NASA created a Mars habitat, humans will live in it and be monitored – TweakTown

NASA previously announced it was looking for four individuals to participate in spending a month in the space agency's simulated Mars habitat.

The four individuals were required to have certain qualifications and would have to spend 45 days working and living in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA). The idea behind this project is so NASA scientists can observe how the first humans will react to living on Mars when we finally get there. While we are still decently far away before any colony starts on the Red Planet, the space agency wants to do as much preparation as it can before the missions go underway.

As for this particular HERA mission, NASA will be simulating a trip to Phobos, the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars. The mission will include cramped living spaces and delayed communications with the outside world. As previously stated, the duration of the mission will be 45 days, and throughout that time, NASA researchers will be monitoring the four individuals inside for changes in the human psyche, health, etc.

This won't be the only Mars simulation that will take place before the actual missions to the Red Planet as more are planned for 2022. Missions participates are; Lauren Cornell, Monique Garcia, Christopher Roberts, and Madelyne Willis.

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NASA created a Mars habitat, humans will live in it and be monitored - TweakTown

This is the first image taken by NASAs Perseverance Mars rover. Now the hunt for life begins. – MIT Technology Review

NASAs Perseverance rover has landed safely on Mars. The spacecraft survived its journey through the Martian atmosphere and made a soft touchdown at Jezero crater.Shortly after landing, it sent back this picture from the surface using its Hazard Avoidance Cameras, which it will use when on the move. The image is partially obscured by a dust cover.

What happened: Perseverance began its descent into the Martian atmosphere Thursday afternoon, a process affectionately called the seven minutes of terror. The spacecraft survived scorching temperatures thanks to its heat shield. Its parachute deployed without a hitch, the rover was able to locate and navigate toward a safe landing spot, and the descent apparatus lowered the spacecraft down to the surface. NASA confirmed a successful touchdown at 3:55 p.m. US Eastern time. During its descent, Perseverance went from traveling at 12,000 miles per hour to just 1.7 mph in seven minutes.

Because of the distance between Earth and Mars, communication between NASA mission control and the spacecraft is delayed by 11 minutes. That means the entire landing process had to be accomplished autonomously. Onboard systems tracked the surface for hazards during descent and steered the rover away from any threats.

NASA

Whats it doing on Mars? Perseverances predecessorsSojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosityled to compelling revelations of what Mars currently looks like and what it once was. Scientists learned that the planet was once a warm planet teeming with lakes and rivers, and that its home to complex organic matter. Together, these key ingredients suggest Mars could have been habitable to microbial life in the ancient past.

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This is the first image taken by NASAs Perseverance Mars rover. Now the hunt for life begins. - MIT Technology Review

Space Foundation Discovery Center hosts Mars Week as NASAs Perseverance rover set to land Thursday – FOX21News.com

COLORADO SPRINGS Its a journey months in the making and now NASAs Mars rover Perseverance is preparing to land on the red planet, and the Space Foundations Discovery Center is celebrating the event with activities and events for all.

Perseverance rover is set to reach Mars on Feb. 18 around 2 p.m., but that will only be possible if the rover survives what NASAs dubbed the seven minutes of terror.

The last time we sent a rover like Perseverance to Mars was in 2012 when Curiosity landed, Curator for Space Foundations Discovery Center Rachel English said.

Perseverance will have virtually the same landing as Curiosity. But there is only about a 50% chance this landing will be successful. If it is, Perseverance will work to determine whether life ever existed on Mars.

Its going to be doing some incredible work in Jezero crater, where its landing, to search for signs of microbial life on Mars, English added. So itll tell us a lot about the history of Mars as a planet from a geological standpoint, from a climate standpoint, and also, you know, we might find some cool fossils.

Its novel technologies that are enabling the next leaps of exploration: landing with more precision and safely, learn how to make oxygen from CO2 out of the atmosphere and more, NASAs Associate Administrator For Science Thomas Zurbuchen explained.

Whether the mission is successful or not, the Discovery Center is celebrating all week long!

Upcoming Events:

English added, We realize that everyone is getting a little bit of screen fatigue, and we work really hard here at the discovery center to make sure that everything is clean, fun, and safe.

The great part about space exploration is that even if we fail, we still learn.

Failure is one of our greatest teachers as scientists and engineers, so no matter what happens on Thursday, were really excited, English said.

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Space Foundation Discovery Center hosts Mars Week as NASAs Perseverance rover set to land Thursday - FOX21News.com

Why are there so many missions to Mars? – The Economist

The planet offers hope for the existence of extraterrestrial life, and a chance for countries on Earth to show off

Feb 19th 2021

MARS IS AWASH with alien technology. On February 18th NASAs Perseverance rover landed in a crater called Jezero, near the planets equator, after travelling 470m kilometres over seven months. The United Arab Emirates Hope orbiter has been circling since February 9th. Chinas Tianwen-1 entered the planets orbit a day later, and its lander and rover will attempt to touch down sometime in May or June. There were six operational satellites in orbit when Hope arrived; NASAs Curiosity rover and InSight lander, which arrived in 2012 and 2018, respectively, are also sending back information from the planets surface. Why are there so many Mars missions and what do countries that send them hope to achieve?

In the late 1800s Percival Lowell, an American astronomer, fixed a telescope on Mars and observed a network of long straight lines that he believed to be canals built by an alien civilisation. In the second half of the 20th century, orbiters circling the planet returned far more detailed data about its atmosphere and surface, putting an end to the theory that a race of Martians had existed. But subsequent missions did raise new questions about alien life. They showed that Mars was once more like Earth. Streams, river valleys, basins and deltas on the planets surface suggest there may have been water covering its northern hemisphere. Orbiters, landers and rovers have set out to explore the planets topography and probe its interior for decades in the hopes of revealing whether microbial life might have existed in the pastand whether it still exists today.

There have been roughly 50 years of Mars missions before Perseverance. NASA was the first to land a craft successfully on its surface, in 1976. The latest flurry of activity is down to two things: new opportunities to answer questions about life beyond Earth, and astropolitical grandstanding. Americas rover will study the planets rock record and look for chemical traces of ancient microbial life, whereas the UAEs Hope orbiter will help scientists to understand how gas escapes its atmospherea process that has made Mars cold and dry. Technological advances mean that samples collected by Perseverance could eventually be brought back to Earth, allowing more detailed analysis.

But space exploration is also a matter of prestige and techno-nationalism. Chinas growing space race with its neighbours, India and Japan, which have also sent probes to Mars, reflects their jostling for influence on Earth. The UAE, the space agency of which was founded only in 2014, has crowed that its Hope orbiter is the first interplanetary mission by any Arab country. This posturing is a far cry from the white-hot space rivalry between America and the Soviet Union during the cold war, and there is plenty of collaboration, too: NASA is working with the European Space Agency to retrieve samples collected by Perseverance, for example. But the number of new spacefaring countries reflects a diffusion of wealth, technology and power.

As well as the UAE, lots of other countries have founded space agencies since 2010, including Australia, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, South Africa and Turkey. For now, states have a monopoly on Mars. But billionaires want in, too. Elon Musk, the boss of SpaceX, a private rocketry firm, claims he will launch people to Mars by 2026. Jeff Bezos recently announced that he will step down as the chief executive of Amazon partly to focus on his space venture, Blue Origin. Last month the company successfully tested a rocket designed to carry passengers, although Mr Bezos prefers the idea of floating space colonies to dusty rocks like Mars. One day a trip to Mars may be more about leisure than scientific endeavour. As Perseverance scours the planets surface for clues of ancient life, new life is preparing to set foot.

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Why are there so many missions to Mars? - The Economist

The Quest to Live on Mars: Could Humans Really Survive? – Interesting Engineering

The challenge of building a settlement on Mars is daunting, but it's beginning to feel less alien every day. While plans to get us there have multiplied as additional nations enter Martian orbit private aerospace firms have also set their eyes on the Red Planet.

The quest to settle Mars is on, but what are the obstacles to building a Martian colony?

NASA's Artemis program will put humans on the surface of the moon for the first time in decades by 2024 with aims to establish sustainable exploration by the end of the 2020s. Much of what the agency learns from living and working on the moon will prepare it for the "next giant leap" of humanity: landing astronauts on Mars.

The Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion are crucial to NASA's aims to explore deep space beyond the moon. While there, astronauts will test novel instruments, tools, and equipment to advance human interests on Mars. It's here the agency will unfold new human habitats, technologies, and life support systems to inform the pursuit of building self-sustaining outposts far away from Earth.

