Hackers Just Took Down One of the World’s Most Advanced Telescopes

ALMA is one of the largest and most advanced radio telescopes in the world. And for reasons still unknown to the public, hackers decided to take it down.

Observatory Offline

The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Observatory in Chile has been hit with a cyberattack that has taken its website offline and forced it to suspend all observations, authorities there said.

Even email services were limited in the aftermath, illustrating the broad impact of the hack.

Nested high up on a plateau in the Chilean Andes at over 16,000 feet above sea level, ALMA is one of the most powerful and advanced radio telescopes in the world. Notably, ALMA helped take the first image of a black hole in 2019, in a collaborative effort that linked radio observatories worldwide into forming the Event Horizon Telescope.

Thankfully, ALMA's impressive arsenal of 66 high-precision antennas, each nearly 40 feet in diameter, was not compromised, the observatory said, nor was any of the scientific data those instruments collected.

In High Places

What makes ALMA so invaluable is its specialty in observing the light of the cooler substances of the cosmos, namely gas and dust. That makes ALMA a prime candidate for documenting the fascinating formations of planets and stars when they first emerge amidst clouds of gas.

Since going fully operational in 2013, it's become the largest ground-based astronomical project in the world, according to the European Southern Observatory, ALMA's primary operators.

So ALMA going offline is a distressing development, especially to the thousands of astronomers worldwide that rely on its observations and the some 300 experts working onsite. Getting it up and running is obviously a top priority, but the observatory said in a followup tweet that "it is not yet possible to estimate a date for a return to regular activities."

As of now, there's no information available on who the hackers were, or exactly how they conducted the attack. Their motivations, too, remain a mystery.

More on ALMA: Astronomers Think They Found the Youngest Planet in the Galaxy

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Hackers Just Took Down One of the World's Most Advanced Telescopes

Jeff Bezos’ Housekeeper Says She Had to Climb Out the Window to Use the Bathroom

Jeff Bezos' ex- housekeeper is suing him for discrimination that led to her allegedly having to literally sneak out out of his house to use the bathroom.

Jeff Bezos' former housekeeper is suing the Amazon founder for workplace discrimination that she says forced her to literally climb out out the window of his house to use the bathroom.

In the suit, filed this week in a Washington state court, the former housekeeper claimed that she and Bezos' other household staff were not provided with legally-mandated eating or restroom breaks, and that because there was no "readily accessible bathroom" for them to use, they had to clamber out a laundry room window to get to one.

In the complaint, lawyers for the ex-housekeeper, who is described as having worked for wealthy families for nearly 20 years, wrote that household staff were initially allowed to use a small bathroom in the security room of Bezos' main house, but "this soon stopped... because it was decided that housekeepers using the bathroom was a breach of security protocol."

The suit also alleges that housekeepers in the billionaire's employ "frequently developed Urinary Tract Infections" that they believed was related to not being able to use the bathroom when they needed to at work.

"There was no breakroom for the housekeepers," the complaint adds. "Even though Plaintiff worked 10, 12, and sometimes 14 hours a day, there was no designated area for her to sit down and rest."

The housekeeper — who, like almost all of her coworkers, is Latino — was allegedly not aware that she was entitled to breaks for lunch or rest, and was only able to have a lunch break when Bezos or his family were not on the premises, the lawsuit alleges.

The Washington Post owner has denied his former housekeeper's claims of discrimination through an attorney.

"We have investigated the claims, and they lack merit," Harry Korrell, a Bezos attorney, told Insider of the suit. "[The former employee] made over six figures annually and was the lead housekeeper."

He added that the former housekeeper "was responsible for her own break and meal times, and there were several bathrooms and breakrooms available to her and other staff."

"The evidence will show that [the former housekeeper] was terminated for performance reasons," he continued. "She initially demanded over $9M, and when the company refused, she decided to file this suit."

As the suit was just filed and may well end in a settlement, it'll likely be a long time, if ever, before we find out what really happened at Bezos' house — but if we do, it'll be a fascinating peek behind the curtain at the home life of one of the world's most powerful and wealthy men.

More on billionaires: Tesla Morale Low As Workers Still Don't Have Desks, Face Increased Attendance Surveillance

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Jeff Bezos' Housekeeper Says She Had to Climb Out the Window to Use the Bathroom

That "Research" About How Smartphones Are Causing Deformed Human Bodies Is SEO Spam, You Idiots

That

You know that "research" going around saying humans are going to evolve to have hunchbacks and claws because of the way we use our smartphones? Though our posture could certainly use some work, you'll be glad to know that it's just lazy spam intended to juice search engine results.

Let's back up. Today the Daily Mail published a viral story about "how humans may look in the year 3000." Among its predictions: hunched backs, clawed hands, a second eyelid, a thicker skull and a smaller brain.

Sure, that's fascinating! The only problem? The Mail's only source is a post published a year ago by the renowned scientists at... uh... TollFreeForwarding.com, a site that sells, as its name suggests, virtual phone numbers.

If the idea that phone salespeople are purporting to be making predictions about human evolution didn't tip you off, this "research" doesn't seem very scientific at all. Instead, it more closely resembles what it actually is — a blog post written by some poor grunt, intended to get backlinks from sites like the Mail that'll juice TollFreeForwarding's position in search engine results.

To get those delicious backlinks, the top minds at TollFreeForwarding leveraged renders of a "future human" by a 3D model artist. The result of these efforts is "Mindy," a creepy-looking hunchback in black skinny jeans (which is how you can tell she's from a different era).

Grotesque model reveals what humans could look like in the year 3000 due to our reliance on technology

Full story: https://t.co/vQzyMZPNBv pic.twitter.com/vqBuYOBrcg

— Daily Mail Online (@MailOnline) November 3, 2022

"To fully realize the impact everyday tech has on us, we sourced scientific research and expert opinion on the subject," the TollFreeForwarding post reads, "before working with a 3D designer to create a future human whose body has physically changed due to consistent use of smartphones, laptops, and other tech."

Its sources, though, are dubious. Its authority on spinal development, for instance, is a "health and wellness expert" at a site that sells massage lotion. His highest academic achievement? A business degree.

We could go on and on about TollFreeForwarding's dismal sourcing — some of which looks suspiciously like even more SEO spam for entirely different clients — but you get the idea.

It's probably not surprising that the this gambit for clicks took off among dingbats on Twitter. What is somewhat disappointing is that it ended up on StudyFinds, a generally reliable blog about academic research. This time, though, for inscrutable reasons it treated this egregious SEO spam as a legitimate scientific study.

The site's readers, though, were quick to call it out, leading to a comically enormous editor's note appended to the story.

"Our content is intended to stir debate and conversation, and we always encourage our readers to discuss why or why not they agree with the findings," it reads in part. "If you heavily disagree with a report — please debunk to your delight in the comments below."

You heard them! Get debunking, people.

More conspiracy theories: If You Think Joe Rogan Is Credible, This Bizarre Clip of Him Yelling at a Scientist Will Probably Change Your Mind

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That "Research" About How Smartphones Are Causing Deformed Human Bodies Is SEO Spam, You Idiots

Mars may have been teeming with life until it underwent climate change …

Mars, our planetary neighbor with a similar geologic history, has long been a fascination of Earthlings. Part of that is its proximity to Earth meaning it's the most-visited planet (by robots, at least); and part of that is because of a number of hopeful yet faint signs that perhaps life once existed there. These hopeful signs run the gamut froma flower-shaped rock; tothe presence of tiny electrical storms;to the ever-present possibility that liquid water exists somewhere on the Martian surface or perhaps once did.

"It's possible that life appears regularly in the universe. But the inability of life to maintain habitable conditions on the surface of the planet makes it go extinct very fast. Our experiment takes it even a step farther as it shows that even a very primitive biosphere can have a completely self-destructive effect.""

