaming beat X7 Esports, the Isle of Mans first professional esports organisation who recently acquired UK organisation Bulldog Esports, in the qualifier playoffs to reach Division 1.

MNM Gaming co-founder Kalvin KalKal Chung told Esports News UK: I am delighted to see all the hard work from the MNM players and staff pay off, and its a pleasure to be one of the only two representatives for the UK in NLC Spring 2022.

Thanks to everyone who voted us low on tier lists, it helped motivate us.

ForTheFlame.

X7 have made it through to Division 2.

And Resolve, who acquired Barrage earlier this year and got to the NLC through Barrages spot in the league, have also qualified for Division 2 after beating Dusty.

Nine other teams from the NLC Division 1 qualifier will now play in the division 2 qualifier. These are: Dusty, Belfast Storm, London Esports, Team DeftFox, LDN UTD, Viperio, Lanomania, Munster Rugby Gaming and AaB Esport.

The division 2 qualifier is set to take place at the end of October.

Earlier this year, Freaks 4U Gaming was announced NLC tournament organiser, taking over duties from DreamHack.

Theres more info on the Division 1 qualifier results on Liquipedia.net and more info on the Division 2 and 3 brackets/scheduling on the NLC website here.

Dom is an award-winning writer who graduated from Bournemouth University with a 2:1 degree in Multi-Media Journalism in 2007.

As a long-time gamer having first picked up the NES controller in the late 80s, he has written for a range of publications including GamesTM, Nintendo Official Magazine, industry publication MCV as well as Riot Games and others. He worked as head of content for the British Esports Association up until February 2021, when he stepped back to work full-time on Esports News UK and as an esports consultant helping brands and businesses better understand the industry.

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NLC Division 1 teams confirmed for 2022: MNM Gaming qualify for Division 1 as Resolve reach Division 2 - Esports News UK

A group of scientists is questioning Albert Einsteins theory of general relativity, and challenging the idea that the universe is constantly expanding and that this would mean the beginning of everything, or the Big Bang.

Currently, the idea of the Big Bang is accepted by the scientific community, but another theory seeks to replace it with a new understanding of space, time, and the beginning of the universe. Or rather, lack of beginnings.

Technique06 April

Technique05 December

Many consider the theory of Imperfect general relativity, and although it is effective in explaining the universe on a large scale, the idea put forward by Einstein is inconsistent with quantum mechanics and black holes.

In other words, Einsteins work cannot explain how microscopic point called singularity, theoretically smaller than any known particle, manages such an extreme gravitational field.

This brings us to the Big Bang, as its most classic theory that the universe originated from a singularity. Therefore, some physicists made some theories such as strings and Causal sets, this one is more recent.

It is noteworthy that both theories, Strings when Causal sets have only hypotheses, because it is not possible to test and observe their predictions through the scientific method.

chance set theory

A slightly older theory proposes that space and time have a fundamental unit, or quantum. According to this view, space-time is made up of its packages, as if it were quantized energy packages.

If spacetime is quantum, a range of implications must be considered. Fundamental particles, or spacetime, would have discrete units, and would impose certain limits on what would happen in the universe.

If chance set theory is correct, then there is a limit to how close two points can be to each other, and this limit is limited to the size of the spacetime particle.

In this way, time not only becomes a physical manifestation, the singularity becomes impossible. With no singularity in the universe, there is no more conflict with gravity that has to be resolved.

However, if the universe had no singularities, then there was no Big Bang either. So how did the universe come to be?

new theory

A new article, created by Bruno Bento and Stav Zallel of the University of Liverpool and Imperial College London, respectively, are trying to forge a new path. Basically, they claim that the universe has always existed based on everything we know.

According to scientists, there would be no Big Bang as the beginning, because the causal set would be infinite to the past, so there is always something first.

Many scientists also accept some hypotheses about events that occurred before the Big Bang, including scientist Roger Penrose, who won the Nobel Prize for his demonstration of black hole properties, along with Stephen Hawking.

Researchers Penrose and Hawking have already warmly defended the idea that there was another universe before us, specifically another universe that expanded and then retreated, until it returned to the singularity.

The difference between this hypothesis and causal set theory is that the latter, there is no singularity. Bento and Zalels work is in pre-print on arXiv and awaiting peer review.

So, do you think both scientists are on the right track? Tell us in the comments below!

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New theory claims Einstein was wrong and the Big Bang is not the beginning of the universe - Sprout Wired

Transhumanism is a futuristic religion that exalts technology as the highest power. The movements goal is to merge man with machine. Their wildest prophecies seem ridiculous at first, until you consider the dizzying advances in bionics, robotics, neuroprosthetics, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and genetic engineering.

