Physiology (//; from Ancient Greek (physis), meaning "nature, origin", and - (-logia), meaning "study of"[1]) is the scientific study of function in living systems.[2] This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420 BC and the time of Hippocrates, also known as the father of medicine.[3] The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126199AD), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.[4]

Jean Fernel, a French physician, introduced the term "physiology" in 1525.

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (18131878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon.[clarification needed]

In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.[5] Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.[6]

The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals.

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.

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Physiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Primo Vision System -A time-lapse solution that fully supports physiology. (Japanese voice over)
Dr. Csaba Pribenszky from Vitrolife is one of the inventors of the Primo Vision System, a time-lapse solution that fully supports physiology. In this presentation he talks about the advantages...

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Newswise Light and plants expert Tessa Pocock, Ph.D., recently joined the Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as a senior research scientist, leading the development of a new plant physiology lighting program. Her research focuses on plant photosynthesis, and plant development and regulation by light for traditional greenhouse crops and the emerging field of medicinal plants.

Prior to joining the LRC, Dr. Pocock was director of research at Heliospectra, in Sweden, where she designed light-emitting diode (LED) regimes to reduce energy consumption, produce healthier plants, and improve the quality of greenhouse crops. For the last four years, she has been developing a biofeedback system in which the physiology of the plant regulates the spectrum and intensity of LED arrays, in collaboration with Chalmers University of Technology, under a prestigious grant from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra).

Light is a powerful regulator of plant physiology, affecting flavor and appearance, as well as nutritional and medicinal value. Each wavelength of light has a different effect on plant physiology. For example, plants grown under blue light are physiologically different than plants grown under red light. And each species of plant has an individual response to different wavelengths as well.

Due to advances in narrowband LED technology, it is now possible to select and deliver a specific wavelength and intensity of light, or different combinations of wavelengths and intensities, resulting in unprecedented control of plant characteristics. A specific wavelength and intensity of light could, for instance, increase the level of antioxidants in salad greens like red leaf lettuce, while a different wavelength and intensity could change the height of poinsettias, or perhaps, increase active compounds in medicinal plantsthere are endless possibilities.

Thanks to recent advances in LED technologies, it is now possible to better elucidate the effects and functions of different portions of the spectrum to manipulate plants with unprecedented control and accuracy, said Dr. Pocock. The fine-tuning of light spectra and controlled regulation of plant attributes is adding new sophistication to plant production.

One of Dr. Pococks first projects at the LRC is a study in collaboration with Gotham Greens, a New York City based agribusiness with rooftop greenhouses in Brooklyn. The team will research, evaluate, and model LED and high intensity discharge (HID) greenhouse lighting systems to reduce energy and its associated atmospheric pollution, and improve plant throughput and appearance for higher margins. The study is funded by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), which is providing $500,000 through a research and development program targeting improvements in energy efficiency and crop production for controlled environment agriculture, such as greenhouses. This research will identify optimal lighting to increase leafy vegetable production using energy efficient LEDs compared with existing HID fixtures.

Dr. Pocock earned her diploma in horticulture greenhouse management at Olds Agricultural College in Alberta, Canada, and an honors bachelors degree in plant science, masters degree in plant biochemistry, and doctoral degree in environmental stress biology at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She then travelled to Sweden on a Marie Curie postdoctoral fellowship to study the effect of climate change on algal photosynthesis and stress responses. She is the author of numerous scientific and technical articles related to plant science and the effect of light and temperature on plants, and has presented at more than 20 national and international conferences.

About the Lighting Research Center The Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is the worlds leading center for lighting research and education. Established in 1988 by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), the LRC has been pioneering research in energy and the environment, light and health, transportation lighting and safety, and solid-state lighting for more than 25 years. In 1990, the LRC became the first university research center to offer graduate degrees in lighting and today the LRC offers both a M.S. in lighting as well as a Ph.D. to educate future leaders in lighting. Internationally recognized as the preeminent source for objective information on all aspects of lighting technology and application, LRC researchers conduct independent, third-party testing of lighting products in the LRCs state of the art photometric laboratories, the only university lighting laboratories accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP Lab Code: 200480-0). LRC researchers are continuously working to develop new and better ways to measure the value of light and lighting systems, such as the effect of light on human health, and the effect of light on plant physiology. The LRC believes that by accurately matching the lighting technology and application to the needs of the end user, it is possible to design lighting that benefits both society and the environment.

About Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, is the nation's oldest technological university. The university offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in engineering, the sciences, information technology, architecture, management, and the humanities and social sciences. Institute programs serve undergraduates, graduate students, and working professionals around the world. Rensselaer faculty are known for pre-eminence in research conducted in a wide range of fields, with particular emphasis in biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and the media arts and technology. The Institute is well known for its success in the transfer of technology from the laboratory to the marketplace so that new discoveries and inventions benefit human life, protect the environment, and strengthen economic development.

About NYSERDA NYSERDA, a public benefit corporation, offers objective information and analysis, innovative programs, technical expertise, and funding to help New Yorkers increase energy efficiency, save money, use renewable energy, and reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. NYSERDA professionals work to protect our environment and create clean-energy jobs. NYSERDA has been developing partnerships to advance innovative energy solutions in New York since 1975.

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Plant Physiology Expert Joins Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer

Physiology of CNS: stretch reflex 2

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The Physiology of Forgiveness - Dr Arlene Taylor PhD, Brain Function Expert
The Physiology of Forgiveness - Dr Arlene Taylor PhD, Brain Function Expert Recent research into how our brains function confirms the importance of forgiving others, as God has asked us to....

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Study Courses Review
Human Anatomy and Physiology Study Courses.

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Experimental Physiology meeting report: Neuroendocrine regulation of the mammalian reproductive axis
William Colledge reports on the meeting from April 2013 in Boston USA. Read full reports at: http://ep.physoc.org/content/98/11.toc Neuroendocrine regulation of the mammalian reproductive axis.

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Anatomy and Physiology Muscular System Project
Nick and Seth #39;s Muscular System Project.

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Operation Wallacea - Dissertation Topic - Marine Physiology
Operation Wallacea runs conservation research expeditions to 14 different countries worldwide. These expeditions are designed with specific wildlife conserva...

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By Aja Couchois Duncan

Video introducing Anne Friedlander's Environmental Physiology course.

The human body is amazing, as is the video that accompanies Anne Friedlander's Environmental Physiology course which will be offered as a free Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) to the public this winter.

To dramatically demonstrate the body's mysteries and its amazing adaptations, Friedlander, a consulting professor in human biology at Stanford as well as an athlete and scientist, created a series of stories and endurance tests, with the video camera rolling.

She was joined by the experimental subject of the course and the protagonist of the environmental physiology story, Where's Corey Now? or even more accurately, What in the World Is Happening to Corey Now?

Corey Dysick, teaching assistant for the course as well as a decathlete and Stanford alumnus, was exposed to a number of extreme environments to explore the impact these environments have on his and, by extension, everyone's body.

For one chapter, Dysick and Friedlander spent 48 hours at central Colorado's Pikes Peak, which tops out at 14,114 feet above sea level, to study the impact of high altitude on the body. In another, they flew in fighter jets to experience the effects of g-forces, or extra gravities.

In the chapter on stress, Dysick and Friedlander jumped from a plane at 15,000 feet over the Nevada desert to explore physiological responses to extreme stress on heart rate, cognition and pain threshold.

Students in the class will be immersed in the resulting sensory-rich videos.

Each of the chapters is followed by interviews with experts on the impact of environmental stressors on the body and with master athletes who have accomplished extraordinary feats such as scaling Mount Everest. These interviews are coupled with Friedlander's lectures covering the latest scientific findings about the impact of extreme environments on the human body, with practical tips on how people can mitigate some of these effects.

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Stanford MOOC goes to extremes to teach physiology

Cellular transport breakthrough earns trio 2013 Nobel prize for physiology or medicine
James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Suedhof announced in Stockholm as joint winners of the 2013 Nobel prize for physiology or medicine.

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Circuit Training: A Fastrack To Fitness With Perth Exercise Physiology | Call (08) 9444 8729
Circuit Training: A Fastrack To Fitness With Perth Exercise Physiology | Physiotherapy in Perth To know more about Circuit Training, visit i Physio Perth: http://iPhysioPerth.com.au or Call...

