Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies in 21st century. Nanotechnology is a term used when technological developments occur at 0.1 to 100 nm scale. Nano medicine is a branch of nanotechnology which involves medicine development at molecular scale for diagnosis, prevention, treatment of diseases and even regeneration of tissues and organs. Thus it helps to preserve and improve human health. Nanomedicine offers an impressive solution for various life threatening diseases such as cancer, Parkinson, Alzheimer, diabetes, orthopedic problems, diseases related to blood, lungs, neurological, and cardiovascular system.

Development of a new nenomedicine takes several years which are based on various technologies such as dendrimers, micelles, nanocrystals, fullerenes, virosome nanoparticles, nanopores, liposomes, nanorods, nanoemulsions, quantum dots, and nanorobots.

In the field of diagnosis, nanotechnology based methods are more precise, reliable and require minimum amount of biological sample which avoid considerable reduction in consumption of reagents and disposables. Apart from diagnosis, nanotechnology is more widely used in drug delivery purpose due to nanoscale particles with larger surface to volume ratio than micro and macro size particle responsible for higher drug loading. Nano size products allow to enter into body cavities for diagnosis or treatment with minimum invasiveness and increased bioavailability. This will not only improve the efficacy of treatment and diagnosis, but also reduces the side effects of drugs in case of targeted therapy.

Global nanomedicine market is majorly segmented on the basis of applications in medicines, targeted disease and geography. Applications segment includes drug delivery (carrier), drugs, biomaterials, active implant, in-vitro diagnostic, and in-vivo imaging. Global nanomedicine divided on the basis of targeted diseases or disorders in following segment: neurology, cardiovascular, oncology, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and others. Geographically, nanomedicine market is classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and MEA. Considering nanomedicine market by application, drug delivery contribute higher followed by in-vitro diagnostics. Global nanomedicine market was dominated by oncology segment in 2012 due to ability of nanomedicine to cross body barriers and targeted to tumors specifically however cardiovascular nanomedicine market is fastest growing segment. Geographically, North America dominated the market in 2013 and is expected to maintain its position in the near future. Asia Pacific market is anticipated to grow at faster rate due to rapid increase in geriatric population and rising awareness regarding health care. Europe is expected to grow at faster rate than North America due to extensive product pipeline portfolio and constantly improving regulatory framework.

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Major drivers for nanomedicine market include improved regulatory framework, increasing technological know-how and research funding, rising government support and continuous increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, kidney disorder, and orthopedic diseases. Some other driving factors include rising number of geriatric population, awareness of nanomedicine application and presence of high unmet medical needs. Growing demand of nanomedicines from the end users is expected to drive the market in the forecast period. However, market entry of new companies is expected to bridge the gap between supply and demand of nanomedicines. Above mentioned drivers currently outweigh the risk associated with nanomedicines such as toxicity and high cost. At present, cancer is one of the major targeted areas in which nanomedicines have made contribution. Doxil, Depocyt, Abraxane, Oncospar, and Neulasta are some of the examples of pharmaceuticals formulated using nanotechnology.

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Key players in the global nanomedicine market include: Abbott Laboratories, CombiMatrix Corporation, GE Healthcare, Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Mallinckrodt plc, Merck & Company, Inc., Nanosphere, Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Celgene Corporation, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., and UCB (Union chimique belge) S.A.

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Healthcare Nanotechnology (Nanomedicine) Market Expected to Generate Huge Profits by 2015 2021: Persistence ... - MilTech

Technology makes processes easier, faster, safer, and more efficient. Shouldnt it, therefore, also reduce costs?

This isnt always the case. Thats because researching and developing new technology can cost millions of dollars; add to that the cost of materials and production. By the time that technology is launched, billions may have been spent developing it.

New technology has brought immense benefits to the following four industries, but it hasnt necessarily lowered costs for consumers.

Medical technology is so innovative that doctors can now insert tiny robotics into the body to repair internal wounds or remove objects. This is a branch of medicine called nanomedicine. Nanomedicine uses nanosized (even smaller than microsized) carriers to transport drugs to specific cells or tumors in the body. This form of technology opens up a new way to treat cancer, for instance. Rather than subject the entire body to chemotherapy, nanotechnology can deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to the tumor.

These types of treatments, however, dont come cheap. In fact, healthcare costs in the United States continue to rise. In 2018, the U.S spent $3.6 trillion on healthcare, which works out to an average of $11,000 per person. This is projected to increase to $18,000 per person by 2028.

One of the main drivers of escalating healthcare costs is medical technology. According to a report by The Hastings Center, healthcare economists found that 40 percent to 50 percent of annual healthcare cost increases were linked to new medical technologies.

Sustainable energy has a positive impact on the environment. Solar- and wind-powered energy mean less reliance on harmful fossil fuels for energy production. Electric cars eliminate toxic fuel emissions.

But solar panels can be costly to install, and electric cars are often more expensive to buy than traditional cars. Electric vehicles can range in pricing from $31,915 for a Nissan Leaf to $70,875 for the Jaguar I-Pace.

The good news is these products pay for themselves over time with the savings on your electric and gas bills. In addition, buying an electric car or implementing energy-saving technology in your home can make you eligible for a rebate. States like California offer rebates of up to $500 when installing solar products and up to $7,000 when buying an electric vehicle.

Many of the aviation safety systems that are standard on planes today were born from past mistakes. When an airplane crashes, a thorough investigation is conducted. The lessons learned from a catastrophic disaster often lead to improved safety technology.

The aviation industry has made giant strides in technology to make flying safer, lower the cost of fuel, and find ways to reduce airplane emissions. Engineers are looking at ways to manufacture lighter engines and using 3D printing to design and produce lighter aircraft parts. Every part that becomes lighter, even brackets and hinges, helps decrease the planes overall weight and boost fuel efficiency.

In their quest to reduce their carbon footprint, aircraft manufacturers are following the example of the automotive industry and testing electric engines for airplanes. Theyre also testing biofuels, such as sugarcane and cooking oil. According to NASA, a 50/50 blend of jet fuel and biofuel can cut soot emissions by 50 percent. While this is great for the environment, flying a plane with biofuels costs more than traditional jet fuel.

Despite new technology and lower fuel costs, travelers are unlikely to see a drop in the cost of flights. And with the COVID-19 pandemic grounding planes across the globe, many airlines are likely to try to recoup losses by charging higher fares when travel resumes.

Car safety technology, like collision avoidance systems, blind-spot monitoring, automated braking, lane keep assist, and rear-view backup cameras have become standard on most new cars.

Despite the fact that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety agree that safety tech in cars is effective in reducing car crashes, insurance companies havent lowered their rates on cars that feature them. The only car safety technologies that lower insurance rates are electronic stability control and telematics.

If car tech helps prevent accidents, why arent insurance rates lower? Insurance companies cite the following reasons:

Technology improves our lives in many ways, but it doesnt always lower costs. In some cases, it may even increase the cost of goods or services. The tradeoff is in what we gain from new technologies: more efficiency, better safety, time-saving convenience, and less damage to the environment.

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The Benefits of Tech Even Those That Don't Cut Costs - The Tech Report

Mauro Ferrari resigned unexpectedly as president of the European Research Council, triggering a noisy public spat over why and how he left.

Ferrari, an Italian-American expert in nano-medicine, fired off an angry resignation memo provided first to the Financial Times castigating the European Commission for a largely uncoordinated cluster of initiatives. He said he pushed to have the ERC, which focuses on frontier research, launch a special funding round for COVID-19 research. As a result, he said, I have lost faith in the system itself and submitted his resignation on 7 April.

But that version of events was quickly disputed in Brussels. Christian Ehler, a German member of the European Parliament who leads research legislation, issued a late-night statement calling Ferraris actions a window-dressing public relations stand on the coronavirus crisis and it was a contradiction to the legal basis of the ERC.

Other sources said the agencys governing body, the 21-member Scientific Council, had decided days earlier to ask for Ferraris resignation. Among the issues was a belief that he was spending too much time on non-ERC, private activities.

The Commission issued a statement confirming Ferraris immediate resignation and noting that his contract as ERC president only gave him the legal powers of a special advisor to the Commission. Legally, it said, the Scientific Council defines the scientific funding strategy and methodologies of the ERC. It went on to thank him for the strong personal investment he made in the months leading up to his appointment 1 January.

When he took office on 1 January, Ferrari was allowed to continue some outside activities back in the US, where he had built his career in engineering, nanotechnology and medicine. Among these was a paid board position at a US biotech company, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals. He also continued as an affiliate professor in pharmaceutical science at the University of Washington. But the arrangement was unusual for an agency like the ERC, and had already prompted some outside criticism. As European nations began entering COVID-19 lockdown last month, he was in the US, where his grown children work.

A Commission spokesman late on 7 April confirmed Ferraris resignation, but declined to elaborate. Ferrari couldnt be reached immediately for direct comment, but the Financial Times published his statement excoriating the ERC and the Commission.

In the statement, he said that he proposed that the ERC set up a special COVID-19 programme, because at a time like this, the very best scientists in the world should be provided with resources and opportunities to fight the pandemic. He said it was rejected unanimously by the Scientific Council without even considering what shape or form it may take. He added that he was later invited by Commission President Ursula von der Leyen for my input on COVID-19, which created an internal political thunderstorm inside the Commission bureaucracy.

The ERC, by law, funds research proposed directly by scientists based on their own judgment of whats important; they get the money - 2.2 billion in all for 2020 if peer review panels organised by the agency agrees with them. Ferraris statement says he knew his idea for top-down COVID-19 grants ran counter to the agencys normal bottom-up practice, but it was justified by the emergency.

Agency officials declined to comment publicly, but the MEP, Ehler, issued a public defence of the ERC, pushing back at Ferrari.

Besides calling Ferraris COVID-19 plan window-dressing, Ehler said Ferrari was never really acquainting with the independent nature of the ERC. He continued: We are sorry that things have turned out this way for a brilliant researcher and entrepreneur like Mr. Ferrari. However, this should not serve as argument to accuse the ERC or the EU of not doing enough.

The ERC focuses on fundamental rather than applied research and numbers among its existing grantees virologists, epidemiologists and others who have been doing basic research for the agency, and have now joined applied COVID-research teams in the Commissions other programmes.

They include 48.5 million for emergency Horizon 2020 collaborative projects for vaccines, cures and tools; 45 million to its Innovative Medicines Initiative; 80 million in financial support for German vaccine maker Curevac; and up to 164 million in grants to small business with COVID-19 solutions to develop.

On taking office in January, Ferrari quickly unveiled ambitious plans for the ERC. In an interview with Science|Business in February, he spoke enthusiastically of the need for what he called super-disciplinary research, in which scientists break out of their normal disciplines and think across domains. He was also a strong advocate of researchers helping to get their discoveries commercialised and into widespread use something he did repeatedly in his own career.

Ferrari, now 60 years old, is credited as one of the founders of nanomedicine. In 2016, his research team made headlines with a new cancer treatment that uses nanoparticles loaded with a chemotherapeutic to target metastatic cells directly, thereby minimising collateral damage to healthy tissue and allowing more sustained and aggressive treatment. Ferrari has around 480 publications to his name, with over 20,000 citations. He also holds dozens of patents for inventions including different varieties of nanoparticles for drug delivery.

Originally from northern Italy, he studied mathematics at the University of Padua before moving to University of California, Berkeley, where he studied for a masters and a PhD in mechanical engineering. He went on to become an associate professor at Berkeley and moved into medicine when he became a professor of bioengineering and mechanical engineering at Ohio State University.

Ferrari later moved to the MD Anderson Center and the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston. In 2010 he became president and CEO of the Houston Methodist Research Institute.

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Sudden resignation of ERC president stirs heated dispute over motives - Science Business

The UK gains benefits from the European Research Council that cannot be replaced, but there is good reason to be optimistic about the nation staying part of the programme despite Brexit, according to the funders new president.

The UK has been the number one [nation] in terms of funding received since the ERC was established in 2007, Mauro Ferrari toldTimes Higher Educationafter taking office last month. But the real benefit is bigger than that, he added.

Perhaps the biggest advantage of them all is that ERC grants strengthen the UKs position as a top destination for non-UK scientists, Professor Ferrari said. Think of all the great people that are in the UK with an ERC grant.