Sometime in the future, NASA plans to send humans to Mars. But for now, the agency is still in the preparation stage sending robotic exploration missions like the Perseverance rover to develop the technology to sustain a human presence on the Red Planet.

CEO and Founder of SpaceX Elon Musk aims to use the Starship rocket to launch what are easily the most ambitious plans for colonizing Mars. He wants his company to mass-produce Starship which is designed to ferry up to 100 people.

"Building 100 Starships/year gets to 1,000 in 10 years or 100 megatons/year or maybe around 100k people per Earth-Mars orbital sync," tweeted Musk. And by "orbital sync," he means the period during which Earth and Mars are nearly aligned, with a minimum transit time.

In other words, Musk envisions unspeakably large fleets of Starships departing in these periods every 26 months. "Loading the Mars fleet into Earth orbit, then 1,000 ships depart over ~30 days every 26 months. Battlestar Galactica..." added Musk in another tweet. The ideal operational life for Starships would be 20 to 30 years.

The goal, of course, is to build a gigantic colony on Mars and effectively turn humanity into a multiplanet species. According to Musk, this is why he founded SpaceX in 2002, and also why he has raised unconscionable sums of money.

In 2017, Musk claimed his Starship ambitions for Mars could allow a city of one million people on Mars within the next century. A year ago, a Twitter follower of Musk's asked him: "So a million people [on the Red Planet] by 2050?"

Musk's succinct reply: "Yes."

Obviously, this is easier said than done.

However ambitious his plans for Mars, it's not irrational to question the timelines Musk has tweeted. Neither he nor NASA has developed concrete, proven plans of how to build domes on Mars under which humans could breathe and live.

While somewhere near the poles of the Red Planet is the ideal location for building a permanent settlement, SpaceX hasn't announced or possibly even developed the architecture for building a self-sustaining habitat on Mars.

Moving back a step, Starship itself has yet to be tested in outer space (though this could happen later this year), let alone on the moon or Mars. But once there, it should be able to take off without a booster rocket provided enough rocket fuel is stored on Mars (which everyone is still figuring out how to create on the Red Planet).

In 2019, the other tech billionaire and founder of Blue Origin declared his plans to colonize space beginning with the moon.

"We're going to build a road to space," said Bezos during a press conference in Washington, D.C., according to an ABC News report. While the current Amazon CEO wasn't sure how to build them, there are "certain gates, certain precursors" to colonizing space, and Bezos wants Blue Origin to lead.

"It's time to go back to the moon, this time to stay," said Bezos during a long and imprecise monologue about space. But considering the early stage of his aerospace company, it still looks like Blue Origin is trailing behind SpaceX.

The Orbital Assembly Corporation recently announced plans to design and build a habitable "space hotel" in low-Earth orbit with at least two prototypes to simulate generating artificial gravity up to the level one would feel on Mars.

The completed project called Voyager Station will serve as a luxury space hotel, but also as a scientific orbital platform where researchers can experiment and study the effects of sub-nominal gravity on human bodies.

"We have lots of data in zero-G, we have lots of data on 1 G, but what about in between?" asked Shawna Pandya, medical advisor for OAC, rhetorically. "In a seminal 2017 paper fromNaturecalled Artificial Gravity agencies came together to analyze how the human body would react to partial-Earth gravity."

"We offer solutions to these questions in a place that's as convenient as low-Earth orbit," said Pandya.

One day the company of NASA veterans could build a similar platform in orbit of Mars and create a waypoint for weary pilgrims of the Earth-Mars transit. But it still needs to test its concept of robotic construction in space, develop a way to transfer a space station to Mars, or build one from Martian resources.

China recently put a spacecraft in orbit around Mars for the first time called Tianwen-1. The craft will detach a lander, which will attempt a landing on Mars and send a rover out onto the Martian surface.

However, the reason China's government gave for the country's interest in Mars suggests it may have bigger plans for the Red Planet: "If we do not go there now even though we can, then we will be blamed by our descendants," said Ye Peijian, senior aerospace engineer and head of China's lunar exploration program, according toThe Daily Beast. "If others go there, then they will take over, and you will not be able to go even if you want to. This is reason enough."

While China has yet to develop (or perhaps, share) concrete plans to colonize Mars, it seems the concern that other entities or nations could limit the country's ability to do so in the future serves as motivation to try.

Russia has proposed several plans to put humans on Mars from the now-defunct Soviet Union's plans to launch a six-cosmonaut crew to live on Mars for 900 days in 1975, to Russia's 2002 aim to land humans on Mars by 2015, and then another announcement in 2018 with aims for a 2019 landing on the Red Planet.

Despite these repeated announcements and delays, Roscosmos the Russian space agency maintains that Mars is the most preferable planet to colonize. "The studies of the Sun show that it is getting hotter while the temperature on Venus and Mars is growing slowly and this is one of the reasons why Mars looks, perhaps, most preferable today from the prospect of terraforming," said Roscosmos' Executive Director for Long-Term Programs and Science Alexander Bloshenko in a TASS interview.

However, Russia still needs to develop (or share) plans for traveling, landing, and living on Mars before it can think of terraforming. And while it has adamantly disagreed with ideas (like Musk's) about terraforming the Red Planet with nuclear explosions the idea of terraforming itself is still highly theoretical, and could take centuries.

The United Arab Emirates also recently put a spacecraft in orbit around Mars. Called "Hope," it's the first step in a very long-term plan for the Arab nation to recruit and send astronauts to Mars. The mission called Mars 2117 will purportedly involve both Earth-bound and interplanetary steps. But judging from the name of the mission, it will almost certainly not be the first entity to land on Mars.

There are many plans to settle Mars, from nearly every space-faring country and private entity. But the architecture to build a human colony on Mars is still in the very early stages for all of them with SpaceX the sole entity actively performing test launches on a vehicle designed to make a landing. But until a new generation of space-worthy habitats, resource infrastructure, means to generate rocket fuel, and a proven landing vehicle are concrete realities, it's difficult to say for certain when humans will be ready to colonize Mars.

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The Quest to Live on Mars: Could Humans Really Survive? - Interesting Engineering

UAE’s Hope probe beams back its first picture of Mars – New Atlas

The United Arab Emirates first interplanetary mission has passed a major milestone, successfully placing a spacecraft in orbit around Mars and beaming back its first ever picture of the Red Planet. The Hope probes arrival marks an important step forward in the countrys efforts to explore space, which include sending a rover to the Moon and pursuing a vision of one day building a human colony on Mars.

The Hope probe was launched in July of 2020 and arrived at the Red Planet following a journey of almost 500 million km (310 million miles). This makes the UAE just the fifth nation to reach Mars, and after slipping into its orbit last Tuesday, the spacecraft fired up its multi-wavelength camera to grab some photographic evidence.

The 12-megapixel image was taken around 25,000 km (15,500 miles) above the surface of the planet, and represents the first instalment of more than 1 TB of data that the Hope probe will relay back to Earth. Along with the camera, the spacecraft is equipped with an infrared spectrometer and ultraviolet spectrometer, which it will use to study weather and the Martian atmosphere and eventually build the first complete picture of the different layers within it.

As part of this science phase of the mission, the probe will also gather the first ever planet-wide, 24x7 picture of Mars daily weather and atmospheric dynamics across the course of a full Martian year, or 687 Earth days. This is expected to take until April 2023, though the probe could potentially be used to gather data for another two years after that.

Also forming part of the UAEs ambitious space exploration program is the Rashid Lunar Rover mission, which aims to make the country just the fourth nation to land on the Moon. Slated for launch in 2024, the mission is intended to probe the makeup of the lunar soil and thermal properties of the surface.

Both missions will inform the UAEs Mars 2117 strategy, which involves a simulated Mars mission here on Earth and the overarching aim of establishing human colonies in Mars by 2117.

Source: Emirates News Agency

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UAE's Hope probe beams back its first picture of Mars - New Atlas

The geopolitics of NASA’s Perseverance mission to Mars – Quartz

A robotic exploration mission sent by NASA will attempt to land on the Martian surface later today (tune in to watch starting at 2:15 US eastern time), catching up to two probes sent by China and the United Arab Emirates that arrived last week.

The US has been here before, and its rover is equipped, for the first time, with a small helicopter that will attempt to explore Mars in flight. Chinas first trip to Mars will also attempt the difficult task of landing sometime in May or June. The UAEs mission will orbit the planet, carefully mapping it with remote sensors.