Yet a new paper in the journal Nature Astronomy has an intriguing premise for the history of life on Mars. We know from geologic evidence that the red planet underwent a significant climate shift in its younger years, one which made it much more arid and less watery. The reason for this climactic shift is not well understood, and the aforementioned paper suggests thatclimate change, caused by gaseous emissions from life on Mars,may have also destroyed.

In a study by French and American researchers, scientists explained that life may have flourished in Martian regoliths (or loose dust and rock on top of a layer of bedrock) because it would have been suffused with salt water and protected from ultraviolet and cosmic radiation. Of course, this would have been roughly 3.7 billion to 4.1 billion years ago, and the life in question would have resembled Earth microbesrather than anything particularly intelligent or sophisticated. Yet these microbes could have flourished to a sufficient degree to consume hydrogen and carbon dioxide, both of which would have existed in troves on Mars at the time and to release methane.

We know this because, on Earth, microbes like that already exist in hydrothermal vents, and they too release methane using a process known as methanogenesis. Because they do so in the ocean, however, little methane gets released into that atmosphere, as it is absorbed somewhat by the ocean water. These hypothetical Martian microbes would not have had that luxury, and the subsequent release of methane may have altered the planet's atmosphere so much that it eventually became hostile to the microbes.

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"The predicted atmospheric composition shift caused by methanogenesis would have triggered a global cooling event, ending potential early warm conditions, compromising surface habitability and forcing the biosphere deep into the Earth crust," the authors write. They add that, for future explorers to test their hypothesis, they should target "lowland sites at low-to-medium altitudes," as these are the regions where life forms that behaved this way would most likely have left traces for humans to someday discover.

The life in question would have resembled Earth microbes rather than anything particularly intelligent or sophisticated.

Humans are well-acquainted with the idea of man-made climate change, for which there is scientific consensus that the emissions of industrial civilization, particularly of carbon dioxide, are slowly altering the temperature of the planet. Yet the idea of simple life, perhaps even single-celled life, altering a planet's atmosphere so much as to change its climate is not far-fetched. Indeed, at multiple points in Earth's history such a thing has transpired. Between 2 billion and 2.4 billion years ago, algae converted so much carbon dioxide into oxygen as to permanently alter the composition of Earth's atmosphere. The Great Oxygenation Event, as it is known, also led to the creation of the protective ozone layer around Earth, which shields land-dwelling life from harmful ultraviolet rays. Both of these events permanently changed the future evolutionary history of life on Earth, as well as the climate.

But while the Great Oxygenation Event rendered Earth more inhabitable for some life and less habitable for others (particularly anaerobic bacteria), the prospect ofMartian life rendering its own planet inhospitable has an eerie similarity to humanity's behavior today. Man-made climate change is expected to cause sea levels to rise, increase the number of pandemics, cause heat wavesand render large areas of the planet uninhabitable, lead to more wildfiresand in other ways destroy Earth life as we know it. The parallels between Earth's current predicament and the one that may have existed on Mars billions of years ago was not lost on the authors of the study.

"The ingredients of life are everywhere in the universe," astrobiologist Boris Sauterey from the Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Suprieure (IBENS) in Paris, France, who led the research, told Space.com. "So it's possible that life appears regularly in the universe. But the inability of life to maintain habitable conditions on the surface of the planet makes it go extinct very fast. Our experiment takes it even a step farther as it shows that even a very primitive biosphere can have a completely self-destructive effect."

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A hydrogen-rich first atmosphere for Mars inferred from clays on its surface – ASU News Now

October 18, 2022

According to new research, Mars may have been born a blue and water-covered world, long before the Earth had even finished forming. The discovery could open a window for scientists on an overlooked chapter in Martian history.

In a recent study published inEarth and Planetary Science Letters, a team of researchers, including several from Arizona State University, found that Marss earliest atmosphere was much denser than today, and primarily composed of molecular hydrogen, very different from the thin, carbon dioxide atmosphere it retains today. Image courtesy Planet Volumes Download Full Image

Even though it is the lightest molecule,hydrogen would have had big implications for Mars earliest climate. Molecular hydrogen, it turns out, is a powerful greenhouse gas.

Its a paradox that so many observations suggest liquid water on early Mars, even though water freezes on present-day Mars, and the ancient sun was 30% dimmer than today, saidSteve Desch, professor of astrophysics in ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration and one of the team scientists. Traditionally considered greenhouse gases like CO2would freeze on an early Mars. (Hydrogen)in the atmosphere is an unexpected way to stabilize liquid water.

According to the teams calculations, molecular hydrogen is a strong enough greenhouse gas to have allowed very early warm-to-hot water oceans to be stable on the Martian surface for many millions of years, until the hydrogen was gradually lost to space.

To determine the composition of the ancient atmosphere on Mars, team scientists developed the first evolutionary models that include high-temperature processes associated with Mars' formation in a molten state and the formation of the first oceans and atmosphere.These models showed that the main gases emerging from the molten rock would be a mix of molecular hydrogen and water vapor.

The results from the models revealed water vapor in the Martian atmosphere behaved like water vapor in our modern-day Earth's atmosphere: it condensed in the lower atmosphere as clouds, creating a drier upper atmosphere.Molecular hydrogen, by contrast, did not condense anywhere, and was the main constituent of the upper atmosphere of Mars. From there, this light molecule was lost to space.

"This key insight that water vapor condenses and is retained on early Mars whereas molecular hydrogen does not condense and can escape allows the model to be linked directly to measurements made by spacecraft, specifically, the Mars Science Laboratory roverCuriosity," said Kaveh Pahlevan, a research scientist at the SETI Institute and lead author of the study.

The new model has allowed new interpretations of deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) data from Mars samples analyzed in laboratories on Earth and by NASA rovers on Mars.

Hydrogen atoms in molecules can either be normal hydrogen (a nucleus with one proton) or "heavy" hydrogen, called deuterium (a nucleus with one proton and one neutron). The number of deuterium atoms in a sample divided by the number of normal hydrogen atoms is called the deuterium-to-hydrogen, or D/H ratio.

Meteorites from Mars are mostly igneous rocks, basically solidified lavas. They formed when the interior of Mars melted, and the magma ascended toward the surface. The water dissolved in these interior (mantle-derived) samples contain hydrogen with a D/H ratio similar to that of the Earth's oceans, indicating that the two planets started with very similar D/H ratios, and their water came from the same source in the early solar system.

In contrast, when the Mars Science Laboratory measured the isotopes of hydrogen in an ancient 3-billion-year-old clay on the Martian surface, it found a D/H ratio value about three timesthat of Earth's oceans.Therefore, the hydrosphere of Mars the surface water reservoir that reacted with rocks to form these clays must have had a high concentration of deuterium relative to hydrogen. The only plausible way to have this level of deuterium enrichment is to lose most of the hydrogen gas to space: normal hydrogen is lost, but deuterium, being slightly heavier, is not lost as quickly.

The research from this comprehensive model shows that if the Martian atmosphere were dense and hydrogen-rich at the time of its formation, then the surface waters would naturally be enriched in deuterium by a factor of two to three, relative to the interior, which is precisely what the Mars Science Laboratory observed.

This is the first model that naturally reproduces these observations, giving us some confidence that the evolutionary scenario we have described corresponds to the earliest events on Mars, Pahlevan said.

Hydrogen atmospheres may even be favorable for the origin of life. The Stanley-Miller experiments dating back to the middle of the 20thcentury have shown that prebiotic molecules implicated in the origin of life form readily in such hydrogen-rich, "reducing" atmospheres, but not so readily in hydrogen-poor, "oxidizing" atmospheres like those of modern-day Earth or Mars.

The team's research findings imply that early Mars was at least as promising a site for the origin of life as early Earth was, if not more promising long before Earth existed. Earth as we know it did not finish forming until after the moon-forming impact, after tens of millions of years of solar system evolution. Long before that, Mars may have had a thick, hydrogen-rich atmosphere, clement temperatures and a surface covered in blue oceans.