Science is all about people. You need the best people: you need to recruit them, you need to retain them. And I think the ERC has been a great instrument for the UK to do that.

Prestigious ERC grants for outstanding researchers, part of the European Unions wider framework programmes for research, have been described asmini-Nobel prizesand as the Champions League of research.

There is no certainty over whether the UK will seek to, or be allowed to, join the next framework programme, Horizon Europe, as an associated country when it starts in January 2021.

ERC grants are portable, but holders are expected to spend at least 50 per cent of their working time in an EU member state or associated country leading some in the UK to fear that the nation will miss out on attracting world-leading researchers if it does not associate to Horizon Europe.

While the UK will continue to attract and retain science talent, no matter what, because of its history and continuous investment, there is this bit that comes from the international connotation of the ERC that, I think, cannot be replaced, Professor Ferrari said.

His comments came as John Womersley, chief executive of the Science and Technology Facilities Council between 2011 and 2016, warns that there is great risk that the UK may choose not to associate to Horizon Europe.

Writing in THE, Professor Womersley now director-general of the European Spallation Source says that while UK-based researchers are keen to retain access to ERC funding, ministers are less likely to be keen on the two other larger pillars of Horizon Europe, covering challenge-based funding and the new European Innovation Council.

Professor Womersley warns that the EU is unlikely to allow cherry-picking of Horizon Europe, leading him to conclude that the UK was more likely to use the money it would otherwise contribute to the scheme tocreate a UK-based replacement for the ERC.

Asked by THE whether the UK could associate to the ERC, Professor Ferrari said that he cannot speculate on that. Thats the domain of a political negotiation, he said.

But given unanimous sentiment among UK and continental European scientists he had spoken with, he added: I would say there is good reason to be optimistic that some sort of reasonable construct will be reached that allows scientists to do their job in the best possible way.

ProfessorFerrari also discussed the ERCs role in building bridges between blue-sky research and innovation a link where he has personal experience as a pioneer of nanomedicine.

His 40-year academic career in the US began in engineering with a post at the University of California, Berkeley, then changed course following the death of his wife from cancer, after which heentered medical school at the age of 43to fight the disease.

Professor Ferrari retired as chief commercialisation officer at Houston Methodist Research Institute in 2019, but remains an affiliate professor with a lab at the University of Washington in Seattle.

I have returned [to Europe] for this job because I thought it was such an extraordinary and unique opportunity, he said.

The ERC, which evaluates proposals through international panels of leading scientists, is based on the principle that no individual, no agency, no office can actually envisage the future, what are the necessaryworld-changing breakthroughs in all of the fields of science, Professor Ferrari said. So we let scientists tell us.

Although European science is one of the global front-runners, he continued, there is no doubt about the fact that Europe has been lagging behind the United States when it comes to translation of great discoveries into innovation.

Professor Ferrari added that although the ERC by mandate is only doing blue-sky research, it has a role in addressing that by ensuring that research is best friends with innovation. We connect: we make sure our scientists are aware of whats happening in innovation, and make sure people on the innovation side are aware of what leading scientists are doing, he said.

john.morgan@timeshighereducation.com

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ERC president 'optimistic' UK will stay in 'irreplaceable' fund - Times Higher Education (THE)

After the achievement of major development milestones in 2019, 2020 offers great opportunity for Nanobiotix and NBTXR3 to fulfill unmet patient needs across oncology. Given NBTXR3s universal mode of action, our proof-of-concept in soft tissue sarcoma, and promising results from our phase I trial in head and neck cancers, we are confident that NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy has the potential to significantly improve treatment outcomes for head and neck cancer patients. Beyond head and neck, we will continue to expand into additional indications and combination therapies. Ultimately, we aim to change the oncology treatment paradigm for millions of patients around the world. Laurent Levy, CEO of Nanobiotix

NANOBIOTIX (Euronext : NANO ISIN : FR0011341205 the Company) today announced its global development strategy for 2020 and beyond, following proof-of-concept (POC) and European market approval for NBTXR3 in locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk wall (Brand Name: Hensify) in 2019. The Company will continue to prioritize its registration pathway in the US and EU for the treatment of head and neck cancers, while also working to advance the Nanobiotix immuno-oncology (I/O) program and evaluate NBTXR3 in other indications such as lung, pancreatic, esophageal, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prostrate, and rectal cancers. To execute this plan, Nanobiotix will focus on H&N cancers while its collaborators (i.e. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MD Anderson) in the US and PharmaEngine in Asia) are working on other indications.

Global Development Plan Visualization

TRIAL

STATUS

ANTICIPATED NEXT STEPS

Development in Head and Neck Moving Forward

Phase III Registration Trial for NBTXR3 in head and neck patients ineligible for cisplatin

TRIAL NAME: STUDY 312

Nanobiotix trial

Design completed based on last interactions with FDA and European payers (EUnetHTA)

Jan 2020 - Submission of final protocol to FDA and other global regulatory bodies

Phase I and Phase I Expansion Trial for NBTXR3 in head and neck patients ineligible for cisplatin or intolerant to cetuximab

TRIAL NAME: Study 102/ 102 Expansion

Nanobiotix trial

Phase I dose escalation completed / data reported 19 patients

Dose Expansion 38 of 44 patients recruited

Q1 2020 - Update of dose escalation patients follow-up

Mid 2020 - First expansion phase data on efficacy and safety of dose expansion

Phase I/II Trial for NBTXR3 combined with cisplatin for head and neck patients

TRIAL NAME: PEP503-HN-1002

PharmaEngine trial

3rd dose level recruiting

H2 2020- Last patient in for 5th (last) dose level

Immuno-Oncology Program with NBTXR3

Phase I Basket Trial for NBTXR3 combined with pembrolizumab or nivolumab in H&N, lung metastasis, liver metastasis patients

TRIAL NAME: Study 1100

Nanobiotix trial

First patients treated

Protocol extended to include patients with lung and liver metastases from any primary tumor. Recruitment ongoing

Mid-year 2020 - first data reported

Phase II Trial of reirradiation with NBTXR3 combined with anti-PD-1/L1 for inoperable, locally advanced HN cancer

Phase II Trial for NBTXR3 combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 in Stage IV lung cancer

Phase I Trial for NBTXR3 combined with anti- CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 in patients with advanced solid tumors and lung or liver mets

Phase II Trial for NBTXR3 for recurrent/metastatic HNSCC patients with limited PD-L1 expression

MD Anderson trials

Final stage of protocol development

Q2-Q3 2020 - Submission of protocols to FDA

Development Across Other Indications

Phase I Trial for NBTXR3 in hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis patients

TRIAL NAME: Study 103

Nanobiotix trial

Recruitment of the last patient at the 5th (last) dose level (one patient left to be treated)

Q1 2020 - Update on results

Phase I Trial for NBTXR3 in prostate cancer patients

TRIAL NAME: Study 104

Nanobiotix trial

2nd dose level recruiting

Q4 2020 - Update on results

Phase I Trial for NBTXR3 in pancreatic cancer

Phase I Trial for NBTXR3 in lung cancer patients in need of reirradiation

Phase I Trial for NBTXR3 in esophageal cancer patients

MD Anderson trials

Pancreas Regulatory process ongoing

Lung re-irradiation / Esophageal Submission of final protocol to regulatory process

Q2 2020 - First patient treated in pancreas

Q3 2020 - Lung re-irradiation / Esophageal first patient treated

Phase I/II Trial for NBTXR3 combined with chemotherapy in rectal cancer patients

TRIAL NAME: PEP503-RC-1001

PharmaEngine trial

4th (last) dose level recruiting

H2 2020 - Report phase I results

Next Steps in Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Phase III Trial for NBTXR3 in soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk wall patients

TRIAL NAME: Act.In.Sarc

Nanobiotix trial

Trial completed / data reported

H2 2020- Further follow up of the patients

Post-Approval Trial for NBTXR3 in soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk wall patients

TRIAL NAME: TBD

Nanobiotix trial

Design established (100 patients)

H2 2020 - Trial authorization by the relevant regulatory bodies expected

Development in Head and Neck Moving Forward

There are approximately 700,000 new head and neck cancer patients worldwide each year300,000 of these patients reside in the US and the European Union (EU) 1. Of these patients at diagnosis, 90% suffer from local disease and the remaining 10% have metastatic disease. 70-80% of all Head and Neck patients will receive radiation therapy, but significant unmet medical needs remain regarding either local control, systemic control, toxicity, or some combination of the three2. This is especially challenging for patients ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy (cisplatin).

Global Registration Trial for NBTXR3 in Head and Neck Patients Ineligible for Cisplatin

As previously announced, Nanobiotix has begun interacting with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on its regulatory pathway and met with the agency in October 2019 to refine the design elements of Study 312a phase III investigators choice, dual-arm, randomized (1:1) global registration trial including elderly head and neck cancer patients who are ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy (cisplatin).

More than half of head and neck cancers include large primary tumors which may invade underlying structures and/or spread to regional nodes. Treatment of these locally advanced forms of the disease ordinarily requires aggressive, concerted measures. Due to potential comorbidities and toxicities associated with treatment, elderly and frail patients suffer from limited therapeutic options. Study 312 aims to target the unmet needs of this population.

Patients in the control arm will receive radiation therapy with or without cetuximab (investigators choice), and patients in the treatment arm will receive NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy with or without cetuximab (investigators choice). The trial will recruit around 500 patients, the initial readout will be based on event-driven progression-free survival (PFS), and the final readout will be based on PFS and overall survival (OS). The study will be powered to demonstrate the OS superiority of NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy. In addition, quality of life (QoL) will be measured as a key secondary outcome.

The Companys next step is to submit the final trial design to FDA and other global regulatory bodies within the month. A futility analysis is expected 18 months after the first patient is randomized, the interim analysis for PFS superiority is expected at 24-30 months, and final analysis will report on PFS and OS. In the event of favorable data from the initial readout, Nanobiotix plans to apply for conditional registration in the US.

Confirming Efficacy with Phase I (Study 102) Expansion

Nanobiotix has already reported promising early signs of efficacy for patients with head and neck cancer through Study 1023 a phase I trial of NBTXR3 nanoparticles activated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The patient population for Study 102 includes elderly and frail patients who are ineligible for cisplatin or intolerant to cetuximab.

As a result of this report, the Company launched an expansion cohort with 44 additional patients to strengthen preliminary efficacy data. Recruitment for the expansion cohort has reached 38 of 44 patients and the initial readout is expected by mid-2020. Depending on the favorability of the final expansion phase data, the Company may seek to expedite the regulatory process in the EU.

Additional Development in Head and Neck with Collaborators

To serve as many head and neck cancer patients as possible and as mentioned above, the Company has engaged in ongoing clinical collaborations with MD Anderson in the US and PharmaEngine in Asia.

The Company is collaborating with MD Anderson on nine (9) clinical trials across multiple indications, three (3) of which are expected to evaluate head and neck cancer in patient populations outside of the trials Nanobiotix is executing alone (e.g. borderline resectable, inoperable and neck cancer (re-irradiation), etc.)

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NANOBIOTIX Announces Plan for Global Phase III Head and Neck Cancer Registration Trial Along With Overall Development Update - BioSpace

The recently published research study entitled Global Healthcare Nanotechnology Market 2019 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024 comprehensively describes the market and forecasts it to portray a highly illustrious growth during the forthcoming years, i.e. from 2019 to 2024. The report contains primary analysis on the global Healthcare Nanotechnology market which highlights numerous facts such as development factors, business enhancement strategies, statistical growth, and financial status. With this study, the readers and clients can understand the market on a global scale. It specifies the regions that are expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period. It has uncovered rapid development in the upcoming years.

The global market report offers clear-cut information about the key business-giants, Amgen, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, UCB, Roche, Celgene, Sanofi, Merck & Co, Biogen, Stryker, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, 3M Company, Johnson & Johnson, Smith & Nephew, Leadiant Biosciences, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Shire, Ipsen, Endo International, along with demand, sales, revenue generation, reliable product development, services, and also post-sale processes at the global level.

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What Market Factors Are Explained In The Report?