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"I danced around" - Interview with Randy W. Schekman, 2013 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
Telephone interview with Randy W. Schekman following the announcement of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The interviewer is Nobelprize.org #39;s ...

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By Krista Conger

Thomas Sudhof won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Neuroscientist Thomas Sdhof, MD, professor of molecular and cellular physiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine, won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

He shared the prize with James Rothman, PhD, a former Stanford professor of biochemistry, and Randy Schekman, PhD, who earned his doctorate at Stanford under the late Arthur Kornberg, MD, another winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

The three were awarded the prize "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells." Rothman is now a professor at Yale University, and Schekman is a professor at UC-Berkeley.

"I'm absolutely surprised," said Sdhof, 57, who was in the remote town of Baeza in Spain to attend a conference and give a lecture. "Every scientist dreams of this. I didn't realize there was chance I would be awarded the prize. I am stunned and really happy to share the prize with James Rothman and Randy Schekman."

Sdhof noted that, although he hasn't directly worked with either of the other winners, their work was complementary and he called the Nobel committee "ingenious" in pairing the three of them. The researchers will share a prize that totals roughly $1.2 million, with about $413,600 going to each.

"Tom Sdhof has done brilliant work that lays a molecular basis for neuroscience and brain chemistry," said Roger Kornberg, PhD, Stanford's Mrs. George A. Winzer Professor in Medicine. Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006. He is the son of Arthur Kornberg, in whose lab Schekman received his doctorate.

Robert Malenka, MD, Stanford's Nancy Friend Pritzker Professor in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, is at the conference in Spain with Sdhof, a close collaborator. "He's dazed, tired and happy," Malenka said by phone. "The only time I've seen him happier was when his children were born."

Sdhof, the Avram Goldstein Professor in the School of Medicine, received the award for his work in exploring how neurons in the brain communicate with one another across gaps called synapses. Although his work has focused on the minutiae of how molecules interact on the cell membranes, the fundamental questions he's pursuing are large.

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Thomas Südhof wins Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Respiratory Physiology #3
Dynamics Animations de physiologie respiratoire.

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Oct. 7, 2013 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Sdhof for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.

Summary

The 2013 Nobel Prize honors three scientists who have solved the mystery of how the cell organizes its transport system. Each cell is a factory that produces and exports molecules. For instance, insulin is manufactured and released into the blood and chemical signals called neurotransmitters are sent from one nerve cell to another. These molecules are transported around the cell in small packages called vesicles. The three Nobel Laureates have discovered the molecular principles that govern how this cargo is delivered to the right place at the right time in the cell.

Randy Schekman discovered a set of genes that were required for vesicle traffic. James Rothman unravelled protein machinery that allows vesicles to fuse with their targets to permit transfer of cargo. Thomas Sdhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision.

Through their discoveries, Rothman, Schekman and Sdhof have revealed the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological disorders.

How cargo is transported in the cell

In a large and busy port, systems are required to ensure that the correct cargo is shipped to the correct destination at the right time. The cell, with its different compartments called organelles, faces a similar problem: cells produce molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and enzymes that have to be delivered to other places inside the cell, or exported out of the cell, at exactly the right moment. Timing and location are everything. Miniature bubble-like vesicles, surrounded by membranes, shuttle the cargo between organelles or fuse with the outer membrane of the cell and release their cargo to the outside. This is of major importance, as it triggers nerve activation in the case of transmitter substances, or controls metabolism in the case of hormones. How do these vesicles know where and when to deliver their cargo?

Traffic congestion reveals genetic controllers

Randy Schekman was fascinated by how the cell organizes its transport system and in the 1970s decided to study its genetic basis by using yeast as a model system. In a genetic screen, he identified yeast cells with defective transport machinery, giving rise to a situation resembling a poorly planned public transport system. Vesicles piled up in certain parts of the cell. He found that the cause of this congestion was genetic and went on to identify the mutated genes. Schekman identified three classes of genes that control different facets of the cells transport system, thereby providing new insights into the tightly regulated machinery that mediates vesicle transport in the cell.

Docking with precision

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2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic in cells

Yale #39;s James Rothman shares 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
James E. Rothman, #39;71 B.S., the Fergus F. Wallace Professor of Biomedical Sciences, and professor and chair of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale Univers...