In addition to Desch and Pahlevan, authors of the paper include Lindy Elkins-Tanton and Peter Buseck, both of whom are affiliated with ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration (Buseck is also affiliated with ASU's School of Molecular Sciences), and Laura Schaefer, who is affiliated with the Department of Geological Sciences at Stanford University.

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Algae Could be Instrumental in Making Human Exploration of Mars Possible – UNLV NewsCenter

While the world is marveling over the first images and data now coming from NASAs Perseverance rover mission seeking signs of ancient microscopic life on Mars, a team of UNLV scientists is already hard at work on the next step: What if we could one day send humans to the Red Planet?

Theres a lot to consider when sending people, though. Human explorers, unlike their rover counterparts, require oxygen and food, for starters. It also takes about six to nine months both ways just in travel time. And then theres the air itself. Martian air is roughly 98% carbon dioxide (Earths is a fraction of 1% for comparison) and the air temperature averages an extremely frigid -81 degrees.

Its these challenges that UNLV geochemist and NASA Mars 2020 team scientist Libby Hausrath and postdoctoral researcher Leena Cycil, a microbial ecologist, are exploring. And a big part of the answer? Algae.

Extremophilic algae are types of algae known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments such as high-altitude snowy mountains or hypersaline lakes. These algae love carbon dioxide and can use it to produce oxygen. They also are edible, dense with nutrients, and grow quickly. Extremophiles helpful characteristics allow them to grow in some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth, possibly even in conditions similar to Mars.

If we want to accomplish long-term space exploration with people instead of rovers and robots, it will require developing a self-sustaining life support system food and breathable air, says Cycil.

Hausrath and Cycil are among a handful of scientists looking at growing algae under the low-pressure, low-light conditions seen on Mars, and are pursuing different species than previous studies.

Early results are promising. So far, theyve identified three species of algae that show substantial growth under extreme conditions. They used a low-pressure vacuum chamber to simulate atmospheric pressures relevant to Mars and topped it with a plate of tempered glass to allow light in at half the sun exposure present on Earth.

The three strains of algae are Dunaliella salina, which is typically found worldwide in salt lakes; Chloromonas brevispina, which exists in snowy climates; and Chlorella vulgaris, primarily used as a protein supplement or protein-rich food additive, which is often found in natural and engineered freshwater and soil habitats.

We actually were surprised the algae grew at these low pressures. They may be thriving in these extreme environments on Earth, but the atmospheric pressure on Mars is considerably lower, so we were skeptical of what the outcome would be, says Cycil.

Their findings on low pressure growth were published in Frontiers of Microbiology, with another publication on growing algae in low light levels coming in early 2023.

The team strategically studies one variable at a time to understand exactly how each affects growth.

They're isolating certain traits in each algae species to learn what combination of algae characteristics are best suited for Mars. For example, having algae that grow at low pressure is potentially more important than growth with a specific type of lighting because lighting is easier to manipulate than pressure. The hope is that the lab conditions could be recreated in greenhouses on the surface of the Red Planet.

Understanding genetic adaptations that allow the algae to grow can help with the design of eventual life support systems and potential greenhouses on Mars, says Hausrath.

Hausrath and Cycil are already working with a NASA engineer on applications for their work. Their study shows these organisms can produce oxygen at levels comparable to what people need to survive, but engineers will be the ones to put that into practice.

Hausrath and Cycils work is part of preparing for future short-term human exploration of Mars, where astronauts instead of rovers will conduct further experiments and gain more knowledge of the planet and its history. Ultimately, these visits will help determine if Mars can support human habitation.

You could compare it to the space station missions paving the way for what we are seeing now in the commercialization of space flights. In time, commercial corporations will take our research toward manned long-term space travel and expand on it and what we know will grow exponentially, explains Cycil. We are learning from the rock and soil samples being returned from the rover mission, but there are other things we cant accomplish with robotics.

Future human exploration of Mars may need to depend on algae for both oxygen and food. Hausrath and Cycil believe algae could offer a great solution, as they do not take a lot of space to grow and can do well in microgravity situations too tough for traditional plants to survive. Theyre healthy too, providing antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, and have the potential to provide both oxygen and nutrients to astronauts during spaceflight and while exploring the planet.

Although explorers of Mars would likely still rely on supply missions from Earth, the researchers believe that, considering the lengthy journey between planets, algae could bridge any gaps.

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Algae Could be Instrumental in Making Human Exploration of Mars Possible - UNLV NewsCenter

The Mars Agency Forges Partnership with Analytic Index to Further Enhance the Marilyn Martech Platform USA – English – USA – English – PR Newswire

SOUTHFIELD, Mich., Oct. 18, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The Mars Agency, an industry leader in connected commerce, today announced a new strategic partnership with Analytic Index, a next-generation data platform, that is intended to bring new and unprecedented levels of data and commerce intelligence to Mars' proprietary martech platform, Marilyn.

The partnership brings together The Mars Agency's leadership and unrivaled success in helping brand clients drive growth through connected commerce experiences with Analytic Index's highly differentiated retail search and digital shelf intelligence platform.

...unmatched actionable insights to clients across multiple ecommerce environments.

The powerful combination of Marilyn and Analytic Index will enable Mars to deliver unmatched actionable insights to clients across multiple ecommerce environments.

The partnership expands and enhances the robust suite of shopper insights, retailer intelligence and performance measurement tools that The Mars Agency already provides to clients through Marilyn. The pact is the latest example of the agency's ongoing commitment to lead the industry in data intelligence and actionable insights through the continuous advancement of Marilyn'scapabilities.

"Ecommerce and retail media are critical aspects of the connected commerce landscape, and our practices in those areas are already best in class," says Rob Rivenburgh, CEO of The Mars Agency. "Now, combining Analytic Index's retail search and media knowledge with Marilyn's shopper insights and performance data will enable our clients to make even better decisions, create more connectedexperiencesand drive even stronger results."

In only two years, Analytic Index has become a critical technology solution for many of the world's largest brands and agencies by providing unique insights into the digital media activity taking place on Amazon, Walmart, Target and Kroger. The company will soon extend its Amazon coverage into Europe and Canada and expand its U.S. purview to track Albertsons, Lowe's, The Home Depot, Best Buy and Chewy.

The company was co-founded by Nathan Rigby and Mike Karlsven, the team that previously launched and operated One Click Retail, a pioneer in the measurement of Amazon sales and market share."We are thrilled to be partnering with Mike and Nathan, two proven innovators in the ecommerce and data intelligence space," says Rivenburgh.

"We're excited to be building a more strategic relationship with The Mars Agency, which has already been a great partner for us," says Rigby. "Their experience and expertise will help us become an even more trusted source for reliable data and next-generation technology for the global commerce ecosystem."

The partners will continue to serve clients independently while also joining forces as needed to deliver an unmatched set of insights on connected commerce.

The Mars Agencyis an award-winning, independently owned, global commerce marketing practice. With talent around the world, they connect people, technology and intelligence to create demand and drive profitable, sustainable growth. Mars' industry leading martech platform, Marilyn, enables marketers to make better decisions, create connected experiences and drive stronger results. Learn more at http://www.themarsagency.com and meetmarilyn.ai.

Analytic Indexis a next-generation data platform that empowers brands and agencies to measure and optimize retail media and organic search across online retailers. These actionable insights empower vendors to accelerate sales and profitability through benchmarking performance, improving organic and paid search effectiveness, and measuring overall impact and returns on investment. Analytic Index provides holistic insights across all departments, relevant keywords, and performance items making it an ideal competitive intelligence tool. Learn more atwww.analyticindex.com.