The arrival of all three probes at the Red planet was driven by its relative proximity to earth last year when the missions launched, but also presents a symbolic lineup: The reigning space power and its main competitor, along with a third nation outlining a new model of national space investment.

Its really important that NASA and the US continue to lead in space exploration, continue to do these civilization-first type missions, says Steve Jurczyk, a veteran NASA executive currently serving as the agencys interim head until president Joe Biden nominates a permanent replacement.

But what does leading in space mean in a world where space technology is increasingly easy to access? The old model of the Apollo program, which signaled technological superiority to the rest of the world, is now outmoded.

The US has been slow to catch on, to be frank, because it misunderstands some of the fundamentals of the new race, says Peter Garretson, a retired US Air Force officer who is now a senior fellow focused on space strategy at the conservative-leaning American Foreign Policy Council. For newly arrived space powers, repeating old tricks and doing new first-of-a-kind tricks still commands attention. But what really matters is who is establishing a long-term industrial and logistical base from which they can command long-term economic power.

Garretson and Namrata Goswami, an independent space policy analyst, have written a book called Scramble for the Skiesthat outlines their expectation that space power will be built around exploiting the economic potential beyond earth. In particular, they fear China will outstrip other powers because of its long-term focus on development.

Today, the context of space is much more about the economic returns, Goswami told Quartz in an email. A service like GPS or BeiDou offers the possibility of billions of dollars in return on investments. Countries like China are investing in space technologies like 3D printing, advanced robotics, and AI given their rationale of trillions of dollars of resources waiting on the Moon and asteroids to be harvested. The idea is not just showcasing space technology for its own sake, but towards a long-term strategic purpose.

US goals in space are not even one-thousandth as ambitious as what the Chinese have articulated, Garretson says, citing Beijings detailed plans to outstrip the US as a space power by 2045with a new space station, a moon colony, and the development of technology to capture solar power in orbit.

In comparison, American experience with space success during the Apollo program has led to a culture that favors symbolic moonshot projects over long-term, cumulative investment. But under recent presidents the growing role of public-private partnerships and policy directives prioritizing the economic development of space has bent policy toward this vision.

The Artemis program, launched under Trump to return US astronauts to the moon, provides a case study. The initial goal of laying the groundwork for sustainable long-term presence there fits with this new vision of space power, but the push to strip away the more complex parts of the program in order to meet an arbitrary 2024 deadline made less sense. Garretson says that delaying the 2024 date to build more useful lunar infrastructure makes sense. Any part of the architecture that is expendable and is not able to be used by the private sector for their own purposes is a missed opportunity, he adds.

As the US warily eyes China (and Russia) as rivals in space, it will also find itself working more with partners, both traditional and newly arrived.

In some cases, the UAE has an advantagethey havent got a history, they dont have these processes and procedure, Jurczyk says, comparing the young space program with its private-sector start-ups. In some ways they can be more innovative and lean forward in exploiting cube sats and small spacecraft. Were supporting them with lessons learned engineering very complex systems and help them with enabling their innovation.

For NASAs rover Perseverance, a key part of its mission will be setting aside samples of Martian geology to return to earth. The return mission, launching in 2026, relies on a rover built by the European Space Agency to snatch the samples.

For the countries with new programs, space power isnt just about achieving scientific milestones. It is about economic development, as in India, which began its space program just weeks after the Apollo 11 landing to enable weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and other development goals, Namrata says. And the message of exploration isnt just for other countries but also for a domestic audience, allowing unelected governments in Abu Dhabi or Beijing to gain prestige in front of their people.

But small, wealthy countries like the UAE and Luxembourg, itself a satellite pioneer, see a chance to win more than just prestige. Garretson argues that these countries are well positioned to be mediators and craft a new global consensus on space activity, enabling access to other technologies and attracting financial activity, as well as bigger role in global affairs.

Any nation that seeks to carry the banner of leadership in the world symbolically must also carry it in space, he says.

A version of this story originally appeared in Quartzs Space Business newsletter.

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The geopolitics of NASA's Perseverance mission to Mars - Quartz

The race to live on Mars – Conversations – ABC News

Tamara Davis is a cosmologist who is is wildly excited by the NASA rover landing on Mars.

She says its only a matter of time until astronauts visit Mars and that before long there will also be a colony on the Red Planet.

Tamara also studies black holes, dark energy, dark matter and is helping manage the Dark Energy Survey, involving over 400 researchers on four continents.

And is leading a multi-million-dollar Laureate Fellowship to explore why the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

Over two episodes, Catalyst explores what it will take to get to and live on Mars and why scientists think life could once have existed there and may still do.

Mars: Our Second Home? Tuesday February 23 - 8:30pm

Mars: The Hunt for Life Tuesday March 2 - 8:30pm

Tamara is a presenter on ABC TV's Catalyst

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The race to live on Mars - Conversations - ABC News

Will Mars become an object of international competition? – Brookings Institution

February has been a big month for Mars exploration. We already have seen the United Arab Emirates and China successfully place orbiters around Mars, while the United States hopes to build on its past successes with Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity by landing a new one named Perseverance there this week. That rover is equipped with instruments that will search for life, seek to convert Martian carbon dioxide into oxygen, and fly around the surface.

All of these activities are exciting for scientists and space enthusiasts because of the possible gains in knowledge and technical innovation. As noted in a Mars blog post last year, there are many reasons to explore the Red Planet from the potential to gain a better understanding of the origins of life to the chance to develop new technologies and lay the groundwork for space tourism and mining.

Much of space exploration in recent decades has been marked by international cooperation. The United States, for example, has worked with Russia and 13 other countries on the International Space Station, the launch of space telescopes, and the development of land-based observatories. Scientists from many nations compare notes, share data, and collaborate on academic papers. There are international conferences where experts report preliminary findings and get feedback from their peers.

Yet the geopolitical situation is shifting dramatically in ways that could imperil future cooperation. There is anger over Russias alleged role in the SolarWinds hack of U.S. government agencies and leading business enterprises. In addition, there are Russia sanctions due to that countrys takeover of Crimea and invasion of Ukraine.

Relations with China also have grown tense as the two countries compete over trade, national security, and economic power. There is concern over that nations treatment of Hong Kong and its human rights record in regard to political and religious minorities. Many Democrats and Republicans have called for tougher action against China.

These tensions are spilling over into space exploration. Not wanting to be reliant upon Russian launch rockets, the United States has developed its own multi-stage rocket to send astronauts to the space station. And a number of years ago, Congress enacted legislation that precluded NASA from working with Chinese scientists.

As a result of its exclusion from the American space program, China has developed agreements with Asian, European, and Latin American nations to explore the Moon and space in general. It is expected to launch its own international space station this year with financial support from other countries.

Last year, the United States negotiated an agreement with eight nations called the Artemis Accords that enables individual nations or specific private companies to create exclusive zones on the moon. That will enable the founding signatories (Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States, with later signatures by Brazil and the Ukraine) to build colonies, engage in space tourism, or undertake mining activities in those areas.

Yet other nations have criticized the agreement. Countries such as China, France, Germany, India, and Russia so far have not signed the accord. Among their objections include its focus on bilateral agreements that may be outside of existing international frameworks, the role of private exploration companies, and concerns about American primacy in space.

The risk of planned activities is that the Moon, Mars, comets, asteroids, and other solar system objects will become the focus of international competition and space commercialization. Are exclusive zones going to become mini-nations that engage in similar competitiveness, conflict, and mistrust that characterize their earth-based entities? Are there meaningful ways to create cross-national areas that encourage peace, cooperation, and prosperity?

Going forward, these are crucial questions. On planet Earth, countries are establishing defense forces that militarize near-earth orbits. With the importance of satellite communications, leaders are taking steps to defend orbiting satellites and make sure those of other nations were not used for offensive purposes. While understandable given their status as critical infrastructure, these moves set precedents that could prove quite risky.

As countries see outer space through the lens of colonization and commercialization, we need to think about how to govern the solar system beyond our planet. Will settlements on the Moon and Mars be democracies or run according to military principles? Which environmental rules should apply to lunar mining operations? What legal rules and norms should apply to Mars and the Moon? If we do not develop answers to these questions and have broad-based international agreements that enforce them, we could end up in a dystopian space future based on military interests and commercial exploitation.