Overall, the report presents an in-depth overview of the worldwide market which will help clients to make convincing decisions on the basis of the prediction chart. The research is provided for leading growth status, including developments, segmentation, landscape analysis, product types, and applications. It proves to be an essential document for every market enthusiast, policymaker, investor, and player. In-depth information on the leading drivers and constraints of the Healthcare Nanotechnology industry is also presented in this report. In this report, the market has been examined on the basis of the assessment of production ability, different market players, and the manufacturing chain of the market across the world, and regional analysis.

For product type segment, this report listed the main product type of the market: Nanomedicine, Nano Medical Devices, Nano Diagnosis, Other

For end use/application segment, this report focuses on the status and outlook for key applications: Anticancer, CNS Product, Anti-infective, Other

Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Healthcare Nanotechnology in North America (United States, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.), Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa).

Points Covered Comprehensively In The Market Report:

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Moreover, key aspects covered in this report include market growth, market demands, business strategies, consumption volume, and industry cost structure during the forecast period 2019-2024. Using Porters five-force method, the report analyzes the Healthcare Nanotechnology market. It helps to understand the business situation by examining industry components such as buyers and risk of substitutes, the challenge to new entrants, and industrial rivalry.

Customization of the Report:This report can be customized to meet the clients requirements. Please connect with our sales team (sales@marketandresearch.biz), who will ensure that you get a report that suits your needs. You can also get in touch with our executives on +1-201-465-4211 to share your research requirements.

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Global Healthcare Nanotechnology Market 2019 Research by Business Analysis, Growth Strategy and Industry Development to 2024 - Hitz Dairies

Washington D.C: Researchers used nanoparticles to identify the presence of deadly microbes present on medical devices, like catheters, and make them infection-free.

This study was conducted as an interdisciplinary collaboration between microbiologists, immunologists, and engineers led by Dr Simon Corrie from Monash University's Department of Chemical Engineering and Professor Ana Traven from the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (BDI).

It was recently published in the American Chemical Society journal ACS Applied Interfaces and Material.

Candida albicans, a commonly found microbe, can turn deadly when it colonises on devices such as catheters implanted in the human body.

The microbe forms a biofilm when it colonises using, for example, a catheter as a source of infection. It then spreads into the bloodstream to infect internal organs.

"The mortality rate in some patient populations can be as high as 30 to 40 per cent even if you treat people. When it colonises, it's highly resistant to anti-fungal treatments," Professor Traven said.

"The idea is that if you can diagnose this infection early, then you can have a much bigger chance of treating it successfully with current anti-fungal drugs and stopping a full-blown systemic infection, but our current diagnostic methods are lacking. A biosensor to detect early stages of colonisation would be highly beneficial," added Professor Traven.

The researchers investigated the effects of organosilica nanoparticles of different sizes, concentrations and surface coatings to see whether and how they interacted with both C. Albicans and with immune cells in the blood.

They found that the nanoparticles bound to fungal cells, but were non-toxic to them.

"They don't kill the microbe, but we can make an anti-fungal particle by binding them to a known anti-fungal drug," Professor Traven said.

The researchers also demonstrated that the particles associated with neutrophils -- human white blood cells -- in a similar way as they did with C. Albicans, remaining noncytotoxic towards them.

"We've identified that these nanoparticles, and by inference a number of different types of nanoparticles, can be made to be interactive with cells of interest," Dr Corrie said.

"We can actually change the surface properties by attaching different things; thereby we can really change the interactions they have with these cells -- that's quite significant," added Dr Corrie.

Dr Corrie said while nanoparticles were being investigated in the treatment of cancer, the use of nanoparticle-based technologies in infectious diseases lags behind the cancer nanomedicine field, despite the great potential for new treatments and diagnostics.

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Study finds way to make medical equipment infection-free - ETHealthworld.com

Nanomedicine involves smaller particles, yet their capabilities are tremendous, playing a more significant part in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Fremont, CA: Nanomedicine uses particles and technology that is one-billionth of a meter in medicine for diagnosis and treatment of disease. Irrespective of their smaller size, these nanoparticles play a significant role in the medical field. According to cancer.net, nearly 96,480 cases of invasive melanoma of the skin will be diagnosed in 2019 in the US. Even though it is not the most common type of skin cancer, an estimation of 7,230 deaths will occur this year. In recent research, nanomedicine has been employed to help with improving detection, prevention and treatment of a severe form of skin cancer, melanoma.

The disease begins in the melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for the synthesis of a dark pigment called melanin. And when the skin is exposed to the sun for a long time, melanocytes start producing more pigment as a protective response causing the skin to darken more. When these cells grow out of control, it can result in melanoma.

Tel Aviv researchers have developed a nano-vaccine for melanoma. The vaccine was tested in mice, and it turned out to be useful as it prevents the development of melanoma. It also treats both primary tumors and disease that has spread throughout the body. It was observed by administering with immunotherapy that activates the immune system to fight against the foreign cells. Meanwhile, these cells learn to identify the melanoma cells and will start attacking cells of this specific cancer.

The researchers also examined the vaccine in different conditions. They injected the vaccine into healthy mice and then placed the melanoma cells in the mice where the vaccine halted the development of the disease. In another scenario, the vaccine and immunotherapy together were used to treat the mice already infected by melanoma. Here a significant delay in the progression of the disease was observed. Also, peptides which are the short amino acid chains used in the vaccine were present in the samples of melanoma tissue from different sites in the mice's body other than the one where melanoma had been injected initially. This proves that the vaccine is also suitable for patients affected severely for whom melanoma has spread beyond the primary site.

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What is the Role of Nanomedicine in Treating Melanoma? - Medical Tech Outlook

UTRGV professor Karen Lozano keeps her calendar full.

Shes often found in the lab, where she and her students have pioneered production methods in nanotechnology. Other times, youll catch her mentoring prospective engineers in her office, or out in the community, proselytizing to high schoolers about careers in science and technology.

If students need to talk to her, they usually try to catch her in her office. She gets so many emails that its hard for her to reply to all of them.

Last month, Lozanos research took her all the way to the White House, where she received the Presidential Excellence Award in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring she was one of just 15 educators chosen for the award. This week, shell speak about her work at TEDxMcAllen.

Arguably, shes one of the busiest professors on campus, but it definitely wasnt easy getting there.

Twenty-five years ago Lozano graduated from the Universidad de Monterrey at the age of 21, with a degree in mechanical engineering. Shed always been passionate about solving problems and the hard sciences, and mechanical engineering seemed like a natural path to take.

Lozano had her doubts, however: It was almost unheard of for a woman to become a mechanical engineer in Monterrey, but her mother pushed her to stick to her passion, telling her that it would open up doors in the future.

If were going to keep on supporting you and sacrificing for you, why are you going to study something that will not give you opportunities? Lozano remembers her mother saying. Study something that will give you opportunities. Follow the path less traveled.

Lozano did just that, but it was a lonely path. She was the only female mechanical engineering graduate in Monterrey in 1993. In fact, she was the only female in her program at UdeM.

The guys would all go together to a house to study and I was never allowed to go to somebodys house to study with 20 guys, so they would all study in teams and I would study alone, in my house, she recalled. Of course, once in a while, somebody would give me the comments like, Why are you here? Youre only gonna marry and have kids. Why are you here?

Lozano would blow off the comment with a tongue-in-cheek joke.

If Im gonna have kids, and Im doing all this advanced math and stuff, Im gonna be able to help them in their math when they were in high school. That was my answer all the time, she said. Which is something that I never did. I have a senior in high school and one that already graduated, and I dont think I ever sat to help them with math.

Monterrey is an industrial city, and theres no shortage of engineering jobs. Lozano remembers watching companies snap up her male peers before theyd even graduated. No calls came for her.

After college, she started applying to jobs she found in the newspaper. Days turned into weeks, and weeks turned into months.

Every morning I would wake up and the first thing I would do, I would go through the classifieds, Lozano said. I was just sitting in my house for three months.

There were plenty of listings, but none she was qualified for.

There were tons of openings, Lozano remembered, but all of them said, Were looking for a mechanical engineer. Sex: Male. You can google right now, and youll still find them, in 2019.

Finally, one morning Lozano opened the paper and saw a different ad, asking specifically for a female mechanical engineer. Lozano thought her classmates had bought the ad and were making fun of her.

Everyone that graduated me was already working, she said. It was totally weird.

Lozano applied anyway and got an interview.

I went, and it was legit, she said. There was this girl working there, this engineer, that graduated four years before I did from another university as a mechanical engineer, and she had faced the same situation that I was facing. So when they had a position, she asked the boss if it was OK for her to post this one as a social experiment, to see how many women would show up. I was the only one, so I was hired.

Lozano worked at the company for a few months before being accepted into a Masters/PHD program at Rice. After her post-doc she was hired on at UTRGV, where shes researched and taught for the past 20 years, making one of the most significant breakthroughs in her field in the late aughts.

Nanofibers are an interesting technology. A thousandth the diameter of a human hair, nanofibers can be worked into a variety of products that can be used in medicine as skin grafts and drug delivery, as an ultra-efficient filtration material and even as batteries.

There are some that are very, very small and have very high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, so if we combine them with plastics, then we can make plastics that can conduct electricity, Lozano said. Instead of copper or aluminum it can be a polymer, a plastic, that will have similar properties in terms of electrical and thermal properties, and we can lower the weight.

According to Lozano, theres a fair chance that because of advances in nanotech, your cellphone battery will weigh little more than a Post-it Note in the near future.

As exciting as the field was, Lozano had a problem: nanofibers took forever to make. They were traditionally made through a process that involved using heat or electricity, and only produced a miniscule fiber or two an hour. Instead of making groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of medicine or technology, Lozanos undergrads were spending all of their lab time laboriously teasing out solitary strands of nanofibers.

At the undergrad level, you need to hold something in your hand, to see it, to be able to bring that interest, she said. If I just give you one little hair, you cant do very much. Theres no way I could excite them or ignite that spark to fall in love with research.

Lozano was at a loss. She considered directing her students to research something else. Then, one day, inspiration struck her in one of the most likely forms: a cotton candy machine.

My mind just went crazy, she said. You have tons of fibers, very simple to produce. Theyre not nanofibers, but were engineers, we can make changes to make it nano. A group of students started working on it, and long story short, we developed those machines, we even created a company.

With the new machines, Lozano and her students could make nanofiber material by the bolt. They created an actual business that operated in McAllen for several years, producing material at an industrial scale and showing off their new process to others in the field.

At one point there were so many people coming by, Lozano says, the FBI dropped in to see what was going on.

It was very good, Lozano said. We hired lots of people and we had people from all over the world coming by.

The business was bought by a larger company in Tennessee in 2017, but Lozano and her students have continued to work with nanofiber. Their research has led to dozens of patents and scholarly articles.

A lot of our undergraduate students are co-authors in scientific publications, and thats amazing, Lozano said. Its not that common that undergraduate students graduate with journal publications from top journals. Even our high school students that work in the lab get the opportunity to be co-authors.

For Lozano, exposing students to science in such a direct way is just as, or more, important than her research breakthroughs and academic recognitions.

If you walk into her office, you wont see the White House commendation from October; it resides in a drawer at her home. It was gratifying, she says, but not as gratifying as seeing her students working in the lab.

You will, however, see a full-sized carnival cotton candy machine in Lozanos office, a reminder of the inspiration that helped her students succeed.

I see my students getting like five offer letters, and they come to me and their problem is which one to select, she said. So Ive seen what can come after, and I tell people that theres opportunities and theres jobs and you can contribute to society.

In many ways, the woman whose own path toward a career in science was unlikely has devoted herself to paving the way for others. Lozano frequently works with local high schools and even made a YouTube channel geared at inspiring and instructing children.

Its important to plant that seed in boys and girls, she said. To me, its the fuel that keeps me going.

On Tuesday, Lozano will continue talking about science at TEDxMcAllen. Her discussion will be streamed live on the groups Facebook page.

Read more:
Renowned researcher, UTRGV professor blazes trail from Monterrey to White House to TedXMcAllen - Monitor

"Nanobots" redirects here. For the They Might Be Giants album, see Nanobots (album).