Media inquiries:Sarah Jo SautterDirector of Marketing, The Mars Agency[emailprotected]248-506-5829

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To Mars: Wyo-raised engineer on what it takes to work NASA mission – WyoFile

In 2017, Philip Walker was working at a job he loved as a software engineer for Raytheon Technologies. The commute was long, but he enjoyed what he did and admired his colleagues.

Then one day I got a call, Walker said. The person on the line, he said, told him Hey, I got your name from someone youre currently working with. Were working on the Orion mission that is going to send astronauts to Mars.

And I was like, OK, youve got my interest, Walker said.

Walker ended up being recruited for the mission. The Wyoming-raised engineer, who lives in Denver with his wife and two kids, works for Stellar Solutions under contract with NASA. He describes it as a dream job, and his sincerity is palpable even over the phone. Some days I pinch myself for sure, he said.

Walker, 42, loves space. Wherever he finds himself family functions, standing in line for food, waiting for a launch on the NASA Causeway in Cape Canaveral when people find out he works as a systems engineer on human spaceflight, an enthusiastic conversation ensues, he said.

Ill talk anyones ear off. I enjoy it, Walker said.

Growing up in Big Horn, Walker always had an interest in space. One of his earliest memories is of seeing the Challenger explosion on television. His dad told him stories about the Apollo missions and was crazy good at pointing out constellations during family camping trips.

Yet, Walker never would have predicted, he said, that someday he would be intimately involved in the historic return of humans to the moon and beyond.

In 2002, Walker was a senior at the University of Wyoming preparing to graduate with an electrical engineering degree. Looking at the job market, he decided to spend an extra year taking a few more coding classes, fulfilling the requirements to also earn a computer engineering degree. He thought it might make his rsum more appealing.

He was right. His first job, doing classified work for the multinational aerospace and defense conglomerate Raytheon on ground systems for satellites, relied heavily on his software skills.

So that whole extra year that I took, Walker said, well it turns out that the software side, the coding side, was more valuable to the job market at large.

That theme has continued throughout his career. Software evolves much more rapidly than hardware does, he said.

Finding experienced hardware engineers is fairly easy, because the stuff they did 20 years ago still applies, Walker said. If you found a computer science person who last coded 20 years ago, its not going to work out.

Walker was content at Raytheon, staying 14 years. Then came the phone call.

Since commercial space companies burst onto the scene in the early 2000s, NASA has set its sights on putting people back into space. Numerous programs and initiatives have come and gone, but one thing has been a constant: the Orion spacecraft.

Orion has the same basic shape as the Apollo command and service module that originally carried astronauts to the moon, but the similarities end there. Everything else is leading-edge and requires the best in the business to develop. Thats how, in 2017, Walkers name came up.

The more Walker listened to the voice on the phone that day, the more excited he became. It was much closer to home, he said. I could work from home if I needed to, because it was all unclassified work now It was human spaceflight! Come on!

Walker jumped at the opportunity.

Today, Walker works as an avionics tester doing hardware/software integration for the Orion spacecraft. He sees the work as taking him back to his roots. So, I take the code, I take the block of hardware, he explained, and I make sure the code can command the hardware.

Walker described the variety of cool stuff his team does on a regular basis. I might have an oscilloscope hooked up one day, he said. I might have NASA representatives looking at our mission run another day. So, it can be very low level or very high level. Its super interesting.

According to Walker, his work involves integrating the output of a multitude of individual teams, testing the system end to end. The hardware and software available in his lab is as close as it gets to the real thing, he said i.e., what is being built at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

This verisimilitude, Walker said, allows his team to run interesting scenarios NASA officials wouldnt want to test on the real vehicle because they dont want to risk damaging it. He and his colleagues simulate stressful, off-nominal situations all the time: What if the battery disconnects? What if it shorts out? What happens if they must reboot the computer while in orbit?

Communication and coordination define his job, he said. On any given day, I gotta talk to four experts to find out how the overall thing is going to come together and make sure I understand what NASA really wants, Walker said. How should this work? Heres how it does work, is that right?

Walker appreciates that not many jobs exist where politics dont come into play. I have a job where we all have a common enemy, and that is space, he said.

With Orion now a part of NASAs Artemis program, Walkers last five and a half years of work have come to the brink of fruition. The plan is to establish comfortable routines for a long-term human presence in orbit around the moon, on the surface of the moon and, eventually, on Mars.

On Aug. 29, Walker traveled to the Kennedy Space Center with his coworkers (and 400,000 other people) to witness the maiden launch of the Orion space capsule. Unfortunately, the launch was scrubbed due to technical issues and weather conditions, but Walker didnt let it get him down. He posted on Facebook:

Long day that didnt end the way we wanted. Still got to hang out with a bunch of fellow space enthusiasts, so a day well spent. Youre bonded forever with people who you wake up at 1:15 in the morning with, surviving on 15 minutes of sleep on wet causeway grass.

The launch was rescheduled for Sept. 3, and Walker stayed in Florida a few extra days. This time, a hydrogen leak caused the launch to be canceled.

Walker, again on Facebook, described the situation as a tough outcome but followed it up with his characteristic positivity: but getting it right is the most important thing, as this rocket will be used for several years and launches to come.

When Walker spoke to Wyofile in late September, he was excited that another launch attempt was scheduled for Sept. 27, but the approach of Hurricane Ian forced NASA to postpone the next attempt until mid-November.

According to Walker, perseverance, dedication and patience are essential characteristics of a successful engineer.

I would say you have to learn to not get frustrated, Walker said. The stuff thats hard is going to take some time, and youre going to hit a few bumps in the road, but its super worth it. Just dont give up.

Walker has worked with engineers from all kinds of backgrounds, and in his experience, those who possess a true passion often accomplish more than those with natural talent but no drive.

Those folks are super successful, Walker said, because a lot of times the intangibles are crazy important in this job. Engineers who can communicate, engineers who are empathetic, engineers who have some of those soft skills can be a rare breed.

Walker said some of the best engineers he has worked with have come up from associate-level degrees or small colleges.

I find that blue collar, hard-work background to be a common thread. Even for the ones that went to MIT, they seem to have this, I had to sling hay, I had to work construction, I worked at fast food restaurants for three years, sort of story.

They dont take it for granted, I guess, Walker continued. They have that hard work ethic and some common sense that is sorely needed a lot of days.

Walker is employing that patience as he awaits the next launch window. In the meantime, hell enjoy conversing with anyone who shares his passion, always seeking what he describes as an instant bond forged over space.

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To Mars: Wyo-raised engineer on what it takes to work NASA mission - WyoFile

Will Africa send the first human to Mars? – Al Jazeera English

What will Africa look like by 2050? Will the present tale of missed opportunities persist? Or will the continent become a superpower securing a pole position in the new race to reach new frontiers of technology and of our imagination? Will, it, for instance, become a leading space-faring continent?

Todays forecasts paint a dire picture of the continents future. Conflict. Poverty. Unemployment. The plagues of yesterday creep into tomorrow. On the face of it, there appears to be little reason to expect a miracle a sudden awakening that could herald the rapid transformation that Singapore and South Korea, for instance, have gone through in the past six decades.

Yet this pessimistic narrative has obvious consequences. It scares investors. It demotivates African expatriates who might otherwise have considered returning home. Most critically, it robs African youth of a chance to dream of a better life right here on the continent. All of this perpetuates a vicious cycle where a presumption of future failures denies Africa the opportunities and resources it needs to truly deliver on the potential of its 1.2 billion people in turn reinforcing prejudices about the continent.

In my new book,From Africa to Mars, I counter this negative narrative. From Africa to Mars tells the story of a technologically advanced African continent that takes on a seemingly impossible challenge: flying to Mars within a decade. However, myriad challenges arise causing the world to wonder: Will they make it on time?