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Will Mars become an object of international competition? - Brookings Institution

A Spanish startup is offering trips to space in helium balloons as a cheaper alternative to SpaceX – Business Insider

Founded in 2009 by Jose Mariano Lopez-Urdiales, Spanish startup Zero 2 Infinity wants to launch passengers 40 kilometers into space using helium balloons.

Setting off from Andalucia in the south of Spain, the trip will take six hours.

The ascent will take three hours, while two hours will be spent floating in space, and a further hour will be spent on the descent.

Lopez-Urdiales was first struck by the idea while helping his astrophysicist father to float helium balloons to the threshold of space, he told Sifted.

The aim of the 40km flight is to allow passengers to experience the "overview effect," allowing them to experience the blackness of space, the roundness of the earth, and its blue color all without actually entering space itself, which is at around double the distance from Earth at 80 kilometers.

For the landing, the capsule containing the passengers detaches from the helium balloon and lands with a very large parachute, Lopez-Urdiales told El Economista.

He also highlighted that the space flight didn't produce any noise or CO2 emissions, nor did it bring with it any risk of explosion.

The company previously carried out a test in 2012 sending a humanoid robot up to an altitude of 32 kilometers.

At the time they said they wanted to eventually offer hours of flight time so people could experience longer periods in space.

They conducted a further test in 2017 launching a prototype consisting of a balloon and a rocket to a height of 40 kilometers, Phys.Org reported.

Zero 2 Infinity the only Spanish startup in the space tourism market. EOS-X Space, founded by Kemel Kharbachi, is exploring a very similar concept and plans to launch its first commercial flight in 2023.

Lopez-Urdiales accused Kharbachi of copying the company's concept after he worked with them on a funding deal that fell through. However, Kharbachi has denied the accusations.

Other space tourism concepts entail entering space itself at a high altitude. One landmark moment was when Space Adventures launched businessman Dennis Tito up to the International Space Station for eight days.

The Richard Branson-headed Virgin Galactic also aims to launch flights into space. In 2019, it became the first space tourism company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Elon Musk's SpaceX wants to go even further, getting humans to Mars by 2026 and eventually building colonies on the red planet.

Zero 2 Infinity's concept comes at a much lower price than the other options, at just over $130,000. However, Lopez-Urdiales says the transport still has to be tested out by professionals, who are scheduled to do so later this year.

The company also still needs to secure another $2.4 million in funding, despite having already raised around $7.2 million.

"We already have the capsules, the permits, the insurance, and the flight center," Lopez-Urdiales said. "It's now just a question of securing the remaining funding."

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A Spanish startup is offering trips to space in helium balloons as a cheaper alternative to SpaceX - Business Insider

Mars is an example of something that’s useless. There are others – Real Change News

Whats the attraction of Mars? I dont get it. Its an entire planets worth of desert. The total surface area of Mars is slightly less than the land area of earth, minus the water area, and its all cold desert.

Who needs this planet? You cant breathe the air. Itll be decades before anyone will ever be able to build a golf course there with real grass. Theyll have to settle for astroturf, shipped in at a cost of billions of dollars. Not only will there be no hope of raising dairy cows or goats in the foreseeable future, you can forget almonds and soy beans, too. Mushrooms will only grow between your toes.

People will have to live underground to get away from cumulative radiation exposure at the surface. You go a couple 100 million miles through vacuum, and as soon as you get to your destination, you have to dig a trench, build a subterranean home in it and cover it and live in it almost all the time.

The streaming video will be terrible, and Amazon deliveries will take ages. The gravity is so weak people will need special exercise equipment to keep their muscles from wasting away. No more getting the exercise you need by walking to work and back.

And yet for all that, there are people eager to sign up to join in colonizing Mars as soon as Elon Musk is ready to fire them at it. In the meantime the exploration of the planet by robots is getting ridiculous. Just the last two weeks weve seen not one but two Mars orbiters arrive at Mars, days apart, one from the United Arab Emirates and the other from China. Then, this Thursday, a US robot explorer is expected to land on the surface of the planet.

The US robot is equipped with microphones so we will be able to hear what Martian wind sounds like. Because, were buying property there, and thats the kind of thing you want to know when youre buying property. Whats the noise like? Is it going to keep me up at night?

Conditions on Mars are so awful, it would be immoral to set up a penal colony there. A crime against humanity.

Comparing colonizing Mars to colonizing the Moon, the Moon has pretty much all the same drawbacks Mars has. Nothing but desert. You have to live underground. Nothing will grow there for ages. Extra exercise equipment necessary.

But you could get Netflix. The view from the earth-facing-side is way better than any view from Mars. And when you got tired of it, you could get back to earth a whole lot easier and in just a few days.

Speaking of escaping tiresome conditions, I just googled When will this Senate hearing be over? Navigator, plot me a course for out of here. Google didnt help much.

There could be witnesses! That could drag the whole process out for days.

Its a pity the final vote cant be anonymous. The Senate can agree to an initially secret ballot, but if just 20 senators demand the votes be read off publicly, they have to be. And you can count on those 20 senators coming forward.

As a result, the whole exercise is going to provide multiple chapters in an upcoming book to be titled Profiles in Cowardice: the Trump Acquittal. Subtitled: All the Presidents Cowards.

The bad news: The Senate will probably vote to acquit. The good news: The trial isnt just before the Senate. It is, more importantly, before the American people. The people have been watching. As one of Trumps own lawyers said, the trial is unnecessary because the people can decide whether to vote for Trump again. All the more reason for the trial. Let the people see what voting for Trump again entails.

It entails a repeat of the January 6 coup attempt. If he even runs again in 2024 and loses again, we could get another assault on the Capitol building and Congress. It might be better organized the next time.

During the 2024 campaign season, the Republicans could choose to remove all barriers to the renomination of Trump. They could choose to have no primaries and let him coast to nomination. But if they do and theres another fiasco like we had January 6th, it will be on their heads, and the Republican Party will become history.

Dr. Wes Browning is a one time math professor who has experienced homelessness several times. He supplied the art for the first cover of Real Change in November of 1994 and has been involved with the organization ever since. This is his weekly column,Adventures in Irony, a dry verbal romp of the absurd. He can be reached at drwes@realchangenews.org.

Read more in the Feb. 17-23, 2021 issue.

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Mars is an example of something that's useless. There are others - Real Change News

Crayolas sprawling new exhibit launches at Franklin Institute with creativity on the brain (PHOTOS) – lehighvalleylive.com

If humanity ever colonizes Mars, its bound to need some sort of recreational outlet similar to the sports played here on Earth. But in a zero-gravity environment, what kind of sports can be played? What kind of weight and angle measurements will come into play when designing Mars-appropriate sports?

If those questions have sent you into a head-scratching brainstorm session, then Clayton Ferguson can call Crayola IDEAworks a success. Problem-solving exercises like this one are just one of the components to the new 17,000-square-foot Crayola exhibition opening on Saturday at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. Crayola IDEAworks: The Creativity Exhibition is a sprawling interactive experience making its premiere this weekend, and its designed for participants to maximize their creativity and tap into their unique talents to solve problems and complete imaginative activities.

Ferguson, the executive producer and co-owner of the exhibition, and his company Agency 808 have been working with Crayola for about two and a half years on IDEAworks, focusing on the goal of tapping into the creativity people use every day.

You make thousands of creative decisions every single day, he said. Were really trying to teach kids and families to really tap into the process of it. Creative problem-solving skills are something that really are building blocks to every single pillar of individuals.

The exhibition is broken up into two sections: the IDEA (which stands for Identify, Define, Explore and Assess) Workshop and the Colorverse. The IDEA Workshop, Ferguson said, is basically creating a profile of the participant (which is geared towards kids, of course, but people of all ages can exercise their creativity muscle) and how they approach solving problems and decision-making. That approach is then used in the Colorverse through imaginative challenges such as the Mars colony.

Those involved in this partnership between the world-renowned Franklin Institute and globally beloved Crayola feel its a no-brainer. Ferguson, whos worked on different exhibitions with the institute before, credits the museum with always thinking ahead of the curve. The team at the institute jumped at the chance to be involved in the launch of IDEAworks when Ferguson brought the idea to some major museums.

Theyve been a part of the entire process with us from even the creative development a year and a half ago, he said.

While it helps that each institution is essentially in the others backyard, with more or less an hour and a half drive separating the institute and Crayolas Easton headquarters, Franklin Institute President and CEO Larry Dubinski cites their similar missions as another binding factor.

Were rooted in this spirit of invention and innovation and entrepreneurship, he said. I think thats essentially this great synergy between Crayola and the Franklin Institute.