Nanorobotics is an emerging technology field creating machines or robots whose components are at or near the scale of a nanometer (109 meters).[1][2][3] More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to microrobotics) refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, with devices ranging in size from 0.110 micrometres and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.[4][5] The terms nanobot, nanoid, nanite, nanomachine, or nanomite have also been used to describe such devices currently under research and development.[6][7]

Nanomachines are largely in the research and development phase,[8] but some primitive molecular machines and nanomotors have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5 nanometers across, able to count specific molecules in a chemical sample. The first useful applications of nanomachines may be in nanomedicine. For example,[9] biological machines could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells.[10][11] Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment. Rice University has demonstrated a single-molecule car developed by a chemical process and including Buckminsterfullerenes (buckyballs) for wheels. It is actuated by controlling the environmental temperature and by positioning a scanning tunneling microscope tip.

Another definition[whose?] is a robot that allows precise interactions with nanoscale objects, or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution. Such devices are more related to microscopy or scanning probe microscopy, instead of the description of nanorobots as molecular machines. Using the microscopy definition, even a large apparatus such as an atomic force microscope can be considered a nanorobotic instrument when configured to perform nanomanipulation. For this viewpoint, macroscale robots or microrobots that can move with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots.

According to Richard Feynman, it was his former graduate student and collaborator Albert Hibbs who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for Feynman's theoretical micromachines (see biological machine). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) "swallow the surgeon". The idea was incorporated into Feynman's 1959 essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.[12]

Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary[according to whom?] for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. These nanorobot swarms, both those unable to replicate (as in utility fog) and those able to replicate unconstrainedly in the natural environment (as in grey goo and synthetic biology), are found in many science fiction stories, such as the Borg nanoprobes in Star Trek and The Outer Limits episode "The New Breed".Some proponents of nanorobotics, in reaction to the grey goo scenarios that they earlier helped to propagate, hold the view that nanorobots able to replicate outside of a restricted factory environment do not form a necessary part of a purported productive nanotechnology, and that the process of self-replication, were it ever to be developed, could be made inherently safe. They further assert that their current plans for developing and using molecular manufacturing do not in fact include free-foraging replicators.[13][14]

A detailed theoretical discussion of nanorobotics, including specific design issues such as sensing, power communication, navigation, manipulation, locomotion, and onboard computation, has been presented in the medical context of nanomedicine by Robert Freitas.[15][16] Some of these discussions[which?] remain at the level of unbuildable generality and do not approach the level of detailed engineering.

A document with a proposal on nanobiotech development using open design technology methods, as in open-source hardware and open-source software, has been addressed to the United Nations General Assembly.[17] According to the document sent to the United Nations, in the same way that open source has in recent years accelerated the development of computer systems, a similar approach should benefit the society at large and accelerate nanorobotics development. The use of nanobiotechnology should be established as a human heritage for the coming generations, and developed as an open technology based on ethical practices for peaceful purposes. Open technology is stated as a fundamental key for such an aim.

In the same ways that technology research and development drove the space race and nuclear arms race, a race for nanorobots is occurring.[18][19][20][21][22] There is plenty of ground allowing nanorobots to be included among the emerging technologies.[23] Some of the reasons are that large corporations, such as General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Synopsys, Northrop Grumman and Siemens have been recently working in the development and research of nanorobots;[24][25][26][27][28] surgeons are getting involved and starting to propose ways to apply nanorobots for common medical procedures;[29] universities and research institutes were granted funds by government agencies exceeding $2 billion towards research developing nanodevices for medicine;[30][31] bankers are also strategically investing with the intent to acquire beforehand rights and royalties on future nanorobots commercialisation.[32] Some aspects of nanorobot litigation and related issues linked to monopoly have already arisen.[33][34][35] A large number of patents has been granted recently on nanorobots, done mostly for patent agents, companies specialized solely on building patent portfolios, and lawyers. After a long series of patents and eventually litigations, see for example the Invention of Radio, or the War of Currents, emerging fields of technology tend to become a monopoly, which normally is dominated by large corporations.[36]

Manufacturing nanomachines assembled from molecular components is a very challenging task. Because of the level of difficulty, many engineers and scientists continue working cooperatively across multidisciplinary approaches to achieve breakthroughs in this new area of development. Thus, it is quite understandable the importance of the following distinct techniques currently applied towards manufacturing nanorobots:

The joint use of nanoelectronics, photolithography, and new biomaterials provides a possible approach to manufacturing nanorobots for common medical uses, such as surgical instrumentation, diagnosis, and drug delivery.[37][38][39] This method for manufacturing on nanotechnology scale is in use in the electronics industry since 2008.[40] So, practical nanorobots should be integrated as nanoelectronics devices, which will allow tele-operation and advanced capabilities for medical instrumentation.[41][42]

A nucleic acid robot (nubot) is an organic molecular machine at the nanoscale.[43] DNA structure can provide means to assemble 2D and 3D nanomechanical devices. DNA based machines can be activated using small molecules, proteins and other molecules of DNA.[44][45][46] Biological circuit gates based on DNA materials have been engineered as molecular machines to allow in-vitro drug delivery for targeted health problems.[47] Such material based systems would work most closely to smart biomaterial drug system delivery,[48] while not allowing precise in vivo teleoperation of such engineered prototypes.

Several reports have demonstrated the attachment of synthetic molecular motors to surfaces.[49][50] These primitive nanomachines have been shown to undergo machine-like motions when confined to the surface of a macroscopic material. The surface anchored motors could potentially be used to move and position nanoscale materials on a surface in the manner of a conveyor belt.

Nanofactory Collaboration,[51] founded by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle in 2000 and involving 23 researchers from 10 organizations and 4 countries, focuses on developing a practical research agenda[52] specifically aimed at developing positionally-controlled diamond mechanosynthesis and a diamondoid nanofactory that would have the capability of building diamondoid medical nanorobots.

The emerging field of bio-hybrid systems combines biological and synthetic structural elements for biomedical or robotic applications. The constituting elements of bio-nanoelectromechanical systems (BioNEMS) are of nanoscale size, for example DNA, proteins or nanostructured mechanical parts. Thiol-ene ebeam resist allow the direct writing of nanoscale features, followed by the functionalization of the natively reactive resist surface with biomolecules.[53] Other approaches use a biodegradable material attached to magnetic particles that allow them to be guided around the body.[54]

This approach proposes the use of biological microorganisms, like the bacterium Escherichia coli[55] and Salmonella typhimurium.[56]Thus the model uses a flagellum for propulsion purposes. Electromagnetic fields normally control the motion of this kind of biological integrated device.[57]Chemists at the University of Nebraska have created a humidity gauge by fusing a bacterium to a silicone computer chip.[58]

Retroviruses can be retrained to attach to cells and replace DNA. They go through a process called reverse transcription to deliver genetic packaging in a vector.[59] Usually, these devices are Pol Gag genes of the virus for the Capsid and Delivery system. This process is called retroviral gene therapy, having the ability to re-engineer cellular DNA by usage of viral vectors.[60] This approach has appeared in the form of retroviral, adenoviral, and lentiviral gene delivery systems.[61] These gene therapy vectors have been used in cats to send genes into the genetically modified organism (GMO), causing it to display the trait.[62]

3D printing is the process by which a three-dimensional structure is built through the various processes of additive manufacturing. Nanoscale 3D printing involves many of the same process, incorporated at a much smaller scale. To print a structure in the 5-400m scale, the precision of the 3D printing machine is improved greatly. A two-steps process of 3D printing, using a 3D printing and laser etched plates method was incorporated as an improvement technique.[63] To be more precise at a nanoscale, the 3D printing process uses a laser etching machine, which etches into each plate the details needed for the segment of nanorobot. The plate is then transferred to the 3D printer, which fills the etched regions with the desired nanoparticle. The 3D printing process is repeated until the nanorobot is built from the bottom up. This 3D printing process has many benefits. First, it increases the overall accuracy of the printing process.[citation needed] Second, it has the potential to create functional segments of a nanorobot.[63] The 3D printer uses a liquid resin, which is hardened at precisely the correct spots by a focused laser beam. The focal point of the laser beam is guided through the resin by movable mirrors and leaves behind a hardened line of solid polymer, just a few hundred nanometers wide. This fine resolution enables the creation of intricately structured sculptures as tiny as a grain of sand. This process takes place by using photoactive resins, which are hardened by the laser at an extremely small scale to create the structure. This process is quick by nanoscale 3D printing standards. Ultra-small features can be made with the 3D micro-fabrication technique used in multiphoton photopolymerisation. This approach uses a focused laser to trace the desired 3D object into a block of gel. Due to the nonlinear nature of photo excitation, the gel is cured to a solid only in the places where the laser was focused while the remaining gel is then washed away. Feature sizes of under 100nm are easily produced, as well as complex structures with moving and interlocked parts.[64]

Potential uses for nanorobotics in medicine include early diagnosis and targeted drug-delivery for cancer,[65][66][67] biomedical instrumentation,[68] surgery,[69][70] pharmacokinetics,[10] monitoring of diabetes,[71][72][73] and health care.

In such plans, future medical nanotechnology is expected to employ nanorobots injected into the patient to perform work at a cellular level. Such nanorobots intended for use in medicine should be non-replicating, as replication would needlessly increase device complexity, reduce reliability, and interfere with the medical mission.

Nanotechnology provides a wide range of new technologies for developing customized means to optimize the delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. Today, harmful side effects of treatments such as chemotherapy are commonly a result of drug delivery methods that don't pinpoint their intended target cells accurately.[74] Researchers at Harvard and MIT, however, have been able to attach special RNA strands, measuring nearly 10nm in diameter, to nanoparticles, filling them with a chemotherapy drug. These RNA strands are attracted to cancer cells. When the nanoparticle encounters a cancer cell, it adheres to it, and releases the drug into the cancer cell.[75] This directed method of drug delivery has great potential for treating cancer patients while avoiding negative effects (commonly associated with improper drug delivery).[74][76] The first demonstration of nanomotors operating in living organisms was carried out in 2014 at University of California, San Diego.[77] MRI-guided nanocapsules are one potential precursor to nanorobots.[78]

Another useful application of nanorobots is assisting in the repair of tissue cells alongside white blood cells.[79] Recruiting inflammatory cells or white blood cells (which include neutrophil granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and mast cells) to the affected area is the first response of tissues to injury.[80] Because of their small size, nanorobots could attach themselves to the surface of recruited white cells, to squeeze their way out through the walls of blood vessels and arrive at the injury site, where they can assist in the tissue repair process. Certain substances could possibly be used to accelerate the recovery.

The science behind this mechanism is quite complex. Passage of cells across the blood endothelium, a process known as transmigration, is a mechanism involving engagement of cell surface receptors to adhesion molecules, active force exertion and dilation of the vessel walls and physical deformation of the migrating cells. By attaching themselves to migrating inflammatory cells, the robots can in effect hitch a ride across the blood vessels, bypassing the need for a complex transmigration mechanism of their own.[79]

As of 2016[update], in the United States, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates nanotechnology on the basis of size.[81]

Soutik Betal, during his doctoral research at the University of Texas, San Antonio developed nanocomposite particles that are controlled remotely by an electromagnetic field.[82] This series of nanorobots that are now enlisted in the Guinness World Records,[82] can be used to interact with the biological cells.[83] Scientists suggest that this technology can be used for the treatment of cancer.[84]

The Nanites are characters on the TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000. They're self-replicating, bio-engineered organisms that work on the ship and reside in the SOL's computer systems. They made their first appearance in season 8.

Nanites are used in a number of episodes in the Netflix series "Travelers". They are programmed and injected into injured people to perform repairs.

Nanites also feature in the Rise of Iron 2016 expansion for Destiny in which SIVA, a self-replicating nanotechnology is used as a weapon.

Nanites (referred to more often as Nanomachines) are often referenced in Konami's "Metal Gear" series being used to enhance and regulate abilities and body functions

Borg Nanoprobes perform the function of maintaining the Borg cybernetic systems, as well as repairing damage to the organic parts of a Borg. They generate new technology inside a Borg when needed, as well as protecting them from many forms of disease.

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Nanorobotics - Wikipedia

Session on:Nanomaterials

Nanomaterialsarechemical substances ormaterialsthatare manufactured and used at a very small scale ranging between 1 and 100 (nm).Materials with structure at thenanoscaleoftenhave unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.Nanomaterialsaredeveloped to exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same materialwithout nanoscale features, such as increased strength, chemical reactivity orconductivity.