I sent an early version of the manuscript to a friend basedin the United Kingdom. When he read through it, he noted that it felt somewhat utopic. I asked him whetherIron ManorWonder Womanfelt utopic too. He said no. Its Westerners. Flying cars. Lasers. Interstellar travel.Theycan do all that, he said, pausing and cocking his head before adding, Would you ever get on a rocket built by an African?

He probably meant it as a joke but his query showed just how much the cancer of stereotypes has metastasised. We live in a world where tales of African genius are not just missing, they are discouraged and subconsciously banned.

A few years ago, I was working on a communications campaign in Burkina Faso. Our goal? To encourage youth in the capital, Ouagadougou, to train for STEM careers. I crafted a series of illustrated posters on the outcomes of science and engineering studies. In one poster, a child started as an electrician and ended up as a space engineer. When I shared the poster with colleagues, one sent a reply that left me utterly shocked.

She remarked that it was impossible for a child in Burkina Faso to become a space engineer. I informed her that the West African nation was already building its first satellite, Burkina Sat-1. Hence, there was no reason why a Burkinabe child couldnt join the countrys nascent space programme.

Indeed, Africas space sector is reaching new heights.In January 2022, South Africa made history by launching three nanosatellites that were the first to be wholly designed and produced on the African continent. Cocoa farmers in Ghana will soon be able to receive agricultural advice thanks to the SAT4Farming initiative, a programme that leverages satellite imagery to monitor environmental conditions in the country. Angolas second telecommunications satellite, Angosat-2, launched last week.

In other areas of tech too, African innovators are showing why it would be a mistake to ignore them.M-PESA, the pioneering mobile money payment service, was launched by Kenyan company SAFARICOM in 2007 and has since become a model for mobile banking services globally. While there were no unicorns on the continent a decade ago, Africa now boasts seven startups valued at over $1bn. More than 600 tech hubs across the continent support startups and in 2021 alone, African startups attracted more than $10bn in funding.

Africa urgently needs nuanced future narratives that, without masking the challenges that the continent faces, deviate from the standard scripts of refugees on boats and rebels in bushes.

This is not just a requirement for attracting tourists and investors. I believe this will be critical to inspire the next generation of engineers, scientists, statisticians, astronauts and science enthusiasts who will help resolve Africas most pressing developmental challenges and help the continents potential take off.

The views expressed in this article are the authors own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeeras editorial stance.

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Will Africa send the first human to Mars? - Al Jazeera English

Looking Back at the Mars Fest News @ ODU – Old Dominion University

October 18, 2022

The Barry Art Museum soared to new heights with Mars Fest 2022. This year's festival featured artist Luke Jerram's large-scale sculpture of Mars, a realistic depiction of the red planet that hovered above 43rd Street and was nearly 23 feet in diameter. Activities included dance performances, glassblowing and a special red beer from Cova Brewing Co. In addition, NASA hosted special events at the museum. Photos Chuck Thomas, Nicholas Clark and Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter Grace Potter sings "Rocket Man" during the opening reception for Mars Fest on Oct. 13. Photo Chuck Thomas/ODU

An opening reception is held in the Barry Art Museum to kick off Mars Fest. Photo Chuck Thomas/ODU

The big red planet is put in place the morning of Oct. 14. Photo Chuck Thomas/ODU

Costume contestants pose for a group photo at the end of the competition. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Visitors line up around Mars to view the costume contest. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

The United Souls Band performs Oct. 14 on the Super Nova Stage. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Members from the Chrysler Museum demonstrate glassblowing techniques during Mars Fest. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Guests pose for photos in their space outfits. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Members from the ODU Marching Band dance under Mars. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Planetarium Director Justin Mason sports his astronaut costume as he discusses what life on Mars could be like. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

Barry Art Museum Executive Director Charlotte Potter Kasic welcomes visitors to Mars Fest on Oct. 14. Photo Aaron Hodnett/ODU

The Chrysler Museum hosts a glassblowing exhibition. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

Members of the Norfolk State University Dance Theater perform under the Mars installation. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

Red lights reflecting off the parking garage enhance Mars. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

Lead singer Nakia Madry-Smith from the Rocky 7 band performs. Photo Nicholas Clark/ODU

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Looking Back at the Mars Fest News @ ODU - Old Dominion University

Landing on Mars: Keep straight and fly right for Martian touchdown success – Space.com

Touching safely down on Mars is a true, nail biting event. Those terror gripping, heart-stopping moments of entry, descent, and landing (EDL) after months of cruising to the Red Planet are indeed frightening affairs.

The EDL community is busy at work on fresh ideas on how to breach Mars' atmosphere, put on the speed brakes, and plop down payloads. One big and new assignment is NASA's Mars Sample Return project and the challenges that initiative faces.

In the near and far-term, Mars is on tap to be on the receiving end of a load of landed hardware, not only to support further robotic investigations, but to reinforce a human presence on that world. But getting down, dirty and securely on Mars remains a delicate balance of technical skill, mixed in with hard-earned luck.

Related: Mars rover Perseverance spots shiny silver litter on the Red Planet (photo)

"I see two big challenges," said Zachary Putnam, assistant professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Landing really big things on the surface, for more advanced robotic missions and human exploration, and landing lots of smaller, less expensive things at relatively low cost," Putnam said.

What's ahead for Mars is clear, Putnam said.

Being able to send lots of smaller payloads to the Martian surface less expensively, Putnam added, would leverage excess payload capacity on launch vehicles used to send larger payloads and take advantage of the improving abilities of small satellite technology.

"It would allow us to accept more risk, since a few failures is less of an issue if there are a lot of landers, which could help us improve all our landing technology over time," said Putnam. "Also, there's the engagement of a larger, more diverse community of scientists and engineers, such as universities."

Alike in view is Bethany Ehlmann, a professor of planetary science at the California Institute of Technology and associate director of the Keck Institute for Space Studies in Pasadena, California.

"I think what is exciting is that Mars surface access technology is gaining new interest from companies and government technology programs," Ehlmann told Space.com. "Mars landing is the tallest tent pole in translating all of the commercial space systems investment at the moon to Mars, enabling lower cost and more frequent Mars exploration."

Ehlmann said that there is need for development at both the small size and the large size payloads. "This includes developing more cost-efficient means than sky cranes to deliver small science missions. At the large size, payloads that are human-rated also require different approaches," she said.

To Ehlmann's point, six companies received seven contracts from NASA in September to build inflatable aerodynamic decelerator systems for spacecraft entry, descent and landing operations and aerocapture missions. Potential NASA and commercial mission applications will benefit from this advanced technology.

For today, it all comes back to JPL's focus for the last 20 years, said JPL's Allen Chen, Mars Sample Return (MSR) program system engineering and integration manager. "And that is to land more on Mars and land it even more precisely than before."

In front of EDL experts is a key element of the MSR undertaking; A Sample Retrieval Lander totes with it a NASA-led Mars ascent rocket and a pair of Mars helicopters.

That lander would touch down close to the then location of Perseverance in Jezero Crater, load up with Mars collectibles and then rocket those bits and pieces (and atmospheric sample) back to Earth for detailed study.

"The Sample Retrieval Lander now weighs a little over two metric tons. That's almost twice the mass of what we put down with the Perseverance rover," Chen told Space.com. "That's a huge difference in terms of what we need to get to the ground. It's so much bigger than what we've landed before," he said.

Read more: Ingenuity helicopter on Mars heads toward ancient river delta on 31st flight

The sky crane concept used for the Curiosity and Perseverance Mars landings - is not in play this go-round for the Sample Retrieval Lander. Rather, the craft is to power itself down using built-in retro rockets.

As for the precise part of the MSR mission, Chen said that there's a "doubling-down" on the use of Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN), a capability that provides a map-relative position fix that can be used to accurately target specific landing points on the surface of Mars while steering clear of hazards.

Using TRN, and adding a lot of fuel to the Sample Retrieval Lander, will allow the craft to land within 60 meters or better of a target. "We have to land an even bigger vehicle in a particular parking lot in a particular parking space," Chen said.