Opening an exhibition like this during the COVID-19 pandemic has certainly provided its challenges. But both Ferguson and Dubinski expressed their confidence in the safety measures in place so that IDEAworks can be a completely safe adventure.

Regular cleaning and mask-wearing has been a constant since the institute opened back up in July. And with the sheer size of IDEAworks, operating at 25% capacity means there can be about 85 people in a 17,000-square-foot space. Plenty of room for problem-solving in peace.

IDEAworks opens on Saturday to the general public and is scheduled to close on July 18. Purchasing tickets in advance is highly recommended, and tickets are $12 per person.

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Connor Lagore may be reached at clagore@njadvancemedia.com.

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"The Expanse" shows the dangers of treating extremism as a joke – Salon

Events depicted in Amazon's"The Expanse," which just wrapped its fifth season,take place two centuries in the future when humankind has colonized Mars and cultivated a downtrodden working class in the asteroid belts between Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Apparently no amount of time diminishes the solid charms of a classic joke setup, because early on in the season an Earth admiral attempts to lighten a deposed politician's dark mood by telling his version of the classic "A, B and C walk into a bar . . ."

This joke stars a Belter, an Earther and a Martian. The Belter orders the finest Martian whiskey from the bartender, and the Martian orders Earther tequila. Both give the same explanation for their choices: "Drinking like my enemy helps me think like my enemy." Before the admiral can get to the punchline they're interrupted by urgent business, which turns out to be a warning about an impending disaster enormous in scale.

Six full episodes transpire before the admiral, Felix Delgado (Michale Irby) gets to the punchline. By that point in the season millions have been slaughtered in on Earth, Mars and a Belter colony instigated by sadistic Belter extremist Marco Inaros (Keon Alexander), shifting the solar system's power balance.

The politician, Chrisjen Avasarala (Shohreh Aghdashloo) has been restored to power as the acting Secretary-General of the United Nations after her predecessor orders a military strike against the economically devastated Belter outpost Inaros once called home, leading most of his cabinet to resign.

In a moment of calm and candorshe asks Delgado to finish the joke, and the admiral complies: "The Earther says, 'Give me a shot of the finest Belter liquor you have, the best the Belt has to offer.' The bartender says, 'Because it helps you think like your enemy?' And the Earther says, 'No, because I'm trying to drink less. The best the Belt has to offer is terrible!'"

Neither Delgado nor Avasarala laugh, and in those seconds the Admiral's flippant twinkle melts. "It used to be funnier," he flatly offers.

Simple exchanges like thisremind viewers why "The Expanse" is consistently underappreciated in the realm of epic dramas. Here we see two people tasked with serving humanity and seeking peace revealing their arrogance and prejudice by way of a derogatory joke; they are leaders and ostensibly diplomats. To use a familiar and loaded 2021 term, they are the "elites."

But even these supposedly wise leaders are not above ignorant wisecracks about the presumed inferiority of the downtrodden or, we should say, they didn't used to be. By the time the joke has stopped being funny the Belt has delivered a wallop to the systemthat threatens to bring the established order to its knees.

Several times, including very recently, I've written about the limited appeal of end-of-the-world dystopias to audiences living in the middle of one, and on the surface it may be tempting to lump "The Expanse" in with other examples of apocalyptic visions. It was never that type ofshow.

From the beginning "The Expanse" has always extrapolated the probable direction our future would take with an eye on humanity continuing, not ending. In the same ways some hoary, dumb jokes don't really change, neither does humankind's greedy nature and its ages-old habit of optimizing society's function to benefit the wealthy and leaving the rest to struggle over scraps. Ever imagine what happens to a society that never quite makes it beyond late capitalism? Watch this show.

And I recommend that you do because "The Expanse" thisseasonserved up several disaster movies, a bullet-riddled action thriller and family drama, and it did a spectacular job with each. Each of its 10 episodes is a spectacle that refuses to sacrifice its stunning aesthetics even in the worstof circumstances. This also differentiates "The Expanse" from, say, an endless grind to survive a zombie world or a desperate frozen locomotive.

As terrible as the situation gets for the show's protagonists, the worlds depicted never look anything less than interesting, and the writing gives us a view into humanity's shortsightedness in broad strokes and intensely personal ones.

Human greed and perseverance will always be this show's roiling guts, especially once we know these characters and all they're capable of, for better or for the absolute worst.

Season 5 breaks free of the show's habit of viewing the solar system's intense political machinations, class warfare and economic disparity from the somewhat neutral view of the Rocinante, an independent gunship whose crew consists of Captain James Holden (Steven Strait) and chief engineer Amos Burton (Wes Chatham), who originate from Earth; pilot Alex Kamal (Cas Anvar), a citizen of Mars; and executive officer Naomi Nagata (Dominique Tipper), a Belter.

Spaceship crews that transcend cultural and political strife are a sci-fi mainstay, but the Rocinante's tight family sticks together because they don't fully trust any government while maintaining connections to each faction through their individual relationships. They've also bonded over their perilously close interactions with the story's X-factor, a sentient phenomenon known as the protomolecule that can wipe out entire colonies. Through the protomolecule the Roci crew also discovers a network of gates to other parts of the universe, some with inhabitable planets and some containing dead space.

Over the show's five seasons the Roci has contended with various factions wanting to use the protomolecule for their own benefit, but only recently Holden and his cohorts believed they had banished it from this system. But where there are zealots there must be world-ending weapons for them to steal.

Strangely enough, the protomolecule is not season's greatest ordeal nor itsmain strength.

Following a mild restart in the fourth season (the first to stream on Amazon after Syfy dropped the show) showrunner Naren Shankar's decision to temporarily break up the Roci crew to pursue personal missions refreshes the series yet again. Doing so expanded the development of Tipper's Naomi and Chatham's Amos, and enabled the writers to humanize the figures that could have been most easily written off as terrorists.

"The Expanse" cast's performances are powered with the same level of devotion to profundity that the producers give to getting the details of physics and space travel right. It follows that the series would operate with the same steadiness in its shift from a political saga fueled by struggles over resources into a provocative warning about ignoring so-called fringe actors and their passions.

"The Expanse" isn't shy about depicting Inaros as a self-serving, dangerous cult leader, to be clear. But through Naomi, who goes in search of the son she has with Inaros, Filip (Jasai Chase-Owens), we are given a tight shot on how easily abusive personalities can radicalize the disillusioned . . . which is entirely relevant at the moment.

Naomi is never seduced by his message but her son is fully indoctrinated, and through both of their stories we come to understand why and how a figure who begins the season as the system's most wanted man ends it as its most feared. Everything comes back to that punchlineand the political arrogance of underestimating a livid underclass. Designate people as a joke for long enough and eventually they'll make it their mission to turn their oppressorsinto a punchline.

Amos returns to Baltimore, just in time to coincide with the Inaros faction's crippling attack. Earth's dire disarray pushes Amos to use his abilities as a strategist and negotiator instead of relying on brute force, and allows Chatham to spread his dramatic range wider than he has before. He also was part of the underclass. Now he has the Earth's chief executive on speed dial.

Anvar's Alex probably received the least amount of expansion next to Strait's character, but given that most of "The Expanse" makes Holden the center of the story sidelining him in order to beef up Naomi and Amos is excusable.

Alex's deemphasis may have been in the editing, however; the actor was fired in the wake of multiple sexual misconduct allegations brought against him in the summer of 2020. If you didn't know that, his sudden death-by-stroke in the finale may have taken you by surprise.

Nevertheless, the Rocinante crew finishes this season as heroes celebrated by Avasarala as the exemplar of what Inaros hates: an assembly of people pittedagainst one another by the powers that be, now working together for the common good. "All we have to do now is turn Belter, Martian and Earther into this," she says with a warm smile, adding, "This is how we win."

Genre fiction teaches us that whenever a character delivers a line like this with pure certainty, evil will surely test it and right on time Inaros responds in another part of space, setting the table for a sixthand final season that looks like it could be an existential battle pitting a pseudo-democracy against fascism.

Ignoring the real-world parallels that may hit too close to home for some people, the painstaking level of intricacy laced through every corner of "The Expanse" could make the prospect of leaping into this series daunting especially in a time when everyone's attention span has been taxed beyond belief.

Then again, right now much of the country is blanketed in snow, and many millions more are slumped into the midwinter doldrums. We crave some element of departure from the world's woe, but prestige habit also dictates that the writing gives us enough realism to hold onto.