Prominent figures gathered at the TransVision 2021 conference in Madrid over the weekend. Listening to the proceedings online, I heard a broad range of totalizing schemes. There were no Luddites or Amish onstage, but of course, Spain is a long haul for a horse-and-buggy. Besides, no unvaccinated person can legally cross the Spanish border.

Transhumanists hold that the human condition of ignorance, loneliness, sadness, disease, old age, and death can be transcended through improved gadgetry. Many believe tribalism will also be eliminated perhaps through brain implants but this elite clique tends to be so convicted, legacy humans will have no say in the matter.

Their radical ideas are hardly marginal. Transhuman values have been implicitly embraced by the worlds wealthiest technologists. Consider Bill Gates pushing universal jabs, Jeff Bezoss quest for life extension, Elon Musks proposed brain implants, Mark Zuckerbergs forays into the Metaverse, and Eric Schmidts plans for an American technocracy racing against China.

If Big Tech is the established church, transhumanists are Desert Fathers in the wilderness.

Naturally, the dominant tone at TransVision was set by hardcore transhumanists: Max and Natasha More, Jos Cordeiro, David Wood, Jerome Glenn, Phillipe van Nedervelde, Ben Goertzel, Aubrey de Grey, Bill Faloon, and even in his absence, Ray Kurzweil, a top R&D director at Google and founder of Singularity University. Each proponent has a unique angle, but they converge on a shared mythos.

Allowing for variation, transhumanists confess there is no God but the future Computer God. They believe neuroprosthetics will allow communion with this artificial deity. They believe robot companions should be normalized. They believe longevity tech will confer approximate immortality. They believe virtual reality provides a life worth living. Above all, they believe the Singularity is near.

According to the Cult of the Singularity and its prophet, Ray Kurzweil, well see artificial general intelligence by 2029. Unlike narrow algorithms performing specific tasks, AGI will be robust cognition enacted by neural networks, far faster than any human brain.

By 2045 (or 2049), we will hit the Singularity when artificial superintelligence surpasses human intellect to the point we cannot comprehend its output. Purely organic humans will be left in the smart dust. Our only chance for long-term survival is to fuse our minds and bodies with the All-Powerful Machine to become a new posthuman species.

Therefore, our meaning in life is to make sure the future Computer God is benevolent, while we still have time. (In most cases, benevolent is synonymous with lefty globalist.) Todays machine learning systems are prompted by programmers, then trained with our language and behavior via mass data extraction.

As computers advance to superintelligence, the story goes, their output will tilt toward humanitys moral compass. Eventually, this digital deity may colonize distant galaxies turning all usable matter into computerized mind so our actions today might determine the fate of the entire universe.

Im reminded of the subterranean mutants who worshiped the atom bomb in Beneath the Planet of the Apes. Many mammals use tools to survive, but even a chimp knows better than to raise up a stick and call it God.

Back on Earth, the early phase of this scheme is far from heaven. Just as the TV kept Americans pacified and glued to their couches, the digital revolution has profound demoralizing and dehumanizing effects.

To their credit, TransVision invited a handful of critics to ring alarm bells. The ethicist Sara Lumbreras discussed the devastating impact of smartphones and social media on attention span, memory, and self-control. If you can just Google the information, why does it matter? she asked. Because remembering things is the only way that we can use that information for critical thinking and for creative thinking.

Both transhumanists and Luddites see 24/7 reliance on smartphones as an early phase of our symbiosis with machines. For all the convenience gained, many schoolteachers worry that the shift to digital platforms is making kids antisocial and functionally illiterate. An entire generation is being lost to self-pleasure.

Oxford philosopher Anders Sandberg discussed a 1954 experiment in neuroprosthetics. Using electro-stimulation, the scientist James Olds discovered the pleasure center in a rats brain. He wired up numerous rats, enabling them to stimulate themselves by pressing a lever. These rodent wireheads ceased to do anything besides push the lever. One by one, they died with smiles on their faces.

Video games and corporate opioids find us in a similar predicament. Even in the Victorian era, Sandberg explained, intellectuals wondered if humans were already becoming parasites on machines. They connected that to discoveries in biology that parasites quite often seem to be simplified forms of older species [and they thought] we might become some kind of barnacle sitting on the technological infrastructure, slowly losing our brains.

Hence, the Wireheading Myth the narrative that civilization could collapse due to techno-hedonism. Sandberg insisted that while this story isnt completely untrue, it isnt inevitable either. Building real happiness is a really complex thing, but we know we can make it increase.

In conclusion, he wondered, Can we use the transhuman ambition to say I want to be way happier, I want entire societies to be happier. I want my artificial intelligences to go for the true and daimonic good?