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Related Conferences:InternationalResearchSummit onBiomaterialsandNanotechnologyJuly16-17, 2018 Atlanta Georgia, USA | InternationalConference onNanomaterialsandNanotechnologyOctober29-30, 2018, London, UK | 26th InternationalConference onAdvanced NanotechnologyOctober 4-5, 2018 Moscow, Russia | The 5thInternationalConference onNano ScienceandNanotechnologyDecember13-14, 2018 Colombo, Sri Lanka | InternationalConference onNanomedicineandNanotechnologyAugust20-21, 2018 Rome, Italy | InternationalConference onApplied NanotechnologyandNano ScienceOctober22-24, 2018 Berlin, Germany | InternationalConference onNano Science& Technology September 24-25, 2018 Dubai, UAE

Related Associations:Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation(NIA);European Society for PrecisionEngineering and Nanotechnology(EUSPEN);Royal Society - Nanotechnologyand Nanoscience;NanoBusinessAlliance;IEEENanotechnology Council;Canadian NanoBusiness Alliance(CNBA);American Academy of Nanomedicine(AANM);International Association ofNanotechnology(IANT);Nanotechnology and Nanoscience StudentAssociation(NANSA);Czech Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation;NanoScience and Technology Consortium(NSTC);Nano Technology ResearchAssociation;BritishSociety for Nanomedicine;European Nanoscience andNanotechnology Association(ENNA);German Association ofNanotechnology(DVNano)

Session on:Nanoelectronics

Nanoelectronicsisdefined as the use ofnanotechnologyinelectronicdevicesthat designs electronic components at a very small atomic or interatomic sizesuch as nanotubes, nanowires, nanochips etc.

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Related Conferences:International ResearchSummit on BiomaterialsandNanotechnologyJuly16-17, 2018 Atlanta Georgia, USA | InternationalConference onNanomaterialsandNanotechnologyOctober29-30, 2018, London, UK | 26th InternationalConference onAdvanced NanotechnologyOctober 4-5, 2018 Moscow, Russia | The 5thInternationalConference onNano ScienceandNanotechnologyDecember13-14, 2018 Colombo, Sri Lanka | InternationalConference onNanomedicineandNanotechnologyAugust20-21, 2018 Rome, Italy | InternationalConference onApplied NanotechnologyandNano ScienceOctober22-24, 2018 Berlin, Germany | InternationalConference onNano Science& Technology September 24-25, 2018 Dubai, UAE

Related Associations:Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation(NIA);European Society for PrecisionEngineering and Nanotechnology(EUSPEN);Royal Society - Nanotechnologyand Nanoscience;NanoBusinessAlliance;IEEENanotechnology Council;Canadian NanoBusiness Alliance(CNBA);American Academy of Nanomedicine(AANM);International Association ofNanotechnology(IANT);Nanotechnology and NanoscienceStudent Association(NANSA);Czech Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation;NanoScience and Technology Consortium(NSTC);Nano Technology ResearchAssociation;BritishSociety for Nanomedicine;European Nanoscience andNanotechnology Association(ENNA);German Association ofNanotechnology(DVNano)

Session on:Nanophysics

Nanophysicsisan emergent technology wherenanoscienceisused in the field of physics to develop machines or physical instruments atthenanoscalelevel.Ex: grapheme, optoelectronics, surface physics, semiconductor physics.

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Session on:Nanoengineering

Nanoengineeringisthe practice ofengineeringstructures at thenanoscalelevel.It is an interdisciplinary science that builds biochemical structures at thenanoscale, smaller than bacterium. This is done by utilizing basic biochemicalprocesses at the atomic or molecular level.

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Session on:Nanomedicine

Nanomedicineisdefined as the designing or manufacturing of biological devices, drugs andother biological components at the scale of molecular nano size to monitor,repair, construction, and control of human biological system.Nanomedicineisthe medical application ofnanotechnologyincludinga wide range of applications of biosensors, tissue engineering, diagnostic devices,and many others.

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Session on:Nanobiotechnology

Nanobiotechnologyisan emerging field which is a combined stream of biotechnology andnanotechnology.It is a discipline in which tools fromnanotechnologyaredeveloped and applied to study biological phenomena. For example,nanoparticlescanserve as probes, sensors or vehicles for biomolecule delivery in cellularsystem, peptoid, nanosheets,cantileverarray sensors and theapplication of nanophotonicfor manipulating molecular processes in livingcells.

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Session on:Nanotoxicology

Nanotoxicologyisdefined as the branch of toxicology that deals with the study of the toxicityofnanomaterials.Nanotoxicological studies are intended to determine whether and to what extentthese properties may pose a threat to the environment and to human beings.Example: diesel soot, manufacturing and naturally occurring process.

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Related Conferences:International ResearchSummit on BiomaterialsandNanotechnologyJuly16-17, 2018 Atlanta Georgia, USA | InternationalConference onNanomaterialsandNanotechnologyOctober29-30, 2018, London, UK | 26th InternationalConference onAdvanced NanotechnologyOctober 4-5, 2018 Moscow, Russia | The 5thInternationalConference onNano ScienceandNanotechnologyDecember13-14, 2018 Colombo, Sri Lanka | InternationalConference onNanomedicineandNanotechnologyAugust20-21, 2018 Rome, Italy | InternationalConference onApplied NanotechnologyandNano ScienceOctober22-24, 2018 Berlin, Germany | InternationalConference onNano Science& Technology September 24-25, 2018 Dubai, UAE

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Session on:Nano Robotics

Nanoroboticsareengineered robots or small machines designed at nanometre scale (10-9metres).It is an advanced technology and thesenanorobotsareconstructed with the molecular components ranging from 0.1 to 10 micrometers.In other terms it can be also be described as nanomite, nanite, nanoid,nanobot, and nanomachine.

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Related Associations:Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation(NIA);European Society for PrecisionEngineering and Nanotechnology(EUSPEN);Royal Society - Nanotechnologyand Nanoscience;NanoBusinessAlliance;IEEENanotechnology Council;Canadian NanoBusiness Alliance(CNBA);American Academy of Nanomedicine(AANM);International Association ofNanotechnology(IANT);Nanotechnology and NanoscienceStudent Association(NANSA);Czech Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation;NanoScience and Technology Consortium(NSTC);Nano Technology ResearchAssociation;BritishSociety for Nanomedicine;European Nanoscience andNanotechnology Association(ENNA);German Association of Nanotechnology(DV Nano)

Session on:Nanochemistry

Nanochemistryisa new branch of chemistry associated with the combination of chemistryandnanoscience.It involves the synthesis of building blocks or assemblies of atoms or moleculesat (1-100 nm). Also, it involves the study of characterization of moleculesofnanoscalesizeand being used in chemical, materials and physical, science as well asengineering, biological and medical applications.

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Related Conferences:International ResearchSummit on BiomaterialsandNanotechnologyJuly16-17, 2018 Atlanta Georgia, USA | InternationalConference onNanomaterialsandNanotechnologyOctober29-30, 2018, London, UK | 26th InternationalConference onAdvanced NanotechnologyOctober 4-5, 2018 Moscow, Russia | The 5thInternationalConference onNano ScienceandNanotechnologyDecember13-14, 2018 Colombo, Sri Lanka | InternationalConference onNanomedicineandNanotechnologyAugust20-21, 2018 Rome, Italy | InternationalConference onApplied NanotechnologyandNano ScienceOctober22-24, 2018 Berlin, Germany | InternationalConference onNano Science& Technology September 24-25, 2018 Dubai, UAE

Related Associations:Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation(NIA);European Society for PrecisionEngineering and Nanotechnology(EUSPEN);Royal Society - Nanotechnologyand Nanoscience;NanoBusinessAlliance;IEEENanotechnology Council;Canadian NanoBusiness Alliance(CNBA);American Academy of Nanomedicine(AANM);International Association ofNanotechnology(IANT);Nanotechnology and Nanoscience StudentAssociation(NANSA);Czech Nanotechnology IndustriesAssociation;NanoScience and Technology Consortium(NSTC);Nano Technology ResearchAssociation;BritishSociety for Nanomedicine;European Nanoscience andNanotechnology Association(ENNA);German Association ofNanotechnology(DVNano)

Session on:GreenNanotechnology

Greennanotechnologycan be defined as how thenanotechnologycanenhance the environmental sustainability and benefit the environment. Itincludes making green nano-products, using less energy during the manufacturingprocess, eco-friendly materials, the ability to recycle products after use andusingnano-productsinsupport of sustainability.

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Session on:Food andNanotechnology

Nanotechonologyapplicationin food includes nanofood whennanoparticles,nanotechnologytechniquesor tools are used during cultivation, production, processing, or packaging ofthe food. It does not mean atomically modified food or food produced bynanomachines. Future applications of nanotechnologies could includenanostructured food products, nanoscale or nano-encapsulated food additives, orfood packaging with improved properties. There are, however, certain foodsincluding food additives that naturally contain nanoscale particles.

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Session on:Nanotechnologyriskand safety assessment

Materials at thenanoscale,can behave differentlycompared to their macroscale. While some of thisnovelnanopropertiesare potentially useful and pose safety in many applications and fields. Inother hands the emerging science ofnanotoxicologyalsosuggests that this novelty can introduce risks to human health and theenvironment.

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Session on:MolecularNanotechnology

Molecularnanotechnology(MNT) is defined as one of the most advanced formsofnanotechnologywhichis used for manufacturing the mechanical or functional machines at molecularscale or miniature level by means of mechanosynthesis guided bymolecularmachinesystems. MNT would involve the physical demonstration of theexisting principles of chemistry and biophysics and othernanotechnologies.

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Session on:PolymerNanoscience

Polymernanoscienceis the study and application ofnanosciencetopolymer-nanoparticlematricescalled Polymer nanocomposites(PNC) consist ofapolymerorcopolymerhavingnanoparticlesornanofillers dispersed in the polymer matrix. This varies with different shapes(e.g., platelets, fibres, spheroids), but at least one dimension must be in therange of 150nm. It requires controlled mixing/compounding andstabilization of the dispersion phase.

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Session on:Nanoscienceandeveryday life

Nanotechnologyisthe combination of science, technology and engineering conducted at thenanoscale,of 1 to 100 nanometers. Though it is a new science, it already has numerousapplications in everyday life, ranging from clothes to computer hard drives,consumer goods to medicine to improving the environment and plays an importantrole in the manufacture of numerous products that we use in our everyday life.

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Originally posted here:
Nanoscience | Nanoscience Conference | Nanotechnology ...

Nanomedicine is an application of nanotechnology which made its debut with greatly increased possibilities in the field of medicine. Nanomedicine desires to deliver research tools and clinically reformative devices in the near future.

Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery is a scholarly open access journal publishing articles amalgamating broad range of fields of novel nano-medicine field with life sciences. Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery is an international, peer-reviewed journal providing an opportunity to researchers and scientist to explore the advanced and latest research developments in the field of nanoscience & nanotechnology.

This is the best academic journal which focuses on the use nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics; pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nanomedicine, drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field, biotherapies used in diseases treatment including immune system-targeted therapies, hormonal therapies to the most advanced gene therapy and DNA repair enzyme inhibitor therapy. The journal also includes the nanoparticles, bioavailability, biodistribution of nanomedicines; delivery; imaging; diagnostics; improved therapeutics; innovative biomaterials; regenerative medicine; public health; toxicology; point of care monitoring; nutrition; nanomedical devices; prosthetics; biomimetics and bioinformatics.

The journal includes a wide range of fields in its discipline to create a platform for the authors to make their contribution towards the journal and the editorial office promises a peer review process for the submitted manuscripts for the quality of publishing. Biotherapeutics journals impact factors is mainly calculated based on the number of articles that undergo single blind peer review process by competent Editorial Board so as to ensure excellence, essence of the work and number of citations received for the same published articles.

The journal is using Editorial Manager System for quality peer review process. Editorial Manager is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by editor approval is required for acceptance of any citable manuscript. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system, hopefully to publication. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions to the editor. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process.

Submit manuscript at http://editorialmanager.com/chemistryjournals/ or send as an e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at[emailprotected]

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Journal of Nanomedicine and Biotherapeutic Discovery- Open ...