"The Expanse" is a journey removed enough from reality to release us from its gravity, but relatable enough to draw us in. If you ever considered taking on the show, it would be tough to come up with a better time than right now.

All five seasons of "The Expanse" are currently streaming on Amazon Prime.

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"The Expanse" shows the dangers of treating extremism as a joke - Salon

End of the world: Elon Musk warns of ‘civilisation collapse’ if we don’t leave Earth soon – Daily Express

Mr Musk spoke about the importance of building a self-sustaining city on Mars and how it is one of the most important things we can do to ensure "the long-term existence of consciousness".

He said: "I think there's arguably a great filter that we face with, you know, will we become a multi-planet species or not.

"You know, we'll be surprised if out there in our galaxy and others, there are a whole bunch of dead one-planet civilisations that prospered for a while - they might have prospered for millions of years - but then gradually the civilisation collapsed for reasons externals or internal and that was that.

"All civilisations go through an arc where they build, they grow up in technology complexity but then they don't keep going up, they, over time they decline and they fall.

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End of the world: Elon Musk warns of 'civilisation collapse' if we don't leave Earth soon - Daily Express

Elon Musk opens up about Mars, Gamestop and Dogecoin | Heres everything he said – Republic World

A few days ago, Elon Musk appeared for an interview and the launch of the exclusive Clubhouse app where 5000 people joined the Clubhouse chatroom to hear him talk live.He talked about a whole lot of things, from his plans to coloniseMars, to whether Dogecoin might become the universal currency of the future, to the Gamestop incident and the stock market. Readon to find more here.

Also Read:Elon Musk's Wife Grimes Gives 8-month-old Son X AE A-Xii 'Viking' Haircut | See Pictures

Musk told everyone about his plans about beginning to set up a colony on Mars. He said he is considering a time-span of five and a half years till he can start getting people to Mars."The important thing is that we establish Mars as a self-sustaining civilization," he said.

Musk then went on to talk about memes and his 'meme dealers'. He talked about his company Neuralink, his company that has been doing research on human brain implants. There have already been a lot of experiments done with animals and Musk said they would have videos of working proof of Neuralink out soon. He was also quoted as saying. "We have a monkey with a wireless implant in their skull who can play video games using his mind".

Also Read:Elon Musk Loses Legal Battle With Tesla Critic, Judge Rules To Keep Defamation Case

Bitcoin, GME, stock market and Dogecoin have been in the news a lot the past few weeks and Elon Musk has been tweeting about them all. Previously, Musk has joked around about Dogecoinin the past, but this time he seriously appeared to endorse Bitcoin. He said, "I'm late to the party but I'm a supporter of Bitcoin", he said. This made the price of Bitcoin go up overnight.

Also Read:Randeep Hothi: Meet The Indian-American Student Who Sued Elon Musk And Won Round One

He considered Dogecoin to be a meme currency but didn't dismiss it. This is what he had to say about Dogecoin:"Arguably the most entertaining outcome, the most ironic outcome would be that Dogecoin becomes the currency of Earth of the future," Immediately after his comments, the value of Dogecoin dropped a little bit.He even talked about his favourite TV shows and said Cobra Kai was really good and something he enjoyed a lot. He also talked about the whole Gamestop Reddit drama. The interview ran for about 90 minutes in total.

Also Read:Bitcoin Prices Spike As Elon Musk Changes Twitter Bio, Netizens Call Him 'real Influencer'

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Elon Musk opens up about Mars, Gamestop and Dogecoin | Heres everything he said - Republic World

Newly Invented Fusion Rocket Thruster Concept Might be Our Ticket to Mars and Beyond! – Tech Times

After the highly-anticipated return of man to the moon, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as well as private space company SpaceX headed by Elon Musk, is planning to finally step on Martian soil for the first time and maybe even create a colony that could thrive in the Red Planet--but how will they do that?

(Photo : Pexels)A trip to Mars might become faster with the new concept fusion rocket thrusters.

Although space travel is rather common, what with astronauts going to and fro the International Space Station (ISS), a trip to Mars would take a long time, given our current technology.

In a previous report byTech Times, studies have found that prolonged space flight can be dangerous for humans, so a trip to Mars could even be deadly, and that is one of the problems scientists are trying to solve before any human could step to Mars.

However, a new invention by a scientist may solve the problem.

Read More: Elon Musk Shares Photos of SN9, SN10 Starships But Not Launching, Calls FAA Regulations 'Broken'

In a report bySky News, Dr. Fatima Ebrahimi, a physicist with the US Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) has designed a fusion rocket thruster that could make space travel faster than it currently is.

According to the report, the rocket will be using magnetic fields that will shoot plasma particles, which are electrically charged gas, to go further into the vacuum of space.

The speed of the said rocket would be ten times faster than any comparable devices we have now.

There are currently plasma propulsion engines that have been used in space missions, but they use electric fields to propel the particles, but the rocket designed by Dr. Ebrahimi would be using magnetic reconnection.

The process is actually rather common in our universe, but it's mostly observed on the surface of the sun, whenever magnetic fields converge in the surface of our host star before separating and reconnecting yet again, they produce a massive amount of energy.

The same concept would be found in the physicist's design.

Similar energy would be created by within the rocket's torus-shaped machines, which are called tokamaks, a magnetic confinement device.

According to the scientist behind the concept design, the tokamak produces plasmoids, or magnetic bubbles, during its operation.

The plasmoids move at around 20 kilometers per second, which the physicist believe is a lot of thrust.

"I've been cooking this concept for a while," Dr. Ebrahimi said. "I had the idea in 2017 while sitting on a deck and thinking about the similarities between a car's exhaust and the high-velocity exhaust particles created by PPPL's National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)."

In computer simulations, Dr. Ebrahimi's rocket thrusters outperformed existing plasma thrusters we currently have as it's able to generate an exhaust with velocities of hundreds of kilometers per second.

With that, a trip to Mars would be achievable, but more than Mars, we might soon reach more distant planets within our solar system.

This may also partially solve the problems with prolonged space travel since astronauts will be in the vacuum of space for a shorter time, but as of now, the design is still a concept, although the scientist is planning to create the prototype.

Related Article: NASA Develops Mars Rover Landing Simulatior for Mobiles and Desktops

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Newly Invented Fusion Rocket Thruster Concept Might be Our Ticket to Mars and Beyond! - Tech Times

NASA and CSA Will Give $500,000 To The Best Idea of Food Production In Space – Science Times

NASA and the Canadian Space Agency teamed up to look for brilliant ideas for food production in space, particularly in the upcoming Mars mission in 2024.

They are willing to give $500,000 for the best idea to help feed the astronauts on long-term space missions that are different from the dried and packaged food from Earth, Slash Gearreported.

This project is known as the Deep Space Food Challenge. Interested innovators have until May 28 to register, and NASA will award $25,000 for up to 20 teams.

Both NASA and CSA are trying to look for more feasible ways to use technology into bringing nutritious food into the spacecraft that will be used in the Artemis missionbut also making sure that it will not weigh down or produce more waste.

Specifically speaking, the contest said that they are calling for innovators to find "palatable, nutritious, and safe foods that require little processing time for crew members." Fox News reported that the contest's website specified that this technology should be designed to feed a crew of up to four astronauts for three years.

"NASA has knowledge and capabilities in this area, but we know that technologies and ideas exist outside of the agency," said Grace Douglas, NASA lead scientist for advanced food technology at Johnson Space Center in Houston.

"Raising awareness will help us reach people in a variety of disciplines that may hold the key to developing these new technologies," she added.

ALSO READ: Growing Plants In Space: Astronauts Eats First Radish Grown in Space

According to UPI, NASA has set a deadline until July 30 for teams to submit their ideas, the time when they will choose the idea.

The Deep Space Food Challenge was inspired by the problems that astronauts face with food boredom aboard the International Space Station, the news outlet reported.

Douglas wrote in a paper in 2020 that astronauts report that the fresh fruits and vegetables and some semi-shelf-stable specialty items brought to them several times a year gives them a profound psychological benefit.

Douglas wrote a paperin 2020 with two colleagues, published in the Journal of Nutrition, that outlined the problems astronauts face with food boredom aboard the International Space Station.

Moreover, the paper outlined the efforts of astronauts in producing food in space, including the limited cultivation of greens and radishes. They have also started experimenting with yeast to grow nutrients that supplement the diets of astronauts, but none of these could provide a significant volume of food to the astronauts.