Sandberg is an optimist, but not without reservations. He has contemplated the dangers of artificial superintelligence rigorously. This digital entity would be entirely unpredictable to mere human minds, and perhaps uncontrollable. In a real sense, advanced AI is comparable to the development of thermonuclear warheads.

A humorous hypothetical is an AI system that makes paperclips. What if it goes haywire and turns everything on Earth into paperclips, including us? More realistically, what if an advanced AI is programmed to solve climate change, then arrives at the straightforward conclusion that humans must be exterminated?

Sandberg takes these existential risks seriously, but in the end, hes ready to go for it.

The term transhumanism evokes such revulsion, normal people immediately recoil. So the alpha-dog transhumanist Max More a leading figure at Alcor cryonics lab urged the audience to abandon loaded words like immortality in favor of life extension. Meanwhile, 184 deceased customers lay frozen at his facility, some $200,000 in the hole, waiting to be resurrected.

We mortals have more pressing concerns. Discussing the displacement of actual people by robots and artificial intelligence, Jerome Glenn of the Millennium Project was emphatic that artists, media moguls, and entertainers should psychologically prepare the public to accept economic obsolescence.

The loudest alarm was sounded by tech ethicist Nell Watson, an Apple consultant and chairwoman at IEEE. The global health crises are being used as an excuse for greater authoritarianism, she said, shocking everyone awake. [T]his could end up as a Trojan Horse for some kind of social credit-style monitoring system.

Today, its immunity therapies, Watson warned, but in 10 or 15 years, it might be people who reject some kind of brain-computer interface or a financial technology thats linked to biometrics. She worried that transhumanists might become scapegoats for oppressive policies they are not responsible for.

In response, Anders Sandberg took to Twitter to defend vaccine mandates in the workplace. The conference proceeded apace.

As a broad ideology, transhumanism is as relevant for the 21st century as communism was for the 20th century. In the mid-1800s, Karl Marx and his crew were mere socialist intellectuals. By 1923, the Bolsheviks had taken over Russia. By 1949, Mao had taken over China. In our age of all-pervasive technology, entire societies are revolutionized before anyone can grasp the change.

The futurists who gathered in Madrid last weekend along with those preaching technocracy at the World Economic Forum are laying the intellectual groundwork for a fully digitized social order. Today, its the Fourth Industrial Revolution a global paradigm of total transformation embraced by Microsoft, Alibaba, Sony, General Motors, Mozilla, and Salesforce, among many others. Tomorrow, the faithful proclaim, it will be artificial superintelligence, brain implants, and unstoppable killer drones.

The labels dont matter. To the extent that Silicon Valley, the Chinese tech sector, and various quirky start-ups converge on the central goal to merge human beings with digital devices you could say transhumanism is already a ruling ideology. One has only to look past this text and focus on the glowing screen to see their fantasies are becoming reality.

Link:

Transhumanists Gather In Spain To Plan Global Transformation - The Federalist

There is something unnerving about hearing a somber voice intone In the beginning but wait. What if the beginning of time is no more real than the sci-fi movies you hear it in?

Could the Big Bang have never really happened? Will there be no end to the universe? Is everything in between, even the passage of time, just an illusion? Physicist Bruno Bento is now proposing that the universe may have had no beginning at all, meaning it did not just blow up out of nothingness, expanding rapidly from a few atoms into an expanse too vast for the human brain to fathom. What we perceive as the past and future may be infinite.

Bento didnt just wake up one morning and decide that the universe didnt suddenly explode into being about 14 billion years ago. Turns out that general relativity does not hold up with singularities like black holes and the Big Bang. He and his colleagues recently posted a study on the preprint server arXiv, in which they usedcausal set theoryto propose that space and time may not be what we think they are.

Sometimes, general relativity gives us infinities that we do not consider to be physical, he told SYFY WIRE. This is what we mean when we say it breaks down we need something else, something new, to describe regions of strong gravity where it does not provide a physical answer.

Most scientists believe Einstein is right about general relativity, or the idea that our perception of gravity arises from the curve of space and time. Some phenomena insist on bending that theory and could possibly break it in the future. Black holes are dangerous territory for general relativity because there are too many aspects of them we cannot see. Though there is not enough evidence to disprove it (yet), the inability of any instrument to observe gravity inside a black hole, from which light cannot escape, raises controversial questions.

The thing about black holes and other weird gravitational phenomena is that general relativity cannot fathom the extreme size and energies involved. There is a threshold it cannot cross when you are dealing with singularities, or parts of spacetime where everything we think we know about physics suddenly starts to fall apart. Gravity gains almost unfathomable strength at minuscule scales in a singularity. Even if there is something that can explain black hole innards or the hypothetical Big Bang, we have to find out what that is. Enter causal set theory.