Innovation info conferences (IIC) is an international conference organizer which has an attracting global participants intent on sharing, exchanging and exploring new avenues of pharmaceutical research, latest innovations and developments. Innovation Info Conferences aims to gather reputed plenary speakers, keynote speakers, invited speakers and fresh contributed featured speakers, young researchers, exhibiting companies and students.

Innovation Info Conferences is glad to announce the International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Development (IPSDD 2019) be held during Novemberin Hong Kong, China.

Innovation info conferences (IIC) intends to provide a valuable platform for scientific discussions as well as a stimulating meeting place encouraging a close partnership between delegates from academia and industry.

Developments, achievements and prospects in all fields of organometallic chemistry will be presented in plenary presentations by distinguished and by young scientists, keynote lectures, as oral communications and posters in various sections.

The aim of the IPSDD 2019 is to unravel the benefits and emerging applications through the presentations by top class researchers, chemical engineers and Industrial heads by discussing the latest developments and innovations in the fields of Chemical Engineering. We sincerely hope that IPSDD-2019 serves as an international platform for meeting researchers across the globe, widen professional boundaries and create new opportunities, including establishing new collaborations.

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Pharma Conferences|Pharmaceutical Conferences|IPSDD 2019 ...

Materials which have at least one dimension less than 100nm are classified as nanomaterials. These materials can be may shapes and sizes like spheres, rods, wires, cubes, plates, stars, cages, pyramids among some funny named shapes like nanohedgehogs, nanocandles and nanocakes! See the paperMorphology-Controlled Growth of ZnO Nanostructures Using Microwave Irradiation: from Basic to Complex Structuresfor some really inventive names for various shaped nanomaterials!

Aside scientists are pretty terrible at naming things, for example,the creative names given to optical telescopes the Extremely Large Telescope,Large Binocular Telescope,Overwhelmingly Large Telescope,Very Large Optical Telescope.

These nanoparticle shapes come in different sizes and different materials too. Broadly we can categorize nanomaterials into two groups organic or inorganic (but it is possible to have a hybrid inorganic-organic nanoparticle too). Organic nanoparticles arent nanoparticles from your local farmers market they are nanoparticles which contain carbon (and often hydrogen too which forms hydrocarbons) whereas most inorganic nanoparticles dont contain carbon atoms. Organic nanomaterials include carbon (except fullerenes) , polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers. Inorganic nanoparticles include metallic/plasmonic, magnetic, upconversion, semiconductor and silica based nanoparticles.

The main groups of organic nanocarriers are liposomes, micelles, protein/peptide based and dendrimers. Protein/peptide based nanocarriers are amorphous (non-crystalline) materials generally conjugated to the therapeutic agent and is often further functionalised with other molecules. Micelles and liposomes are formed by amphiphilic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts), micelles form monolayers whereas liposomes form bilayers. Lastly, dendrimer nanocarriers are tree-like structures which have a starting atom core (eg. nitrogen) and other elements are added through a series of chemical reactions resulting in a spherical branching structure. This final structure is not unlike blood hemoglobin and albumin macromolecules.

These vesicular nanocarriers can be used to trap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and even small nanoparticles inside the aqueous/lipid core. This provides protection for drugs and facilitates significant drug loading minimising toxicity and increasing blood circulation time (increasing possibility that the drug will reach the therapeutic target from avoiding opsonisation).

inorganic nanomaterials are stable, robust, resistant, highly functional. and are quite easily cleared from the body. Furthermore, inorganic material exhibit truly exciting mechanical, optical, physical and electrical phenomena at the nanoscale which can be tailored through changes in material, phase, shape, size and surface characteristics. Oftentimes, it is necessary to add a biocompatible surface to inorganic nanoparticles to avoid toxicity, especially for heavy metals.

Semiconductor Nanomaterials

Quantum dots are the most well-known semiconductor nanoemitter. These are typically very small in size ~5nm, which is smaller or equal to the exciton Bohr radius giving quantum confinement. Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative elementary electric charge, electron holes is an empty position in an atom or lattice that an electron could occupy. An exciton is a bound statewhere an electron and electron hole are electrostatically attracted to each other through Coulombic forces.Anexciton bohr radiusis the separation distance between the hole and electron. Due to 3 dimensional confinement effects, quantised energy levels are produced in the filled low energy valence band and in the empty conduction band of the quantum dots which is very unlike bulk semiconductors. The energy gap between the conduction and valance band varies with the size of the quantum dot which explains the tunable emissions (colour) when excited. Additionally, alloyed quantum dots can be further tuned because the bandgap is approximately equal to the weighted average of the composite semiconductor material. Quantum dots excited in the near-infrared are expected to be revolutionary in biomedical imaging. There has been concerns about the stability and toxicity, as many quantum dots lose luminescence intensity when exposed to light/air/oxygen/water and they are generally composed of heavy metal materials.

Upconversion Nanomaterials

Upconversion nanomaterials consist of two parts, first the host dielectric lattice (e.g., NaYF4) with one or more guest trivalent lanthanide (atomic numbers 5771) ions (e.g., Er3+, Yb3+). Upconversion is an anti-stokes process, two or more lower energy photons are absorbed (either simultaneously or stepwise) via long-lived real electronic states of the lanthanide dopant and a higher energy photon is emitted. The lanthanide element has a specific electronic configuration with energy levels which is usually independent of the host material type, the nanoparticle shape and its size.

Electrons are arranged in shells around an atoms nucleus, where the closest electrons to the nucleus have the lowest energy. Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons (principal quantum number) the first shell (1) can hold 2 electrons, the second (2) 8 and the third (3) 18. Within these shells are subshells (defined by theazimuthal quantum number) and are labelled s,p,d or f which can hold 2,6,10 or 14 electrons respectively.

In the case of upconversion, the 5s and 5p shells are full whereas the 4f-4f shells are not. But, because 5s and 5p are full they shield the 4f-4f shells which allows sharp line-like luminescence, i.e. the luminescencepeak is not broad. This luminescence is also resistant to photobleaching, high photostability and are nonblinking, which of course is beneficial over fluorescent molecules which experience high levels of degradation. Through careful design, upconversion nanomaterials can display a variety of emission and excitation wavelengths from UV to NIR.

These upconversion nanoparticles can be incorporated with photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species which generally require activation by UV light. This therapy procedure is calledPhotodynamic therapyand can be used for treating a wide range of medical conditions including malignant cancers and acne. Upconverison nanomaterials also have applications in multimodal imaging through the use of specific dopants high atomic number dopants for computed tomography (CT) imaging, radioisotopes for single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging or positron emission tomography(PET) imaging.

MagneticNanomaterials

At the nanoscale, certain magnetic materials below a specific size exhibit a special form of magnetism called superparamagnetism. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles behave as single domain paramagnets when under an external magnetic field but once the field is removed there is no residual magnetisation. Typically, these materials areIron oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, these nanomaterials tend to be non-toxic and can be readily coated with molecules for further functionalization. These nanoparticles are commonly used as MRI contrast agentsinmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles can be used in nanotherapy either through magnetic-field-directed drug delivery or through magnetic hyperthermia which involves localized heating of diseased tissues and therefore, cell death.

Silica Nanoparticles

Silica is a highly biocompatible biomaterial which is often used in nanomedicine.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are silica nanoparticles which have been template-patterned to have pores throughout the particle. This is done through the use of surfactants likeCetrimonium bromide(CTAB), which is extracted after synthesis leaving holes where the CTAB once was. In these pores, water insoluble materials can be added, such as drugs for chemotherapy, dyes for imaging or even small nanoparticles. These pore sizes can be controlled to encapsulate various sizes of biomolecules. Silica is often used to coat nanoparticles to achieve biocompatibility and to simplify further functionalisation.

PlasmonicNanomaterials

Now, saving the best for last plasmonic nanoparticles.

Plasmonic nanoparticles consist of noble metals like gold, silver, copper and aluminium. At the nanoscale, these materials can supportLocalized surface plasmons, which is a collective oscillation of the free surface electrons at the interface between the nanomaterial and the surrounding dielectric medium when resonance occurs between the natural resonant frequency of the surface electrons and the frequency of the incident light photons. The LSPR can be tuned with the material, size and shape of the nanoparticle.

Plasmonic nanoparticles can scatter and absorb light, for example, for smaller nanoparticles absorption tends to dominate (more light is absorbed which is generally converted to heat energy) and for larger nanoparticles scattering tends to dominate (which is exploited in bioimaging). For this reason, smaller nanoparticles are often used in photothermal therapy. InPhotothermal therapy, plasmonic nanoparticles accumulate in diseased tissues then are irradiated with resonant light, the nanoparticles absorb this light energy and convert it to heat energy, resulting in localised heating of the damaged tissue. This localised heating causes cell death, thus this therapy can be used for cancerous tumors. This heating can be visualised using thermographical measurements or using a dark field microspectroscope, plasmon scattering can be used in medical imaging. Please giveBiomedical applications of plasmon resonant metal nanoparticles, Liao et. al.a read for additional information.

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What is Nanomedicine? The future of medicine.

Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 1000 nanometres (109 meter) but usually is 1 to 100nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).

Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.[2]

Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[3] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[4]

There are significant differences among agencies on the definition of a nanomaterial.[5]

In ISO/TS 80004, nanomaterial is defined as a "material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale", with nanoscale defined as the "length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm". This includes both nano-objects, which are discrete pieces of material, and nanostructured materials, which have internal or surface structure on the nanoscale; a nanomaterial may be a member of both these categories.[6]

On 18 October 2011, the European Commission adopted the following definition of a nanomaterial: "A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1nm 100nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1% to 50%."[7]

Engineered nanomaterials have been deliberately engineered and manufactured by humans to have certain required properties.[8]

Legacy nanomaterials are those that were in commercial production prior to the development of nanotechnology as incremental advancements over other colloidal or particulate materials.[9][10][11] They include carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.[12]

Nanomaterials may be incidentally produced as a byproduct of mechanical or industrial processes. Sources of incidental nanoparticles include vehicle engine exhausts, welding fumes, combustion processes from domestic solid fuel heating and cooking. For instance, the class of nanomaterials called fullerenes are generated by burning gas, biomass, and candle.[13] It can also be a byproduct of wear and corrosion products.[14] Incidental atmospheric nanoparticles are often referred to as ultrafine particles, which are unintentionally produced during an intentional operation, and could contribute to air pollution.[15][16]

Biological systems often feature natural, functional nanomaterials. The structure of foraminifera (mainly chalk) and viruses (protein, capsid), the wax crystals covering a lotus or nasturtium leaf, spider and spider-mite silk,[17] the blue hue of tarantulas,[18] the "spatulae" on the bottom of gecko feet, some butterfly wing scales, natural colloids (milk, blood), horny materials (skin, claws, beaks, feathers, horns, hair), paper, cotton, nacre, corals, and even our own bone matrix are all natural organic nanomaterials.

Natural inorganic nanomaterials occur through crystal growth in the diverse chemical conditions of the Earth's crust. For example, clays display complex nanostructures due to anisotropy of their underlying crystal structure, and volcanic activity can give rise to opals, which are an instance of a naturally occurring photonic crystals due to their nanoscale structure. Fires represent particularly complex reactions and can produce pigments, cement, fumed silica etc.

Natural sources of nanoparticles include combustion products forest fires, volcanic ash, ocean spray, and the radioactive decay of radon gas. Natural nanomaterials can also be formed through weathering processes of metal- or anion-containing rocks, as well as at acid mine drainage sites.[15]

"Lotus effect", hydrophobic effect with self-cleaning ability

Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on a glass wall (spatula: 200 10-15nm)

SEM micrograph of a butterfly wing scale (5000)

Brazilian Crystal Opal. The play of color is caused by the interference and diffraction of light between silica spheres (150 - 300nm in diameter).