Last year, astronauts aboard the ISS have already harvested the first radish grown in space, which they were able to eat some before sending most of it back to Earth.

Douglas warned that NASA might not be able to provide the same to deep space missions in the future because the fastest possible roundtrip is about 250 days, making resupply nearly impossible.

Meanwhile, Science Times previously reported that the Mars City platform had launched an annual challenge of Mars City Design Challengesto promote Marschitecture that encourages innovators to design architecture that balances Urban Farming on Mars.

Competitions such as this and the Deep Space Food Challenge could perhaps someday make the dream of creating a Mars colony possible in the future.

RELATED STORY: Top 5 Winning Farm Ideas on Mars

Check out more news and information on NASA Mars Missionon Science Times.

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NASA and CSA Will Give $500,000 To The Best Idea of Food Production In Space - Science Times

Jeff Bezos Renews Focus on Blue Origin, Which Has Been Slower to Launch – The New York Times

For most of its two decades of existence, Blue Origin was like Willy Wonkas chocolate factory in the childrens book by Roald Dahl.

It was a rocket company founded by Jeffrey P. Bezos, the billionaire who had created Amazon. That much was known. What the company was actually doing was shrouded in mystery.

But everyone wanted to get in, laughed Carissa Christensen, founder and chief executive of Bryce Space and Technology, an aerospace consulting firm.

Mr. Bezos announced on Tuesday that he would be stepping down as chief executive of Amazon this summer and becoming executive chairman. In his letter to Amazon employees, he said he wanted to put time and energy into other passions and listed Blue Origin among them.

The coming years for Blue Origin promise to be busy flying tourists on short suborbital jaunts, launching satellites on a new rocket, developing a lunar lander for NASA.

Does that mean Mr. Bezos will take a bigger day-to-day role at his rocket company?

If Jeff chose to spend more time at Blue Origin during the next phase of his career, that would be a very good thing for Blue, said Rob Meyerson, who was president of Blue Origin from 2003 to 2017. He brings great intelligence, great operational expertise and great mission passion to the business.

Mr. Meyerson noted that Mr. Bezos other ventures include the Bezos Earth Fund, which last year gave a $100 million grant to the Environmental Defense Fund to build and operate a methane-detecting satellite. Amazon, where Mr. Bezos will continue to be involved, is developing Project Kuiper, a constellation of satellites to beam internet service to Earth.

Its clear that space will be a prominent theme, Mr. Meyerson said.

Mr. Bezos founded Blue Origin in 2000 two years before Elon Musk started the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, better known as SpaceX.

But while Mr. Musk and SpaceX have already built a thriving business launching satellites and NASA astronauts to orbit and developing a huge rocket named Starship that is intended to take people to Mars someday Blue Origin seems to lag.

In its early days, the company only occasionally offered drips of news. Reporters would call Blue Origins public relations firm to obtain a perfunctory declined to comment from the company.

In November 2006, a gumdrop-shaped test craft successfully rose a modest 285 feet into the air and then returned gently back to the ground at a test site in West Texas. Mr. Bezos reported the success in a blog post on the Blue Origin website one and a half months later.

There were no other updates for four and a half years until Mr. Bezos acknowledged that a test vehicle had crashed, but only after The Wall Street Journal had reported the failure.

Over the years, Blue Origin became less secretive. Five years ago, Mr. Bezos welcomed a group of reporters for a tour of the companys headquarters in Kent, Wash., a few miles south of Seattle. During lunch, he happily answered questions. Its my total pleasure, he said then. I hope you can sense that I like this.

Since then, Blue Origin has grown quickly. It has a NASA contract for developing a lander that might take astronauts to the surface of the moon in a few years. It sells rocket engines to another rocket company, United Launch Alliance. It charges customers to fly science experiments on New Shepard, a suborbital spacecraft.

But those are so far modest in scope. Blue Origin has yet to start sales for New Shepards primary business taking tourists on short rides to the edge of space or even had people aboard on any of the test flights so far.

New Glenn, a larger rocket that would compete with SpaceXs Falcon 9 workhorse, will not take off on its maiden flight until at least later this year.

They have grand plans, but they have yet to actually launch any humans aboard any of their craft, said Laura Seward Forczyk, owner of Astralytical, a space consulting firm.

Mr. Musk and Mr. Bezos have periodically sparred about their rockets and whether humans should aim for Mars Mr. Musks ultimate destination or build free-floating colonies as Mr. Bezos envisions.

In an interview with Maureen Dowd last year, Mr. Musk offered faint praise for Mr. Bezos and Blue Origin: The rate of progress is too slow and the amount of years he has left is not enough, but Im still glad hes doing what hes doing with Blue Origin.

That does not necessarily mean Blue Origin is far behind.

During his tour with reporters in 2016, Mr. Bezos pointed to an image in the headquarters central area. It showed two tortoises holding an hourglass and gazing upward toward the cosmos. Below was Blue Origins motto: Gradatim ferociter, which is Latin for step by step, ferociously.

Blue Origin may hope to turn out to be the tortoise of the fable where slow and steady eventually wins over the speedy hare. Mr. Bezos wealth he has been selling billions of dollars in Amazon stock to help finance Blue Origin has allowed Blue Origin to follow a methodical, long-term plan without needing to generate much revenue in the short term.

Mr. Bezos has spoken in more detail about a future where millions of people live and work in space. The aim of Blue Origin, he said, is to help people get there.

We are going to build a road to space, Mr. Bezos said during a presentation in 2019 when he unveiled a design for a lunar lander. And then amazing things will happen.

Blue Origin now has a rocket engine factory in Huntsville, Ala., and huge facilities just outside NASAs Kennedy Space Center in Florida for assembling the New Glenn rockets.

In 2016, Mr. Bezos said he spent one day a week at Blue Origin. Although he majored in electrical engineering and computer science at Princeton as an undergraduate, Mr. Bezos let his engineers talk about the technical aspects of the Blue Origin spacecraft to reporters.

By contrast, Mr. Musk, with the title of chief engineer, is deeply involved with engineering details at SpaceX, although Gwynne Shotwell, the president and chief operating officer, handles much of the companys day-to-day details.

Thus, as Blue Origin shifts from research and development to a pursuit of revenue and profits, now may be an ideal time to bring in someone with the business successes of Amazon.

He is a business person who knows how to make money, Ms. Christensen said. Maybe this is the moment in time where its just too enticing for him to stay away.

She added: Amazon was like no other company before it. If Jeff Bezos is truly going to devote more time to Blue, I wonder if it is going to become like no other launch company before it.

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Jeff Bezos Renews Focus on Blue Origin, Which Has Been Slower to Launch - The New York Times

Opinion | Why Biden must pursue space diplomacy with Russia and China – Politico

Moreover, Russias space program required increased funding that China could provide in exchange for the Russian expertise it craved. The pair even announced they were considering building a lunar research base together. Nevertheless, it is clear this new friendship will create a destabilizing counter-system in space.

To be fair, there is good reason for the United States to pursue the Artemis Accords without Russia and China. Chinas official policy is to become the preeminent space power by 2045. This means a nuclear-powered space fleet, space transport for humans, and mining colonies on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. President Xi Jinping described the Chinese space program as part of the dream to make China stronger. Furthermore, for nearly a decade the annual Commerce, Justice, and Science Appropriations bills included the Wolf Amendment, which has prohibited NASA from cooperating with China to prevent technology theft.

Russia also represents a serious threat in space and the need for a counter-coalition. In November 2019, Russia launched a single satellite that subsequently and unexpectedly birthed a twin. In January 2020, the pair floated near KH-11, a multi-billion-dollar U.S. military reconnaissance satellite. After the United States complained, Moscow moved the satellites away from KH-11.

However, on July 15, 2020, the birthed satellite launched a missile into outer space. Russia claimed the satellites were non-military, but these Nesting Doll satellites demonstrate the dual nature of space technology: that Russia and China can readily turn allegedly benign infrastructure into military weapons to threaten the United States. Thus, although the Artemis Accords govern commercial space activities, assembling a like-minded coalition ready to challenge American foes seems prudent.

The Sino-Russo partnership not only undermines national security, but also risks the very aim of the Artemis Accords: the expansion of space commerce. A competing alliance in space will prevent the Artemis Accords from developing into customary international law that would increase stability.