Spacetime is fundamentally discrete in causal set theory, said Bento. It is a causal set. This means that there is a minimum possibledistance between any two events, both in space and time. We don't know exactly what this minimum scale is, there arecurrently no experiments that can probe these scales.

Because you cant exactly go into a lab and test this out, theoretical physics may be able to offer some closure. Bento believes that how the breakdown of general relativity happens could mean the Planck scale, which declares a minimum limit for the universe, may be able to pick up where it left off. Breakdown could still happen past that limit. However, that scale may be small enough to possibly reveal things beyond the realm of human observation.

What this means for the passage of time is that an element in a causal set is an event, or a specific point in spacetime. Elements is created whenever corresponding events start to happen. Now is the emergence of such an event. What is seen as a causal set is supposed to grow from the first element onward, adding new elements on top of the set, so the passage of time means that one element after another comes into being. Past is all the elements that already emerged. Future is those that are still coming up.

In causal set theory, the passage of time was used as an input when constructing a dynamics for causal sets, or how a causal set (a universe) should behave, Bento said. One consequence of this is that the past is finite and the universe has a beginning.

But wait. How, then, can there be no end and no beginning? That lies in how Bento and his team see possibilities in causal set theory. The set could potentially grow in either way, up or down, and if it can grow in the direction of the past and the future, and if it can do that, it means that there is no end or beginning. What we think of as time might just be a way of trying to understand something that would otherwise make our brains explode.

What is really surprising is that Bento thinks the universe would still look exactly the same without a Big Bang. It isnt that general relativity just vanishes. It can still explain everything that direct observations can be made on, whether by telescope, the naked eye or otherwise. So our solar system and everything observable in it is real. Earth is real. We ourselves are real.

The problem appears when we cannot see, he said. That being said, it's usually accepted that a Big Bang singularity does not exist (nor do black hole singularities).The debate is in whatwill replace them and how.

Now try to go to sleep at night thinking about that

Read more:

The Big Bang and time as we know it might be nothing but illusions - SYFY WIRE

How will the solar system die? Its a hugely important question that researchers have speculated a lot about, using our knowledge of physics to create complex theoretical models. We know that the sun will eventually become a white dwarf, a burnt stellar remnant whose dim light gradually fades into darkness. This transformation will involve a violent process that will destroy an unknown number of its planets.

So which planets will survive the death of the sun? One way to seek the answer is to look at the fates of other similar planetary systems. This has proven difficult, however. The feeble radiation from white dwarfs makes it difficult to spot exoplanets (planets around stars other than our sun) which have survived this stellar transformation; they are literally in the dark.

In fact, of the over 4,500 exoplanets that are currently known, just a handful have been found around white dwarfs, and the location of these planets suggests they arrived there after the death of the star.

This lack of data paints an incomplete picture of our own planetary fate. Fortunately, we are now filling in the gaps. In our new paper, published in Nature, we report the discovery of the first known exoplanet to survive the death of its star without having its orbit altered by other planets moving around, circling a distance comparable to those between the sun and the solar system planets.

This new exoplanet, which we discovered with the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, is particularly similar to Jupiter in both mass and orbital separation, and provides us with a crucial snapshot into planetary survivors around dying stars. A stars transformation into a white dwarf involves a violent phase in which it becomes a bloated red giant, also known as a giant branch star, hundreds of times bigger than before. We believe that this exoplanet only just survived; if it was initially closer to its parent star, it would have been engulfed by the stars expansion.

When the sun eventually becomes a red giant, its radius will actually reach outwards to Earths current orbit. That means the sun will (probably) engulf Mercury and Venus, and possibly the Earth, but we are not sure.

Jupiter, and its moons, have been expected to survive, although we previously didnt know for sure. But with our discovery of this new exoplanet, we can now be more certain that Jupiter really will make it. Moreover, the margin of error in the position of this exoplanet could mean that it is almost half as close to the white dwarf as Jupiter currently is to the sun. If so, that is additional evidence for assuming that Jupiter and Mars will make it.

So could any life survive this transformation? A white dwarf could power life on moons or planets that end up being very close to it (about one-tenth the distance between the sun and Mercury) for the first few billion years. After that, there wouldnt be enough radiation to sustain anything.

Although planets orbiting white dwarfs have been difficult to find, what has been much easier to detect are asteroids breaking up close to the white dwarfs surface. For exoasteroids to get so close to a white dwarf, they need to have enough momentum imparted to them by surviving exoplanets. Hence, exoasteroids have been long assumed to be evidence that exoplanets are there too.

Our discovery finally provides confirmation of this. Although in the system being discussed in the paper, current technology does not allow us to see any exoasteroids, at least now we can piece together different parts of the puzzle of planetary fate by merging the evidence from different white dwarf systems.