Blue hue of a species of tarantula (450nm 20nm)

Nano-objects are often categorized as to how many of their dimensions fall in the nanoscale. A nanoparticle is defined a nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, whose longest and the shortest axes do not differ significantly. A nanofiber has two external dimensions in the nanoscale, with nanotubes being hollow nanofibers and nanorods being solid nanofibers. A nanoplate has one external dimension in the nanoscale, and if the two larger dimensions are significantly different it is called a nanoribbon. For nanofibers and nanoplates, the other dimensions may or may not be in the nanoscale, but must be significantly larger. A significant different in all cases is noted to be typically at least a factor of 3.[19]

Nanostructured materials are often categorized by what phases of matter they contain. A nanocomposite is a solid containing at least one physically or chemically distinct region, or collection of regions, having at least one dimension in the nanoscale.. A nanofoam has a liquid or solid matrix, filled with a gaseous phase, where either phase has dimensions on the nanoscale. A nanoporous material is a solid material containing nanopores, cavities with dimensions on the nanoscale. A nanocrystalline material has a significant fraction of crystal grains in the nanoscale.[20]

In other sources, nanoporous materials and nanofoam are sometimes considered nanostructures but not nanomaterials because only the voids and not the materials themselves are nanoscale.[21] Although the ISO definition only considers round nano-objects to be nanoparticles, other sources use the term nanoparticle for all shapes.[22]

Nanoparticles have all three dimensions on the nanoscale. Nanoparticles can also be embedded in a bulk solid to form a nanocomposite.[21]

The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon which conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. These include the carbon nanotubes (or silicon nanotubes) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties.[23]

The first fullerene molecule to be discovered, and the family's namesake, buckminsterfullerene (C60), was prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University. The name was a homage to Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles. Fullerenes have since been found to occur in nature.[24] More recently, fullerenes have been detected in outer space.[25]

For the past decade, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes have been a hot topic in the field of research and development, and are likely to continue to be for a long time. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use: binding specific antibiotics to the structure of resistant bacteria and even target certain types of cancer cells such as melanoma. The October 2005 issue of Chemistry and Biology contains an article describing the use of fullerenes as light-activated antimicrobial agents. In the field of nanotechnology, heat resistance and superconductivity are among theproperties attracting intense research.

A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large current between two nearby graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere. The resulting carbon plasma arc between the electrodes cools into sooty residue from which many fullerenes can be isolated.

There are many calculations that have been done using ab-initio Quantum Methods applied to fullerenes. By DFT and TDDFT methods one can obtain IR, Raman and UV spectra. Results of such calculations can be compared with experimental results.

Inorganic nanomaterials, (e.g. quantum dots, nanowires and nanorods) because of their interesting optical and electrical properties, could be used in optoelectronics.[26] Furthermore, the optical and electronic properties of nanomaterials which depend on their size and shape can be tuned via synthetic techniques. There are the possibilities to use those materials in organic material based optoelectronic devices such as Organic solar cells, OLEDs etc. The operating principles of such devices are governed by photoinduced processes like electron transfer and energy transfer. The performance of the devices depends on the efficiency of the photoinduced process responsible for their functioning. Therefore, better understanding of those photoinduced processes in organic/inorganic nanomaterial composite systems is necessary in order to use them in optoelectronic devices.

Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals, semiconductors, or oxides are of particular interest for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and other properties.[27][28] Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and as chemical catalysts such as nanomaterial-based catalysts. Recently, a range of nanoparticles are extensively investigated for biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensor.[29][30]

Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case. Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials.

Nanoparticles exhibit a number of special properties relative to bulk material. For example, the bending of bulk copper (wire, ribbon, etc.) occurs with movement of copper atoms/clusters at about the 50nm scale. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50nm are considered super hard materials that do not exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk copper. The change in properties is not always desirable. Ferroelectric materials smaller than 10nm can switch their polarization direction using room temperature thermal energy, thus making them useless for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible because the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome differences in density, which usually result in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. Nanoparticles often have unexpected visual properties because they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example, gold nanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution.

The often very high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion, especially at elevated temperatures. Sintering is possible at lower temperatures and over shorter durations than for larger particles. This theoretically does not affect the density of the final product, though flow difficulties and the tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate do complicate matters. The surface effects of nanoparticles also reduces the incipient melting temperature.

The smallest possible crystalline wires with cross-section as small as a single atom can be engineered in cylindrical confinement.[31][32][33] Carbon nanotubes, a natural semi-1D nanostructure, can be used as a template for synthesis. Confinement provides mechanical stabilization and prevents linear atomic chains from disintegration; other structures of 1D nanowires are predicted to be mechanically stable even upon isolation from the templates.[34][35]

2D materials are crystalline materials consisting of a two-dimensional single layer of atoms. The most important representative graphene was discovered in 2004.Thin films with nanoscale thicknesses are considered nanostructures, but are sometimes not considered nanomaterials because they do not exist separately from the substrate.[21]

Some bulk materials contain features on the nanoscale, including nanocomposites, nanocrystalline materials, nanostructured films, and nanotextured surfaces.[21]

Box-shaped graphene (BSG) nanostructure is an example of 3D nanomaterial.[36] BSG nanostructure has appeared after mechanical cleavage of pyrolytic graphite. This nanostructure is a multilayer system of parallel hollow nanochannels located along the surface and having quadrangular cross-section. The thickness of the channel walls is approximately equal to 1nm. The typical width of channel facets makes about 25nm.

Nano materials are used in a variety of, manufacturing processes, products and healthcare including paints, filters, insulation and lubricant additives. In healthcare Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics.[37] They are an emerging type of artificial enzyme, which have been used for wide applications in such as biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis,[38] antibiofouling and more. In paints nanomaterials are used to improve UV protection and improve ease of cleaning.[39] High quality filters may be produced using nanostructures, these filters are capable of removing particulate as small as a virus as seen in a water filter created by Seldon Technologies. In the air purification field, nano technology was used to combat the spread of MERS in Saudi Arabian hospitals in 2012.[40] Nanomaterials are being used in modern and human-safe insulation technologies, in the past they were found in Asbestos-based insulation.[41] As a lubricant additive, nano materials have the ability to reduce friction in moving parts. Worn and corroded parts can also be repaired with self-assembling anisotropic nanoparticles called TriboTEX.[40]Nanomaterials can also be used in three-way-catalyst (TWC) applications. TWC converters have the advantage of controlling the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are precursors to acid rain and smog[42]. In core-shell structure, nanomaterials form shell as the catalyst support to protect the noble metals such as palladium and rhodium[43]. The primary function is that the supports can be used for carrying catalysts active components, making them highly dispersed, reducing the use of noble metals, enhancing catalysts activity, and improving the mechanical strength.

The goal of any synthetic method for nanomaterials is to yield a material that exhibits properties that are a result of their characteristic length scale being in the nanometer range (1 100nm). Accordingly, the synthetic method should exhibit control of size in this range so that one property or another can be attained. Often the methods are divided into two main types, "bottom up" and "top down."

Bottom up methods involve the assembly of atoms or molecules into nanostructured arrays. In these methods the raw material sources can be in the form of gases, liquids or solids. The latter require some sort of disassembly prior to their incorporation onto a nanostructure. Bottom up methods generally fall into two categories: chaotic and controlled.

Chaotic processes involve elevating the constituent atoms or molecules to a chaotic state and then suddenly changing the conditions so as to make that state unstable. Through the clever manipulation of any number of parameters, products form largely as a result of the insuring kinetics. The collapse from the chaotic state can be difficult or impossible to control and so ensemble statistics often govern the resulting size distribution and average size. Accordingly, nanoparticle formation is controlled through manipulation of the end state of the products. Examples of chaotic processes are laser ablation, exploding wire, arc, flame pyrolysis, combustion, and precipitation synthesis techniques.

Controlled processes involve the controlled delivery of the constituent atoms or molecules to the site(s) of nanoparticle formation such that the nanoparticle can grow to a prescribed sizes in a controlled manner. Generally the state of the constituent atoms or molecules are never far from that needed for nanoparticle formation. Accordingly, nanoparticle formation is controlled through the control of the state of the reactants. Examples of controlled processes are self-limiting growth solution, self-limited chemical vapor deposition, shaped pulse femtosecond laser techniques, and molecular beam epitaxy.

Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.

In addition to optical and electronic properties, the novel mechanical properties of many nanomaterials is the subject of nanomechanics research. When added to a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the mechanical properties of the material, such as the stiffness or elasticity. For example, traditional polymers can be reinforced by nanoparticles (such as carbon nanotubes) resulting in novel materials which can be used as lightweight replacements for metals. Such composite materials may enable a weight reduction accompanied by an increase in stability and improved functionality.[44]

Finally, nanostructured materials with small particle size such as zeolites, and asbestos, are used as catalysts in a wide range of critical industrial chemical reactions. The further development of such catalysts can form the basis of more efficient, environmentally friendly chemical processes.

The first observations and size measurements of nano-particles were made during the first decade of the 20th century. Zsigmondy made detailed studies of gold sols and other nanomaterials with sizes down to 10nm and less. He published a book in 1914.[45] He used an ultramicroscope that employs a dark field method for seeing particles with sizes much less than light wavelength.

There are traditional techniques developed during the 20th century in interface and colloid science for characterizing nanomaterials. These are widely used for first generation passive nanomaterials specified in the next section.

These methods include several different techniques for characterizing particle size distribution. This characterization is imperative because many materials that are expected to be nano-sized are actually aggregated in solutions. Some of methods are based on light scattering. Others apply ultrasound, such as ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy for testing concentrated nano-dispersions and microemulsions.[46]

There is also a group of traditional techniques for characterizing surface charge or zeta potential of nano-particles in solutions. This information is required for proper system stabilzation, preventing its aggregation or flocculation. These methods include microelectrophoresis, electrophoretic light scattering and electroacoustics. The last one, for instance colloid vibration current method is suitable for characterizing concentrated systems.

The chemical processing and synthesis of high performance technological components for the private, industrial and military sectors requires the use of high purity ceramics, polymers, glass-ceramics and material composites. In condensed bodies formed from fine powders, the irregular sizes and shapes of nanoparticles in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact.

Uncontrolled agglomeration of powders due to attractive van der Waals forces can also give rise to in microstructural inhomogeneities. Differential stresses that develop as a result of non-uniform drying shrinkage are directly related to the rate at which the solvent can be removed, and thus highly dependent upon the distribution of porosity. Such stresses have been associated with a plastic-to-brittle transition in consolidated bodies, and can yield to crack propagation in the unfired body if not relieved.[47][48][49]

In addition, any fluctuations in packing density in the compact as it is prepared for the kiln are often amplified during the sintering process, yielding inhomogeneous densification. Some pores and other structural defects associated with density variations have been shown to play a detrimental role in the sintering process by growing and thus limiting end-point densities. Differential stresses arising from inhomogeneous densification have also been shown to result in the propagation of internal cracks, thus becoming the strength-controlling flaws.[50][51]

It would therefore appear desirable to process a material in such a way that it is physically uniform with regard to the distribution of components and porosity, rather than using particle size distributions which will maximize the green density. The containment of a uniformly dispersed assembly of strongly interacting particles in suspension requires total control over particle-particle interactions. It should be noted here that a number of dispersants such as ammonium citrate (aqueous) and imidazoline or oleyl alcohol (nonaqueous) are promising solutions as possible additives for enhanced dispersion and deagglomeration. Monodisperse nanoparticles and colloids provide this potential.[52]

Monodisperse powders of colloidal silica, for example, may therefore be stabilized sufficiently to ensure a high degree of order in the colloidal crystal or polycrystalline colloidal solid which results from aggregation. The degree of order appears to be limited by the time and space allowed for longer-range correlations to be established. Such defective polycrystalline colloidal structures would appear to be the basic elements of sub-micrometer colloidal materials science, and, therefore, provide the first step in developing a more rigorous understanding of the mechanisms involved in microstructural evolution in high performance materials and components.[53][54]

The quantitative analysis of nanomaterials showed that nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanocrystalline materials, nanocomposites, and graphene have been mentioned in 400000, 181000, 144000, 140000, and 119000 ISI-indexed articles, respectively, by Sep 2018. As far as patents are concerned, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanocomposites, graphene, and nanowires have been played a role in 45600, 32100, 12700, 12500, and 11800 patents, respectively. Monitoring approximately 7000 commercial nano-based products available on global markets revealed that the properties of around 2330 products have been enabled or enhanced aided by nanoparticles. Liposomes, nanofibers, nanocolloids, and aerogels were also of the most common nanomaterials in consumer products.[55]

The European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON) has produced a database (NanoData) that provides information on specific patents, products, and research publications on nanomaterials.