For example, under the Artemis Accords, nations agree to increase transparency and employ safety zones for activities like lunar mining. As nations and corporations compete over the best locations on the moon to extract lunar ice to create rocket fuel, it is important that a single system govern who may operate where. Otherwise, potential conflicts lack peaceful means of resolution.

The incoming Biden Administration will have to decide how to proceed under the Artemis Accords. As political commitments, they could readily be abandoned. However, this would be unwise. After four years of the Trump Administration undermining alliances and sowing international distrust of the United States, withdrawal would only continue this course. Additionally, so long as Russia and China continue to challenge the United States in space, smart policy necessitates a NATO-like alliance to check and confront them. Accordingly, the Artemis Accords are not so unlike the Obama Administrations goal to surround China economically via the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

The Artemis Accords represent a rare opportunity for diplomacy with two of Americas archrivals. True, tensions with Russia and China remain high and little diplomatic progress has been achieved recently. But progress must start from somewhere. Ultimately, Russia, China, and the United States all want to commercialize space. A single legal system will decrease uncertainty and benefit all three nations. Moreover, American technology and investment outstrips both rivals combined. The United States may currently engage from a position of strength.

Fortunately, the United States and Russia have a long history of working together in outer space. The fact that the Outer Space Treaty was negotiated and ratified at the height of the Cold War demonstrates that diplomacy is possible and can even strengthen national security. More recently, the United States and Russia worked together on the International Space Station (ISS). The trust gained from the ISS is, perhaps, a path forward. In fact, Rogozin recently explained, The most important thing would be to base [lunar exploration] on the principles of international cooperation that were used in order to fly the ISS program. If we could get back to considering making these principles as the foundation of the program then Roscomos would also consider its participation.

Clearly, the door is not shut. At minimum, the United States should use this opening to drive a wedge between a blossoming Sino-Russo space relationship. Diplomacy may fail. But not trying accomplishes nothing. The Biden Administration should engage both Russia and China in space diplomacy while continuing to assemble a strong and durable Artemis Accords coalition that is prepared to counter Americas outer space adversaries should diplomacy fail or the need arise.

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Opinion | Why Biden must pursue space diplomacy with Russia and China - Politico

Advice From Tesla’s Elon Musk: Forget The Money, Ignore Critics, Think Big – InsideEVs

This article comes to us courtesy ofEVANNEX, which makes and sells aftermarket Tesla accessories. The opinions expressed therein are not necessarily our own at InsideEVs, nor have we been paid byEVANNEXto publish these articles. We find the company's perspective as an aftermarket supplier of Tesla accessories interesting and are happy to share its content free of charge. Enjoy!

Posted onEVANNEX on February 01, 2021byCharles Morris

Lists of business tips from Elon Musk have long been a favorite topic of the entrepreneur-oriented media, and the genre has become even more of a mainstay since Elons assets swelled to over $185 billion, making him the worlds richest human.

If you follow Elons advice, can you duplicate his success? Well, well seebut even if you dont end up revolutionizing the auto industry, or establishing a colony on another planet, you might just learn some ways to improve your productivity and, more importantly, to achieve some of the things you really think are important.

The latest addition to the Elon Musks Secrets for Success canon highlights the Iron Mans emphasis on meaningful projects that aim to create a better world, not just to generate piles of money. Justin Rowlatt, writing for the BBC,revisits an interview he did with Musk a few years ago, and finds that the insights Elon imparted are just as pertinent today as they were then.

The key to understanding Elon Musks agenda, and what sets him apart from the everyday billionaire you might meet on the street, is that making money has never been his ultimate goal. As a young man, Elon identified three fields that he felt represented important problems that would most affect the future of humanity, as Michael Belfiore reported in his 2007 book, Rocketeers. One was the internet, one was clean energy, and one was space. The young Musk understood that making his mark in these fields would take decades, and he has remained laser-focused on these fields ever since.

As Musk told Rowlatt, he has nothing against the pursuit of wealth if its done in sort of an ethical and good manner, but he doesnt count his achievements in dollars and cents. In fact, he doesnt expect to die richhe foresees investing most of his fortune in establishing the first Mars colony.

You want things in the future to be better, Musk told Rowlatt. You want these new exciting things that make life better.

Elon founded SpaceX out of frustration at the timid and unambitious goals of the US space program. I kept expecting us to advance beyond Earth, and to put a person on Mars, and have a base on the moon, and have very frequent flights to orbit.

Musk may not crave moneyper se, but he has a keen understanding of how finance interacts with technology to determine what gets done and what doesnt. He quickly grasped that the slow pace of Terran space exploration wasnt due to a lack of interest, but rather to the prohibitive cost of space travel. From the beginning, SpaceX (and Tesla) have been all about squeezing out costsfinding more economical ways to use the technology that we have in order to reach a larger goal.

And his goals are large indeedso large that more timid souls have often described them as the stuff of science fiction. But, as many others besides Musk have observed, modern institutions, both corporate and governmental, seem to be structured in a way that rewards incremental progress and unadventurous, small-canvas goals.

Above: Elon Muskdiscusses inspiration (YouTube:The not so Boring man)

If youre the CEO of a big company and you aim for something thats a modest improvement, and it takes longer than expected, and doesnt work out quite as well, then nobodys gonna blame you, he tells Rowlatt. If you are bold, and go for a really breakthrough improvement, and it doesnt work, youre definitely going to get fired. This explains why (to give one example) legacy automakers think its sufficient to introduce small improvements to their vehicles once a year.

Musk obviously has nothing against incremental improvements (both Tesla and SpaceX continuously make small tweaks to improve efficiency or reduce costs), but hes not afraid to imagineand create completely new products and new business models.

Of course, big thinking means big risks. In 2008, he made a dramatic decision that went down in the business history books. The launch of the Roadster was foundering, one of SpaceXs rockets had failed to reach orbit, the stock market was in the tank, and Tesla had about a weeks worth of cash in the bank. As Musk recounted in Chris Paines documentary film Revenge of the Electric Car, I had to make a choice then. Either I took all of the capital that I had left from the sale of PayPal...and invested that in Tesla, or Tesla would die.

Musk put up another $40 million, which represented most of his personal fortune at the time. It was a ballsy move that impressed the other investors with his all-out commitment. That incredible braggadocio, confidence, catalyzed a change in peoples opinion, and we and everyone else around the table were like, Oh my gosh, we want to be part of this, we want to get as much of this investment as we can, said VC investor and board member Steve Jurvetson. He saved the company in its darkest hour with an act of heroism that is hard to describe. Theres nothing like spending your last dollar on a company that you believe in.

This wasnt the last near-death experience for Tesla. The company had to traverse the dreaded Valley of Death again when it launched Model S, and a third time when it delivered Model 3. Did Musk keep his cool? Not reallyas he readily admits (and as we could all tell from his eccentric Twitter feed), he was stressed to the max. He risked everything, but the payoff was enormousnot just for Musk himself, but for anyone who drives a car, dreams of space travel, or enjoys breathing clean air.

The final pillar of Muskian wisdom: ignore the critics. Musk made it clear in his interview with Rowlatt that he was personally very upset by the level of skepticism, naysaying and downright abuse that he faced around 2018, as Model 3 was going through Production Hell, and anti-Tesla headlines became a surefire click-generator for media on both sides of the cultural divide.

The liberalschadenfreudewas really quite astonishing, said Musk. There were multiple blog sites maintaining a Tesla death watch. As Musk sees it, he and all the workers at his companies were aspiring to do great things, and it was hurtful to see how many people were rooting for them to fail.

Musk did not come through the flood of FUD emotionally unscathed, but come through it he did. He and his team have been utterly vindicated, and the croakers have lost every shred of credibility (and in some cases, billions of dollars).

You could call it a happy ending, except that its not an ending. Tesla has set another round, and another, of improbably ambitious goals, and SpaceXs quest to establish a colony on Mars has yet to be achieved. And Musk isnt through taking big risks. In December, a test of SpaceXs Starship launch vehicle ended in a rapid unplanned disassembly (RUD) six minutes after lift-off.

Was the Iron Man discouraged? On the contrary, he focused on the valuable data that the test generated. He tweeted: Fuel header tank pressure was low during landing burn, causing touchdown velocity to be high & RUD, but we got all the data we needed! Congrats SpaceX team hell yeah!!

Later he joked about the event, saying, Putting the crater in the right spot was epic. His last word on the subject: Mars, here we come!

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Written by:Charles Morris;Source:BBC

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Advice From Tesla's Elon Musk: Forget The Money, Ignore Critics, Think Big - InsideEVs