Additionally, an adaptive range trigger is to enable an even smarter self-decision about when the lander deploys its parachute.

And there's more. The lander's parachute itself is growing to an 80-foot (24-meter) design. "We want to beef up the parachute to be able to handle the load of a much bigger vehicle," said Chen.

The Mars Perseverance rover is already pre-scouting the landscape to help ascertain that primo parking space for a touch down. "For the first time we can see everything that's of a concern to the lander," Chen said. "We'll know exactly what's there and that's a huge advantage."

The goal is to land within a couple hundred meters of where the Perseverance rover will be, or a locale where the wheeled robot can easily drive up to deliver Mars specimens to the Sample Retrieval Lander. Care will be taken not to land directly near Perseverance, Chen said, due to concern about the ruckus created when the lander's rocket plume pitches out surface rock and sand.

"Given what we have right now, and the need to land a huge amount of mass very precisely, what you're seeing for us is a big step, but really an evolution of what we have been doing in the past. We're excited for the opportunity to show what we can do," Chen concluded.

Since the early 1990s, Rob Manning, now chief engineer at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has been actively engaged in plotting out EDL at Mars.

As for the MSR effort ahead, "I won't say the word is risk because I don't know how to quantify the risks, but there are a lot of developmental challenges," Manning said. "I hope we don't bump into new physics."

In looking beyond MSR, Manning said there's a "kink in the curve" for EDL.

"Supersonic Retro Propulsion is a whole new game," Manning said. Supersonic retro propulsion, SRP for short, is a method to decelerate a vehicle using retrorockets in the supersonic regime.

"I think the big step function in the future is taking a stab and try SRP on Mars, and actually get that to work. I think it will work. Everyone agrees that it could work. It's just that we're all kind of chicken," said Manning.

SRP work at JPL has benefited by cooperation with SpaceX and Elon Musk, the company's chief. "They've allowed us to monitor the quality of their booster returns which fly exactly in the right domain," Manning said, noting complicated phenomenon, like the interaction of rocket plume with the supersonic wake that's being generated around the re-entering booster.

"It's so hard to get your arms around it computationally very hard to analyze," Manning said.

For the EDL community there's much work ahead in terms of new research, new know-how and hardware to showcase new capabilities.

"Especially the push by MSR, the Sample Retrieval Lander fits squarely between where we've going with the large landing system and where we are going after that, in human scale," Manning said.

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Landing on Mars: Keep straight and fly right for Martian touchdown success - Space.com

Moon and Mars tonight: What time and how to see them in Arizona – The Arizona Republic

People who enjoy looking up at the night skymay besurprised to see a bright dot accompanying the moon on Friday night.

Oct. 14'swaninggibbous moon will be visible as the sun goes downaround 6 p.m.Arizona time. Abright, reddish dot ofMarswill be shining several finger widths to its lower rightaround 10 p.m.

If you are looking up at the sky you should be able tosee Mars by3.6 degreesbeneath the 73%-lit waning gibbous moon.

For folks unfamiliar or who needa quick refresher on what"waning gibbous"means, it's when the moon isbetween a Full Moon and a Half Moon. "Waning" means that the light on the moon is getting smaller. "Gibbous" refers to theobservable illuminated part of the moon.

The moon is projected to risearound 9 p.m.

How to see the moon and Mars

Using a pair of binocularswill help you get a better view of the moon and Mars.

Once the sun is rising at around 6:30 a.m. Oct. 15, the moon will be further and too far awayto see.

The red planet isbrightening as it waxes until thebiannualsuper bright opposition in early December. This means that Earth will be exactly between Mars and the Sun as we rotate around the sun faster.Thiswill be atits closest to Earth for just over two years.

Have a question you need answered? Reach the reporter at rromeroruiz@gannett.com. Follow him on Twitter@raphaeldelag.

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Moon and Mars tonight: What time and how to see them in Arizona - The Arizona Republic

8 years later, Indias first mission to Mars has finally run out of fuel – Inverse

Scientists and engineers have difficulty coming up with estimated mission timelines for their space exploration projects. Most dont even reach the first day after succumbing to one form or another of technical failure, sometimes resulting in a dramatic fireball. Others have missions that extend orders of magnitude longer than they were originally designed for. Such is the case for Indias first mission to the Red Planet, which finally seems to have run out of fuel eight years into its original six-month mission.

The mission, known colloquially as the Mars Orbiter Mission, or MOM, was initially launched in 2013 and entered an orbit around Mars in 2014. While in orbit, it spent the better part of eight years collecting data to send back to its operating scientists at the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Though technically planned as a technology demonstrator, MOM, also known as Mangalyaan (or Mars craft in Sanskrit), carried five scientific instruments, which, while they were relatively small and inexpensive, weighing in at just over 15 kilograms for the whole payload, they also provided critical insight into areas that scientists didnt understand about Mars at the time.

One of those critical areas was methane there was a long-standing debate about the sources of methane in Mars atmosphere, and MOM helped to provide some insight into that. It acted as an excellent complement to other more advanced, and therefore more expensive, western orbiter efforts such as Maven, which was launched around the same time.

But all good things must come to an end, and that was no exception for MOM. The spacecraft was designed to withstand many of the challenges associated with orbiting around the Red Planet, including using a limited supply of fuel to dodge out of the way of eclipses so that its batteries wouldnt be too diminished before being recharged by its on-board solar panels.

However, the fuel it used for maneuvering eventually ran out, and it was unable to dodge out of the way of an eclipse that lasted more than seven hours. Its batteries were designed to withstand an eclipse that lasted less than two hours. So when the craft finally emerged from the eclipse, its batteries were below the critical threshold that would allow it to restart. ISRO eventually declared the craft as officially decommissioned on October 3.

It leaves a generally positive legacy, though. India was one of the first countries to successfully introduce a craft to the Mars system on its first try. America and the Soviet Union suffered plenty of setbacks before the current round of successful rovers (and helicopters) traversing the planet.

That being said, the next step for ISRO in its Mars exploration program remains unclear. While the organization solicited ideas for a follow-up mission to Mars in 2016, no discernible progress has come through on that front in the last six years.

Despite that stagnation, ISRO should be proud of the work they already put in on MOM and of the scientific data that it collected. The more countries that can interact with Mars in one way or another, the better.

This article was originally published on Universe Today by Andy Tomaswick. Read the original article here.

LEARN SOMETHING NEW EVERY DAY.

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8 years later, Indias first mission to Mars has finally run out of fuel - Inverse

Accenture Builds Factory of the Future With Mars – RTInsights

Accenture is working with Mars, the confectionery, food, and pet care products and services company, to transform and modernize its global manufacturing operations with AI, cloud, edge technology, and digital twins.

Global professional services company Accenture has collaborated with confectionery giant Mars to modernize manufacturing operations in its factories through the deployment of artificial intelligence, cloud, and digital twin technology.

Collaboration started in late 2020 with the first trials of digital twin technology, which is a virtual representation of machines, products, and processes. With this, businesses are able to improve productivity and optimize machine performance, through constant experimentation and testing of a virtual factory floor.

SEE ALSO: 80% Organizations Had A Cloud Security Incident in 2021

One of the first tests for the digital twin technology was aimed at reducing the amount of overfilled packages, which is a common issue in the food industry. The digital twin, paired with a predictive analytics model, was successful in reducing overfilling, which led to more collaborative efforts.

Our work with Mars is about using the power of data, cloud and edge computing to modernize factories, boost business agility in response to change, and put power in the hands of Mars Associates so they can make informed decisions faster, said Larry Thomas, senior managing director at Accenture.

Accenture and Mars introduced the technology across Mars factories in the United States, and plan to roll it out to its pet care business in Europe and China. Deployment of the technology into more of Mars factories is expected in the future, with Mars planning to apply them to dozens of use cases over the next three years.