The link between exoasteroids and exoplanets also applies to our own solar system. Individual objects in the asteroid main belt and Kuiper belt (a disc in the outer solar system) are likely to survive the suns demise, but some will be moved by gravity by one of the surviving planets towards the white dwarfs surface.

The new white dwarf exoplanet was found with what is known as the microlensing detection method. This looks at how light bends due to a strong gravitational field, which happens when a star momentarily aligns with a more distant star, as seen from Earth.

The gravity from the foreground star magnifies the light from the star behind it. Any planets orbiting the star in the foreground will bend and warp this magnified light, which is how we can detect them. The white dwarf we investigated is one-quarter of the way towards the center of the Milky Way galaxy, or about 6,500 light years away from our solar system, and the more distant star is in the center of the galaxy.

A key feature of the microlensing technique is that it is sensitive to planets that orbit stars at the Jupiter-sun distance. The other known planets which orbit white dwarfs have been found with different techniques which are sensitive to different star-planet separations. Two examples relate to planets which have survived a stars transformation into a white dwarf and have ended up closer to it than before. One was found by transit photometry (a method to detect planets as they pass in front of a white dwarf, which creates a dip in the light received by Earth) and the other was discovered through the detection of the planets evaporating atmosphere.

One further detection techniqueastrometry, which precisely measures the movement of white dwarfs in the skyis also predicted to yield results. In a few years, astrometry from the Gaia mission is expected to find about a dozen planets orbiting white dwarfs. Perhaps these could offer better evidence as to exactly how the solar system will die.

This variety of discovery techniques bodes well for potential future detections, which may offer further insight into the fate of our own planet. But for now, the newly discovered Jupiter-like exoplanet provides the clearest glimpse into our future.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Image Credit: W.M. Keck Observatory/Adam Makarenko

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Scientists Find the First Known Planet to Have Survived the Death of Its Star - Singularity Hub

The big bang or the massive expansion of things 14 billion years ago. Many believe that this is the origin of the universe. Its hard to imagine that without the Big Bang, would there still be a universe that gave birth to Earth and humans like us?

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Recently, a physicist from the University of Liverpool in the UK. Sophisticated concepts such as quantum gravity (QG) were used to prove the possibility of the existence of the universe as we have always seen. As it turns out, there is no beginning or big bang. Or if the Big Bang actually exists, it is a consequence.

This unconventional idea is tantamount to reviving ancient beliefs in some cultures that the universe is eternal without origin and may never die.

Bruno Bento, a physicist studying the nature of time at the University of Liverpool. The author of the above research, now published in the online academic archive arXiv.org, says he has developed a new theory within the framework of quantum gravity. Named Kossel Set Theory

According to the new theory, space-time can be divided into smaller and smaller units until there are fundamentally indistinguishable units of space-time. Like the atoms of the elements, we can use this basic time-space to find the origin of the universe or the universe itself.

The causal theory was developed from the concept of quantum gravity. This is because such quantum concepts can explain physics problems at the particle level. Einsteins theory of general relativity cannot be explained. Including the problem of singularity (singularity) or gravity at the smallest point of infinite density. They are found only in the centers of black holes and at the beginning of things like the Big Bang.

Dr. Bento thought that at the basic level space-time could split like atoms, without a continuous weave of a fabric as we imagine the universe and the real world today. The possibility of when and where two events follow each other. Will be limited immediately

A new perspective on such space-time is like looking in a magnifying glass on your computer screen. This will result in an enlarged image that immediately separates from the rest of the screen. Unlike the naked eye, all screen images are connected together.

Dr. Bento also explains that considering the causal theory, the passage of time is characterized by a wide range of physical features. Instead of being an abstract or an illusion.

Under this conceptual framework, the universe is only the development of one elementary unit of space-time. As a primary particle gradually grows larger, there is no unity or infinite origin in this state, because there can never be anything smaller than the size of the primary space-time.

Such a theory is mathematically practical. This means that neither the origin nor the Big Bang is a precondition for the existence of the universe. There must have been something long before the Big Bang.

Our study shows that its infinitely long and infinite. The Big Bang was not a start. Its just a step in the evolution of the universe, Dr. Bento concluded.

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In Destiny 2s fifteenth season, Season of the Lost, players can earn a new exotic grade weapon by progressing through the Season Pass the Lorentz Driver. This new Linear Fusion Rifle may look like yet another science fiction weapon powered by impossible energies and ridiculous technology. Thats not necessarily the case this time, as the Lorentz Driver has its mechanics and name rooted in real science. Heres how the weapon breaks down its interpretation of the Lorentz force.