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Trio Wins Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
A U.S.-based trio won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries relating to vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells. Watch the pri...

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Newswise The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced today that Randy W. Schekman, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator at the University of California, Berkeley, Thomas C. Sdhof, an HHMI investigator at Stanford University, and James E. Rothman of Yale University are the recipients of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.

According to the Royal Swedish Academy, this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine honors three scientists who have solved the mystery of how the cell organizes its transport system. Each cell is a factory that produces and exports molecules. For instance, insulin is manufactured and released into the blood and chemical signals called neurotransmitters are sent from one nerve cell to another. These molecules are transported around the cell in small packages called vesicles. The three Nobel Laureates have discovered the molecular principles that govern how this cargo is delivered to the right place at the right time in the cell.

Schekman discovered a set of genes that were required for vesicle traffic. Rothman unraveled protein machinery that allows vesicles to fuse with their targets to permit transfer of cargo. Sdhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision.

Through their discoveries, Rothman, Schekman and Sdhof have revealed the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological disorders.

Randy W. Schekman

Traffic inside a cell is as complicated as rush hour near any metropolitan area. But drivers know how to follow the signs and roadways to reach their destinations. How do different cellular proteins "read" molecular signposts to find their way inside or outside of a cell?

For the past three decades, Randy Schekman has been characterizing the traffic drivers that shuttle cellular proteins as they move in membrane-bound sacs, or vesicles, within a cell. His detailed elucidation of cellular travel patterns has provided fundamental knowledge about cells and has enhanced understanding of diseases that arise when bottlenecks impede some of the protein flow. Schekman has been an HHMI investigator since 1991. He also serves as editor-in-chief of the open access research journal eLife.

His work earned him one of the most prestigious prizes in science, the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, which he shared with James Rothman in 2002.

Schekman's path to award-winning researcher began with a youthful enthusiasm for science and math, which he attributes to his father, an engineer who helped develop the first online program for real-time stock quotes. High school science fairsand winning themfurther whetted his appetite for competitive science. Biology's power hit him more personally, though, when his teenage sister died of leukemia.

He considered pursuing medical school as an undergraduate at the University of California, Los Angeles. But after spending his junior year in a laboratory at the University of Edinburgh, his path to graduate school became set. He obtained a Ph.D. in biochemistry at Stanford in the laboratory of Arthur Kornberg, who won the Nobel Prize in 1959 for identifying a key enzyme in DNA synthesis.

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Schekman, Sudhof Awarded 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Three scientists who study the inner workings of cells have won the 2013 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their work in unraveling the mystery of how proteins, hormones and other molecules are moved around inside cells and exported to other parts of the body.

The Nobel committee lauded Randy W. Schekman of UC Berkeley, Thomas C. Suedhof of Stanford University and James E. Rothman of Yale University for making known "the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes and immunological disorders."

The announcement was made Monday in Stockholm.

"It's a fundamental discovery of cell physiology, and it was not entirely easy for these investigators when they started," Juleen Zierath, chairwoman of the committee that awarded the prize, said in an interview posted on the Nobel website.

For decades, the three molecular and cellular biologists have studied the cell's intricate internal transport system in which bubble-like vesicles shuttle key molecules including neurotransmitters and enzymes to different parts of the cell and through the cell's membrane.

"Think of a cell as sort of a factory, and it needs to produce proteins," said Zierath, a professor in clinical integrative physiology at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. Cells "need to shuttle these proteins and cargo from one workstation to the next, so each protein can get a little bit better refined along the way."

The researchers had been considered among the top contenders for the award, which is worth about $1.2 million. Schekman and Rothman were joint winners of the prestigious Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 2002, and Suedhof was recognized with the award last month.

At a news conference in Berkeley, Schekman said he was aware of the speculation but didn't think he would win.

But hours after returning from an award ceremony in Germany, the 64-year-old was awakened at 1:30 a.m. by a ringing phone and his wife, Nancy, shouting, "This is it! This is it!"

"My heart was pounding and I was trembling," Schekman said. "But then I heard a comforting voice with a thick Swedish accent congratulating me."

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