Our collaboration with Accenture, combined with our partnership with Microsoft, enables us to scale digital twin technology to reach this goal, delivering not just significant cost savings and sustainability, but preparing our manufacturing operations for the future of work, said William Beery, vice president and global CIO at Mars Wrigley.

Major market players are beginning to adopt digital twin solutions, alongside predictive maintenance and other AI solutions, to reduce downtime and improve productivity on the factory floor. Vantage Market Research projects that this industry will grow from $6.5 billion in 2021 to $53.5 billion in 2028.

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Accenture Builds Factory of the Future With Mars - RTInsights

NASAs Lucy spacecraft just passed Earth on its way to Mars and wont be back for another two years – The Independent

Astronomers and skywatchers are sharing their images and videos of Nasas Lucy spacecraft as it buzzed close by Earth on Sunday.

The large school bus-sized Lucy spacecraft passed within 220 miles of Earth on Sunday morning, and was visible to viewers in Western Australia and the western US. Lucys flyby came on the one-year anniversary of its launch, the first high-speed close encounter of a planned 12-year mission to visit the Jupiter Trojan asteroids.

Nasa encouraged people to share images of Lucy on social media using the hashtag #SpotTheSpacecraft, or images of themselves waving at the passing Lucy using the hashtag #WaveToLucy.

Members of the Lucy mission team based on Colorado had to drive to Nebraska to get out from under cloud cover in order to capture the video of Lucy streaking overheard that they then shared on the social media website Twitter.

Pluto researcher Marc Buie took an image of Lucy that was shared by French space-blog Twitter account @RevesdEspace, while the Virtual Telescope Project, an international robotic telescope cooperative, also capture Lucy images.

Nasas Goddard Space Flight Center, meanwhile, has shared animations on Twitter illustrating Lucys Earth flyby and subsequent mission. The animations also highlight the spacecrafts unique, circular solar panels, each 24 feet in diameter large enough to supply Lucy with the 500 watts of power the spacecraft will need while traveling through the dark reaches of space among the asteroids near Jupiter.

Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 16 October 2021, Lucy is Nasas first mission to the Trojan asteroids of Jupiter. The asteroids are large populations of space rocks that share the gas giants orbit, but precede and follow the planet by 60 degrees along that orbit.

Sundays flyby of Earth gave Lucy added momentum, slingshotting the spacecraft out toward the orbit of Mars in a maneuver known as a gravity assist. Lucy will make another gravity assist pass by Earth in 2024 before finally heading out toward its first targets.

The spacecraft will first fly by an asteroid known as Donaldjohanson in the main asteroid belt in 2025, a space rock that is not a Jupiter Trojan, but is conveniently located along the way.

Lucy will then reach the leading population of Jupiter Trojans in 2027, flying by four space rocks, Eurybates, Polymele, Leucus, and Orus, each named for characters in the Homeric epic The Iliad.

Lucy will then head back to Earth for another gravity assist flyby of our planet in 2031, which will put the spacecraft on a course to visit the trailing population of Jupiter Trojans in 2033.

Seen from above, Lucys flight path looks like a figure eight twisted up like a pretzel, according to Nasa.

An illustration of the unusual flight path of Nasas Lucy mission, which will flyby Earth several times during its 12-year mission to the Jupiter Trojan asteroids

(Nasa)

You can follow Lucys current trajectory and watch an animation showing its future motion relative to Earth, asteroid targets, and the planet Jupiter by going to Nasas whereislucy.space website.

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NASAs Lucy spacecraft just passed Earth on its way to Mars and wont be back for another two years - The Independent

Ticket company says it will pay Mars owed Brew Fest funds – Butler Eagle

Spencer Harding, head of brewing operations at Riverside Brewing, pours one of the company's micro brews for beer goers during the Mars Brew Fest Saturday. Harold Aughton/Special to the Eagle

MARS Brown Paper Tickets, the online ticketing company that owed Mars Borough $25,000 in revenue from the 2022 Mars Brew Fest, said the owed funds would be paid to the borough this week.

At a Mars borough council meeting on Monday, Mayor Gregg Hartung said that the borough had been officially notified by the company Oct. 12 that the missing $25,000 would be deposited within the next week.

They said that they would be processing the check, and they would put it into our bank, and it might take three or five days to clear for that amount, Hartung said. Were hoping that making it public and doing some things to put pressure on helped us to get the $25,000 to us from the Brew Fest. Well see at the end of the week if we have it. Hopefully, we will.

A portion of this story is shared with you as a digital media exclusive. Subscribers can read the full story at the link below. To support our local, independent newsroom, please subscribe at butlereagle.com.

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Ticket company says it will pay Mars owed Brew Fest funds - Butler Eagle

Venus and Mars Make Hearts Beat Faster for These Zodiac Signs – astrosofa.com

Photo: CasarsaGuru via Getty Images

Photo: CasarsaGuru via Getty Images

Venus is in Libra now and forming what is called a trine with Mars, which is in Gemini. This is a very positive event in astrology. It is one of the rare days when love at first sight is possible.

Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius are favored, but Leo and Sagittarius can also rejoice. However, Leo and Aquarius tend not to get along with each other. Click here for the zodiac sign love test.

Take the chance tonight and let us surprise you with what the love messenger Armor has in store for you today.

But before you do that, you must avoid a few hurdles and be especially careful. There is trouble in the aircaused by a Sun square Pluto. But also an increased danger of accidents is indicated. So don't take risks and try to get through the day calmly. Perhaps a positive Moon Mercury aspect will help you with this, it makes you quick-witted and helps with learning today.

The Moon has two more tense positions to offer (Moon opposition Saturn and Moon square Uranus) that try to affect our beautiful Venus Mars position negatively. But if we are in a positive frame of mind, it can't hurt us.

We wish you good stars all the time!

Miguel ngel Asturias (1899 - 1974), John le Carr (1931), Philip Pullman (1946), Tracy Chevalier (* 1962), Patrick Simmons (*1948)

Moon

moon (Leo)

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Venus and Mars Make Hearts Beat Faster for These Zodiac Signs - astrosofa.com

‘False fossils’ littered across Mars may complicate the search for life on Red Planet – Livescience.com

Mars may be covered in dozens of different nonbiological "false fossils," which could interfere with the search for life on the Red Planet, two researchers say.

NASA's Perseverance rover touched down on Mars in February, and the European Space Agency (ESA) will launch the Rosalind Franklin rover in 2022. Both will scour the Martian surface for biosignatures traces of past life left behind from around 4 billion years ago, when the planet may have been habitable.

However, a new paper suggests a possible complication in that search.

Related: 6 reasons astrobiologists are holding out hope for life on Mars

"There is a real chance that one day, we will observe something on Mars that looks really biological, only to realize several years later, after further research, that this thing was actually formed by nonbiological processes," co-author Julie Cosmidis, a geobiologist at the University of Oxford in England, told Live Science.

Cosmidis teamed up with Sean McMahon, an astrobiologist at The University of Edinburgh in Scotland, to itemize these potential false biosignatures before the rovers find them.

A biosignature can be evidence of either an organism itself or any product it creates. By definition, such biosignatures can't be made by natural physical or chemical processes. For decades, astrobiologists have identified biosignatures on Earth in order to recognize potential forms of primitive life on other worlds.

But this hunt for biosignatures has a major limitation. "We are so good at spotting life that we see it even when it isn't there," McMahon told Live Science.

Specifically, many things that look like biosignatures at first glance can also be created without life.

"The range of structures, materials and chemical compositions that can be produced nonbiologically overlaps quite closely with the range of things that can be produced biologically," McMahon said. "Some phenomena have been debated for decades, and we're still not sure if they're biological or not."

Paleontologists have often been confused by these fake fossils, Cosmidis said. Evidence of ancient bacteria and other single-celled organisms, like algae, can be especially tricky to identify.