So, first off, we have to look at the force this weapon is named after, the Lorentz force. Originally developed from a complete derivation by Hendrik Lorentz in 1895, Lorentz force is the combination of electric and magnetic forces on a charged particle due to electromagnetic fields. This charged particle will only feel a force due to the magnetic field if it is moving with a component of its velocity perpendicular to the field. If it moves parallel to the magnetic field, it experiences no force. Particles, or a single particle, guided by this force is influenced by the Guiding Center, where all surrounding particles align towards this point in space.

The sum of these two forces creates a force that we call the Lorentz force. This concept allows almost all modern electronics to function; speakers, computers, and even railguns all utilize the idea of Lorentz force as the main basis of how they handle electricity and magnetism. Particle accelerators and cyclotrons especially utilize Lorentz force due to their circular shapes and how the force multiplies the speeds of charged particles, allowing them to collide and create new elements.

Looking at how the Lorentz Driver weapon functions, we can break down the components of the mechanics and how they tie to Lorentz force itself in a basic manner. The Linear Fusion Rifle in Destinys universe is a weapon that projects a super-concentrated beam of elemental energy in a single shot, much like a sniper rifle but with much more piercing power.

The Lorentz Driver is a void element weapon, which is described in Destinys lore as an energy of absence or vacuum where energies can be negated. When players score a Precision Kill, or a head shot, on a target a small black hole forms that attracts nearby enemies and then erupts in an explosion of void energy. Targets at random will also be highlighted by the weapons scope system and drop a small, golden tag called a piece of Telemetry Data. When players pick up three of these tags they will gain a buff known as Lagrangian Sight.

When a singularity forms from a Precision Kill, this is basically the Guiding Center of Lorentz force charging a particle and attracting things near it to a common alignment. Since the energy of the weapon is void and it usually produces a vacuum-like effect when used, the fact nearby objects tend to collapse in on void energy, it makes sense.

While the Lagrangian Sight buff is active, the Lorentz Driver will cause more damage and every kill, precision or not, will cause the singularities to form. According to the weapons lore entry from in-game documentation the rifle was possibly built haphazardly by the alien race known as the Fallen, or Eliksni, from non-weapon parts.

Applying the basics of Lorentz force to the weapon makes it easy to see how it all works. The weapons most basic functions are similar to that of a real-life railgun, a type of cannon that employs magnetism and large amounts of electricity to propel a projectile at high speeds with the use of electromagnetic rails. Lorentz force is applied to how the weapon projectile is propelled by applying a charge to a beam of energy.

When the weapons Lagrangian Sight kicks in, it is using the basis of Lagrangian mechanics that add to the weapons power and precision. When the Lagrangian is applied to the weapons mechanisms, it is interacting with the weapons potential energy and bolstering its accuracy to find a vector within space, which explains why the singularities form on any kill rather than a precision kill.

While in the Destiny universe, weaponry and energy are dictated by the games own lore and concepts of how everything functions, its clear Bungies writing team did their homework on this one. The weapons name doesnt just serve as flavor, but is a simplified demonstration of a foundation of electricity and magnetism.

The brilliance of the weapon mechanics make it not only an engaging weapon to use, but the clever demonstrations of real-life electromagnetism show Bungies attention to detail is bar none. Destiny is not a super-accurate world, but its roots in science and use of worldbuilding to give structure to how everything mingles allows unique representations of real-life concepts of science to exist such as this. As the saying goes, any sufficiently advanced technology can be indistinguishable from magic.

If you're looking for more sci-fi gaming content, check out our best Star Wars games guide, and if you're looking to get immersed in the VR space battles then we've also got our best PSVR space games guide for you.

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The science behind Destiny 2s Lorentz Driver weapon - Space.com

Its widely known that the world has a plastics problem. From landfills to the ocean, the stuff is everywhere, and our conscientious efforts to recycle dont do nearly as much good as we think.

Whats less widely known is that we have a similar problem with another kind of waste: electronics. A report published this week on WEEE Forum revealed that the total waste electronic and electrical equipment from 2021 will weigh an estimated 57.4 million tons. Thats heavier than Chinas Great Wall, which is the heaviest man-made object on Earth.

Not surprisingly, the amount of e-waste generated each year is steadily increasing. For one, as the global middle class grows, more people can afford to buy electronics (and to buy new ones when their old ones break, rather than getting the old ones repaired). Also, the prices of many electronic items tend to trend downwards as their manufacture is scaled up, their technology improves, supply chains are streamlined, etc. (given the global chip shortage, the next couple years may be an exception to this trend).

E-waste appears to be growing by three to four percent per year. In 2019 the total reached 53.6 million tons; that was 21 percent higher than 2014s total. If we stay on this trajectory, annual global e-waste will reach 74 tons by 2030.