The World Health Organization (WHO) published a guideline on protecting workers from potential risk of manufactured nanomaterials at the end of 2017.[56] WHO used a precautionary approach as one of its guiding principles. This means that exposure has to be reduced, despite uncertainty about the adverse health effects, when there are reasonable indications to do so. This is highlighted by recent scientific studies that demonstrate a capability of nanoparticles to cross cell barriers and interact with cellular structures.[57][58] In addition, the hierarchy of controls was an important guiding principle. This means that when there is a choice between control measures, those measures that are closer to the root of the problem should always be preferred over measures that put a greater burden on workers, such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). WHO commissioned systematic reviews for all important issues to assess the current state of the science and to inform the recommendations according to the process set out in the WHO Handbook for guideline development. The recommendations were rated as "strong" or "conditional" depending on the quality of the scientific evidence, values and preferences, and costs related to the recommendation.

The WHO guidelines contain the following recommendations for safe handling of MNMs:[citation needed]

A. Assess health hazards of MNMs

B. Assess exposure to MNMs

C. Control exposure to MNMs

For health surveillance WHO could not make a recommendation for targeted MNM-specific health surveillance programmes over existing health surveillance programmes that are already in use owing to the lack of evidence. WHO considers training of workers and worker involvement in health and safety issues to be best practice but could not recommend one form of training of workers over another, or one form of worker involvement over another, owing to the lack of studies available. It is expected that there will be considerable progress in validated measurement methods and risk assessment and WHO expects to update these guidelines in five years time, in 2022.

Because nanotechnology is a recent development, the health and safety effects of exposures to nanomaterials, and what levels of exposure may be acceptable, are subjects of ongoing research.[8] Of the possible hazards, inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern. Animal studies indicate that carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers can cause pulmonary effects including inflammation, granulomas, and pulmonary fibrosis, which were of similar or greater potency when compared with other known fibrogenic materials such as silica, asbestos, and ultrafine carbon black. Although the extent to which animal data may predict clinically significant lung effects in workers is not known, the toxicity seen in the short-term animal studies indicate a need for protective action for workers exposed to these nanomaterials, although no reports of actual adverse health effects in workers using or producing these nanomaterials were known as of 2013.[59] Additional concerns include skin contact and ingestion exposure,[59][60][61] and dust explosion hazards.[62][63]

Elimination and substitution are the most desirable approaches to hazard control. While the nanomaterials themselves often cannot be eliminated or substituted with conventional materials,[8] it may be possible to choose properties of the nanoparticle such as size, shape, functionalization, surface charge, solubility, agglomeration, and aggregation state to improve their toxicological properties while retaining the desired functionality.[64] Handling procedures can also be improved, for example, using a nanomaterial slurry or suspension in a liquid solvent instead of a dry powder will reduce dust exposure.[8] Engineering controls are physical changes to the workplace that isolate workers from hazards, mainly ventilation systems such as fume hoods, gloveboxes, biosafety cabinets, and vented balance enclosures.[65] Administrative controls are changes to workers' behavior to mitigate a hazard, including training on best practices for safe handling, storage, and disposal of nanomaterials, proper awareness of hazards through labeling and warning signage, and encouraging a general safety culture. Personal protective equipment must be worn on the worker's body and is the least desirable option for controlling hazards.[8] Personal protective equipment normally used for typical chemicals are also appropriate for nanomaterials, including long pants, long-sleeve shirts, and closed-toed shoes, and the use of safety gloves, goggles, and impervious laboratory coats.[65] In some circumstances respirators may be used.[64]

Exposure assessment is a set of methods used to monitor contaminant release and exposures to workers. These methods include personal sampling, where samplers are located in the personal breathing zone of the worker, often attached to a shirt collar to be as close to the nose and mouth as possible; and area/background sampling, where they are placed at static locations. The assessment should use both particle counters, which monitor the real-time quantity of nanomaterials and other background particles; and filter-based samples, which can be used to identify the nanomaterial, usually using electron microscopy and elemental analysis.[64][66] As of 2016, quantitative occupational exposure limits have not been determined for most nanomaterials. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has determined non-regulatory recommended exposure limits for carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers,[59] and ultrafine titanium dioxide.[67] Agencies and organizations from other countries, including the British Standards Institute[68] and the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Germany,[69] have established OELs for some nanomaterials, and some companies have supplied OELs for their products.[8]

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Nanotechnology today is growing very rapidly and has infinite applications in almost everything we do. The medicine we take, food we eat, chemicals we use, car we drive and much much more.mknano offers large variety of nano products in various forms as mentioned below. We offer many nano powders at very affordable prices.

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Quantum Dots Cadmium Mercury Telluride (CdHgTe), Cadmium Selenide (CdSe), Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS), Cadmium Sulfide (CdS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Cadmium Telluride/Cadmium Sulfide (CdTe/CdS), Lead Selenide (PbSe), Lead Sulfide (PbS)

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It's rare for researchers to discover a new class of drugs, but a University of Calgary microbiology professor recently did so -- by accident and now hopes to revolutionize autoimmune disease treatment.

In 2004, Dr. Pere Santamaria and his research lab team at the Cumming School of Medicine conducted an experiment to image a mouse pancreas, using nanoparticles coated in pancreatic proteins.

The work didnt go as planned.

Our experiment was a complete failure, he recently told CTV Calgary. We were actually quite depressed, frustrated about the outcome of that.

But the team was surprised to discover the nanoparticles had a major effect on the mice: resetting their immune systems.

The team realized that, by using nanoparticles, they can deliver disease-specific proteins to white blood cells, which will then go on to reprogram the cells to actively suppress the disease.

Whats more, the nanoparticles stop the disease without compromising the immune system, as current treatments often do.

Santamarias team believes nanomedicine drugs can be modified to treat all kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Convinced that nanomedicine has the potential to disrupt the pharmaceutical industry, Santamaria founded a company to explore the possibilities, called Parvus Therapeutics Inc.

This past spring, Novartis, one of the worlds largest pharmaceutical companies, entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Parvus to fund the process of developing nanomedicine.

Under the terms of the agreement, Parvus will receive research funding to support its clinical activities, while Novartis receives worldwide rights to use Parvus technology to develop and commercialize products for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Its a good partnership, Santamaria said in a University of Calgary announcement. Bringing a drug to market requires science as well as money.

Santamaria cant say how long it might be before nanomedicine can be used to create human therapies, but he says everyone involved is working aggressively to make it happen.

With a report from CTV Calgarys Kevin Fleming

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'Nanomedicine': Potentially revolutionary class of drugs are made-in-Canada - CTV News

June 30, 2017 Size switchable nano-theranostics constructed with decomposable inorganic nanomaterials for acidic TME targeted cancer therapy. (a) A scheme showing the preparation of HSA-MnO2-Ce6&Pt (HMCP) nanoparticles, and (b) their tumor microenvironment responsive dissociation to enable efficient intra-tumoral penetration of therapeutic albumin complexes. (c) A scheme showing the preparation of Ce6(Mn)@CaCO3-PEG, and (d) its acidic TME responsive dissociation for enhanced MR imaging and synergistic cancer therapy. Credit: Science China Press

Cancer is one of leading causes of human mortality around the world. The current mainstream cancer treatment modalities (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) only show limited treatment outcomes, partly owing to the complexities and heterogeneity of tumor biology. In recent decades, with the rapid advance of nanotechnology, nanomedicine has attracted increasing attention as promising for personalized medicine to enable more efficient and reliable cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Unlike normal cells energized via oxidative phosphorylation, tumor cells utilize the energy produced from oxygen-independent glycolysis for survival by adapting to insufficient tumor oxygen supply resulting from the heterogeneously distributed tumor vasculatures (also known as the Warburg effect). Via such oncogenic metabolism, tumor cells would produce a large amount of lactate along with excess protons and carbon dioxide, which collectively contribute to enhanced acidification of the extracellular TME with pH, often in the range of 6.5 to 6.8, leading to increased tumor metastasis and treatment resistance.

With rapid advances in nanotechnology, several catalogs of nanomaterials have been widely explored for the design of cancer-targeted nano-theranostics. In a new overview published in the Beijing-based National Science Review, co-authors Liangzhu Feng, Ziliang Dong, Danlei Tao, Yicheng Zhang and Zhuang Liu at the Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University in Suzhou, China present new developments in the design of novel multifunctional nano-theranostics for precision cancer nanomedicine by targeting the acidic TME and outline the potential development directions of future acidic tumor microenvironment-responsive nano-theranostics.

"Various types of pH-responsive nanoprobes have been developed to enable great signal amplification under slightly reduced pH within solid tumors. By taking the acidic TME as the target, smart imaging nanoprobes with excellent pH-responsive signal amplification would be promising to enable more sensitive and accurate tumor diagnosis," they state in the published study.

"As far as nano-therapeutics are concerned, it has been found that the acidic TME responsive surface charge reverse, PEG corona detachment and size shrinkage (or decomposition) of nanoparticles would facilitate the efficient tumor accumulation, intra-tumoral diffusion and tumor cellular uptake of therapeutics, leading to significantly improved cancer treatment. Therefore, the rational development of novel cancer-targeted nano-theranostics with sequential patterns of size switch from large to small, and surface charge reverse from neutral or slightly negative to positive within the tumor, would be more preferred for efficient tumor-targeted drug delivery."

The scientists also write, "For the translation of those interesting smart pH-responsive nano-therapeutics from bench to bedside, the formulation of those nanoscale systems should be relatively simple, reliable and with great biocompatibility, since many of those currently developed nano-theranostics were may be too complicated for clinical translation."

Explore further: Treatment with Alk5 inhibitor improves tumor uptake of imaging agents

More information: Liangzhu Feng et al, The acidic tumor microenvironment: a target for smart cancer nano-theranostics, National Science Review (2017). DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx062

A form of genetic variation, called differential RNA splicing, may have a role in tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance in African American men with prostate cancer. Researchers at the George Washington University (GW) ...

While mutations in protein-coding genes have held the limelight in cancer genomics, those in the noncoding genome (home to the regulatory elements that control gene activity) may also have powerful roles in driving tumor ...

A molecular test can pinpoint which patients will have a very low risk of death from breast cancer even 20 years after diagnosis and tumor removal, according to a new clinical study led by UC San Francisco in collaboration ...

Scientists have had limited success at identifying specific inherited genes associated with prostate cancer, despite the fact that it is one of the most common non-skin cancers among men. Researchers at University of Utah ...

Cancerous tumors are formidable enemies, recruiting blood vessels to aid their voracious growth, damaging nearby tissues, and deploying numerous strategies to evade the body's defense systems. But even more malicious are ...

Leukemia researchers led by Dr. John Dick have traced the origins of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to rare therapy-resistant leukemia stem cells that are already present at diagnosis and before chemotherapy begins.

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There has been a growing interest in the different applications of nanomaterials in the field of medicine. An article published in Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine showed the ways in which Laponite, a synthetic clay made of nanomaterials, can be of use in clinical practice.

Current advances in technology have provided many opportunities to develop new devices that improve the practice of medicine. There has been a growing interest in the different applications of nanomaterials in the field of medicine.

An article published in Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine reviewed Laponite, a non-toxic synthetic clay composed of nanomaterials which has different uses in the field of medicine. Laponite can be used in drug delivery systems, as the synthetic clay protects substances from degradation in physiologic environments. Different experiments show that Laponite is effective not only in protecting drugs from degradation, but also in transporting and releasing drugs into the body. The degradation of Laponite in the physiologic environment also releases products which have biological roles, especially in bone formation.

Laponite has been shown to induce osteogenic differentiation of cells in the absence of other factors which are known to promote differentiation and cell growth. The application of nanomaterials in bioimaging has also been studied. In one experiment, Laponite was incorporated with gadolinum, a dye used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resulting in brighter images and prolonged contrast enhancement for 1 hour post-injection. Laponite has also proven to be of use in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This synthetic clay can elicit specific biologic responses, act as a carrier for biochemical factors, and improve the mechanical properties of scaffolds used for tissue growth.

In summary, nanomaterials and synthetic clays such as Laponite have many applications in the field of medicine. Although current published literature state no toxic effects on the human body, further studies are needed to assess safety before it can be applied to clinical practice.

Written By:Karla Sevilla

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Application of Nanomaterials in the Field of Medicine - Medical News Bulletin