In 1996, scientists claimed to have found fossils of microscopic organisms in a Martian meteorite. Their discovery was hailed as the first proof of alien life and even prompted a speech from President Bill Clinton. However, further tests revealed that these fossils were completely abiotic, meaning they were not made by life-forms.

On Mars, this confusion will be even more problematic because scientists won't be able to test samples properly until they are returned to Earth, meaning it could take years to vet the Martian samples.

"The problem is that these false biosignatures are often disproved only after further analysis by different researchers, using different techniques," Cosmidis said. "But for Mars, we won't have this option" until years after the samples get collected.

"There is a wide diversity of potential false biosignatures on Mars," Cosmidis said.

One of the best examples is carbon-sulfur biomorphs tiny spheres, "similar in size to bacteria," that can form spontaneously from reactions between carbon and sulfide, Cosmidis said. Both of these reactants may have been abundant on ancient Mars, and the resulting biomorphs would also "fossilize very well in rock types that are common on Mars," she added.

"If one day we find microscopic organic filaments and spheres in Martian rocks, it will be very tempting to interpret them as fossil bacteria, but they could very well just be carbon-sulfur biomorphs," Cosmidis said.

Another example are pseudo-microbialites, which mimic physical structures created by microbes, such as stromatolites which are large structures left behind by photosynthetic algae that grow upward as cones, domes and columns. Such structures could be left behind from marine life in Mars' past oceans, but near-identical structures can also form naturally without any microbes so it will be hard to tell if they are genuine.

McMahon and Cosmidis recreated previously known false biosignatures in Martian conditions and tried to come up with new examples not yet encountered on Earth. In total, they listed more than a dozen potential fake fossils in their new paper, but many more may be out there.

The researchers hope their work will help to prevent an erroneous discovery and the resulting disappointment, which would undermine decades of work in the search for alien life.

"These errors and their corrections are a normal process in science," Cosmidis said. "But on a topic that is receiving as much attention from the public as the search for life on Mars, there is a risk that they could generate public mistrust in scientists."

However, despite their caution, the researchers say that they are fully committed to the search for life on Mars.

"We are not trying to dismiss all the efforts that NASA and ESA are currently putting into finding traces of life on Mars," Cosmidis said. "We want to support these efforts by helping the researchers involved in these missions make better and more informed interpretations of the objects they will observe."

The paper was published online Nov. 17 in the Journal of the Geological Society.

Originally published on Live Science.

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'False fossils' littered across Mars may complicate the search for life on Red Planet - Livescience.com

Russia marks 50th anniversary of reaching Mars’ surface – La Prensa Latina

Moscow, Nov 27 (EFE).- Russia on Saturday marked the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Mars 2 becoming the first-ever spacecraft to reach the Martian surface, where it crashed.

Of course, Mars 2 was a very important stage in our Martian investigations, Mikhail Marov, who was part of the USSRs planetary research program, told Efe.

But the launch of the Mars 3 device shortly afterwards was much more important, the academic added.

Mars 3, which was identical to its predecessor, was launched in May 1971, nine days after Mars 2.

In general, the USSR paid great attention to the Mars research program and the launch of these devices in 1971 was, alongside the Venus program, one of the main tasks of planetary research, the scientist said.

Dispatching space crafts to the red planet was difficult as the Soviet scientists did not have the ephemeris, the tables of values that allow to establish the positions of astronomical objects in the sky, he stressed.

The United States, meanwhile, had the necessary data but did not share it with the Soviets because of the Cold War. Americans didnt want us to be the first, he said.

To overcome the lack of data, Soviet constructors and engineers proposed unique on-board navigation systems to take the necessary and process measures to guide a trip to Mars.

After a failed attempt to send a device to the red plants orbit ahead of Mars 2, it entered the Martian atmosphere at a sharper angle than calculated and thus it crashed, Marov said.

It was the first device sent from Earth to Mars, although unfortunately, it was not very successful. But Mars 3 did it all flawlessly, said the scientist.

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Russia marks 50th anniversary of reaching Mars' surface - La Prensa Latina

NASA Mars lander makes 1st ever map of Red Planet underground by listening to winds – Space.com

Researchers have created the first-ever map of the Martian underground by listening to the sound of wind reverberating through the layers of soil and rock near Mars' equator.

The team used instruments on board NASA's InSight probe, which landed in the flat Elysium Planitia in 2018 to study weak "marsquakes" rippling through the planet. InSight's data has previously enabled scientists to get a rough idea of the size and composition of Mars' core, as well as the nature of its mantle and thickness of its crust.

A new technique developed and finetuned on Earth now for the first time enabled a team led by Swiss geophysicists to use the lander's instruments to peek directly underneath the planet's parched surface and discover what lies within the first 660 feet (200 meters) of its crust.

"We used a technique that was developed here on Earth to characterize places for earthquake risk and to study the subsurface structure," Cedric Schmelzbach, a geophysicist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH), and corresponding author of the new paper told Space.com.

"The technique is based on ambient vibration," Schmelzbach said. "On Earth, you have the oceans, the winds, that make the ground shake all the time, and the shaking that you measure at a certain point has an imprint of the subsurface."

Related: NASA's InSight Mars lander 'hears' Martian wind, a cosmic first

Essentially, the commotion on the surface makes the ground vibrate. These minuscule vibrations propagate deep into the subsurface and can be picked up by sensitive instruments.

Mars, Schmelzbach said, is much quieter than Earth. There is no ocean on the planet and Mars' atmosphere is much thinner, resulting in a weaker, more feeble wind. On top of that, while on Earth geologists could use countless stations, on Mars, they only have one the InSight lander.

Yet, listening to the interaction of the Red Planet's winds with the ground underneath its craters and plains revealed the subsurface structure in astonishing detail.

"The resolution gets coarser the deeper we get," said Schmelzbach. "Close to the surface we can resolve layers that are one meter [three feet] thick. But in greater depths it is really a few tens of meters [10 meters = 33 feet]."

The map provides a fascinating glimpse into the past several billion years of Martian evolution. It reveals an unexpected layer of deep sediments as well as thick deposits of solidified lava, all covered with a 10-foot-thick (3 m) blanket of sandy regolith.

The surprising sedimentary layer, the origin of which is still a mystery, is located 100 to 230 feet (30 to 70 m) below the Martian surface, sandwiched between two solidified layers of ancient lava.

"We're still working on how to interpret that and how to date how old this layer is," he said. "But it tells us that probably the geological history at that site is really more complicated than we originally thought and that probably more processes had happened in the past at that place."

The researchers compared the two lava layers embracing this sediment with previous studies of geology of nearby craters. This data enabled them to place the origins of those layers into two important periods in Mars' geological history some 1.7 billion and 3.6 billion years ago.

On top of the younger lava layer, just below the surface regolith, is an approximately 50-feet-thick (15 m) band of rocky material likely stirred up from the Martian surface by a past meteorite impact that then rained back down to the planet's surface.

In the future, the scientists would like to see whether they could stretch their technique a little further and look even deeper, within the first few miles of Mars' crust.

"We have kind of a blind zone there at the moment," said Schmelzbach.

Earlier studies of the planet's core, mantle and crust based on InSight data have revealed surprising differences between Mars and Earth. The two planets are frequently considered solar system twins that up to a certain point shared their evolutionary paths.

Both planets developed abundant oceans of water and rich atmospheres. But then, Mars lost its protective magnetic field, which subsequently allowed the abrasive solar wind, the stream of charged particles emanating from the sun, to gradually strip the planet of its atmosphere, and Mars developed into the hostile world that it is today. Scientists hope that the two planets' geologies may provide some clues to their different paths.

The study was published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday (Nov. 23.)

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NASA Mars lander makes 1st ever map of Red Planet underground by listening to winds - Space.com