Product manufacturers arent helping the situation; building products with shorter life cycles, making repairs too expensive or difficult to undertake, and continually releasing new iterations means people are likely to either cast aside their perfectly-good iPhones/tablets/laptops for newer models, or decide that repairing a non-working device isnt worth the trouble and opt for buying a brand-new one. Do you have at least one working (or partially-working) cell phone or laptop sitting in a drawer somewhere, untouched for months or years? Yeah, me too.

When you buy an expensive product, whether its a half-a-million-dollar tractor or a thousand-dollar phone, you are in a very real sense under the power of the manufacturer, said Tim Wu, special assistant to the president for technology and competition policy within the National Economic Council. And when they have repair specifications that are unreasonable, theres not a lot you can do.

The Right to Repair movement thinks otherwiseor, is trying to get consumers and manufacturers to think otherwise. The movement is trying to make it easier for people to repair the devices they already own rather than having to buy new ones.

Europe is several steps ahead of the US in this arena. In March of this year the EU implemented a law requiring appliances to be repairable for at least 10 years; new devices have to come with repair manuals and be compatible with conventional tools when their life cycle ends (so that people are more likely to break them down and recycle them). In Sweden, people even get tax breaks for appliance repairs done by technicians in their homes.

Though there are no similar laws in place in the US yet, the Federal Trade Commission has been investigating repair restrictions as they relate to antitrust laws and consumer protection. Unsurprisingly, electronics manufacturers are largely against right to repair, claiming consumer safety could be jeopardized. But an FTC report from May of this year found there was limited evidence to support manufacturers justifications for restricting repairs, and that peoples device batteries arent actually that likely to burst into flames, nor their personal data likely to be compromised by repairing their devices.

According to the WEEE Forum report, around 416,000 phones per day are thrown out in the US. Thats 151 million a year, and guess where they end up? Heres a hint: 40 percent of heavy metals in landfills come from discarded electronics. Those metals could be recycled for use in new products, but theres no system nor incentive in place to facilitate this.

While small electronics like phones and laptops may have the fastest turnover, theyre not very heavy, and thus arent the biggest contributors to the huge sum of total tons of e-waste. Those culprits are larger items like refrigerators and stoves. But whatever the item is, it comes down to the same principle: we shouldnt be throwing things out until theyre really, truly done workingand then we should have a way to ensure the recyclable components get to a place where they can be re-used.

Pascal Leroy, director general of the WEEE Forum, said, Many factors play a role in making the electrical and electronics sector resource efficient and circular. Butas long as citizens dont return their used, broken gear, sell it, or donate it, we will need to continue mining all-new materials causing great environmental damage. He added that every ton of waste electronic and electrical equipment that gets recycled saves around two tons of CO2 emissions

Given that repairs directly conflict with their primary motiveprofitcompanies arent likely to make pro-repair moves without some serious pressure from consumers or regulators. And it seems that pressure is already being applied, and responded to: Popular Mechanics reported this week that Microsoft is considering right-to-repair reform, and has hired an independent third party to research the impacts on customers and the environment of making more repairable products.

As WEEE Forums Magdalena Charytanowicz said, Consumers want to do the right thing, but need to be adequately informed, and a convenient infrastructure should be easily available to them so that disposing of e-waste correctly becomes the social norm in communities.

Lets hope we move towards that vision before the weight of our electronic trash grows too much more.

Image Credit: Muntaka Chasant/Wikimedia Commons

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The World's Electronic Waste This Year Will Weigh More Than the Great Wall of China - Singularity Hub

The Gulf Information Technology Exhibition in Dubai is a sprawling trading space with thousands of exhibitors from all corners of the globe.

As a visitor it can be hard to get the measure of the wider tech trends, partly because every two minutes you trip over a robot or meet a hologram.

Subjects such as cybersecurity, coding, artificial intelligence and the data economy dominate the popular narrative but is humanity actually making progress?

Are we moving into a brighter future populated by cobots collaborative robots and autonomous vehicles? And how soon will humanity be able to collectively put its feet up and let the machines do the hard work?

The National spoke to several experts at Gitex to find out.

Inside Hewlett Packard's stand at Gitex 2021. Leslie Pableo / The National

In the near future, intelligence will be redefined through artificial intelligence and robotics.

Many of the exhibitors and speakers at Gitex are focused on how close we are as a species to singularity the hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilisation.

"This is a landmark moment in the history of humanity because never before have we tried to replicate or duplicate our intelligence," said Tannya Jajal, a futurist and artificial intelligence expert based in Dubai.

So when will it happen? No one knows, but there are plenty of companies at Gitex trying to figure out what this technological era means for humans on an individual level.

The reality is that the technology to power AI robots who clean your house exists and is starting to become cheaper.

Now it comes down to the question of whether the public are ready to live with robots in their homes and workplace, said David Reger, chief executive of Neura Robotics, a German company preparing to bring a robot maid to the market.

"I think we are still working to make the public ready," he said.

"In Asia and China we sell a lot of robots and they use them for many more reasons than in other regions. They have less boundaries there and a different ethical approach."

Arash Masomzadeh, who is in charge of the 152 robots at Expo 2020 Dubai, hopes the world's fair will help humans become accustomed to having them around.

"Where robotics goes from here is really up to the general public. Where will they allow robots to go? Will they accept it? Will they nurture it, or will they take a hands-off approach?" he said.

"It's really up to demand where robotics goes from here."

Films such as Terminator and RoboCop featuring rogue robot characters have entered the public consciousness and inadvertently put people off robots and made them scared of artificial intelligence, Mr Masomzadeh suggested.

"I think there's a lot of bad publicity regarding AI and its capabilities," he said.

"We cannot be a computer but humans have logic and common sense. We have to teach the robot that common sense and it's going to be like that for a very long time.

"The robot needs to be taught and it's still us for the time being doing all the teaching."

A man using an augmented reality headset at the Du stand at Gitex in the Dubai World Trade Centre. Leslie Pableo / The National

Over the next few years, we will redefine our perception through tools such as virtual reality and augmented reality, Ms Jajal said.

Dozens of companies are showcasing their systems at Gitex, with exhibitors encouraging visitors to put on VR goggles to become immediately subsumed into a new world.

"You'll see a lot of start-ups here and a lot of larger organisations as well investing in technology like that," Ms Jajal said.

"Over time I think we will absolutely see the proliferation and democratisation of these technologies and it's going to completely alter the way that we interact with one another."

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg certainly agrees. He has previously spoken of creating a "metaverse" or online world where people interact, work and play games in a virtual environment, often using VR headsets.

The Facebook chief executive described it as an embodied internet where instead of just viewing content you are in it.

So in the future, meetings will not take place in 2D with each person appearing in their own rectangle, but in 3D, where you feel like you are physically in the meeting room via an avatar or hologram.

Tanya Dipak Jajal, expert technology contributor at Gitex. Chris Whiteoak / The National

Progress is starting to accelerate thanks to the democratisation of digital technology.

Faster internet, better processing power and technological advances are allowing for more people to be innovators and creators.

"We no longer have to follow a linear path to human progress, we can all kind of come together and do amazing things," said Ms Jajal.

"We're actually on a really good track as humanity and governments and companies and private organisations are really coming together to make sure that we move forward and Gitex is evidence of that."

Updated: October 19th 2021, 8:10 AM

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Gitex 2021: Four tech trends which will define our future - The National

Over the years, roster mania has been very crazy. However, this year, it is a little different. Other than the news of a possible merger between OpTic and Dallas and changes of a few teams, there has not been a lot of things that have been happening this off-season. What could the Paris Legion be planning?

For the Paris Legion, it is no different than every other season. They need to rebuild. After two consecutive seasons of terrible performance in the Call of Duty League, the COD competitive community is looking to see if Paris is actually going to try and get a roster to be able to compete in the league.

For the past two seasons for the Legion, it has been really uneventful. It truly has been full of defeat. In the first season, they created a roster with Louqa, KiSMET, Shockz, Denz, and Zed. They had two top-three finishes in tournaments, but other than that, they placed either last place or second to last place.

The second season of the Paris franchise was also a heartbreaking one as they started out with the roster of Skrapz, Aqua, Classic, and Fire. The best placing this team ever reached was 7-8th place in tournaments over the start of the season to the middle of it.

They then changed to have Temp and Zaptius on the team. This showed a little improvement during the ending of the season. However, their best performance was, yet again, 7-8th place finishes.

Some players that are still on the market might want to take advantage of the Paris Legion and pounce on a good deal to maybe better their careers and their time. With many young and talented players waiting in the wings, things could be really promising for the Paris Legion.

One player that they could be looking at is Denza. He is very well known in the Call of Duty League as he is known to be the Belgian buster as he is a talented player from the country of Belgium who broke onto the scene.

A player from England who is known for his flashy plays as well as his killer mindset while in-game. His communication for times in-game while on Team Singularity is where he was the most known as he had great success with the team.

He could make his return to a quality team after his short stint of being on the Rokkr back in 2019. He is still a very talented player that wants to prove to his Call of Duty League colleagues as well as the world that he is still the aggressive player he once was back in previous game titles.

Well this, again, is a longshot. But could you imagine him building this team. This team was never great. So could you imagine if they decided to take this chance on the three-time world champion to rely on him to create another world championship team. He knows talent from a million miles away and has an eye for success. If this is the case, things could be looking great for the team from Paris.

Featured Image Courtesy of the Paris Legion

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