Adult University goes virtual with free ‘education vacations’ | Cornell Chronicle – Cornell Chronicle

For decades, Cornells Adult University (CAU) has hosted Cornell alumni, their families and friends on the Ithaca campus for faculty-led programs for adults and youth during the summer months. COVID-19 made these weeklong education vacations impossible this year.

But CAU is still carrying out its mission of lifelong learning by presenting free online courses, lectures and seminars for adults and youth July 631.

Public interest in CAUs virtual summer offerings has exceeded our expectations, said Lora Gruber-Hine, director of CAU, which is part of Cornells School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions.

The response from alumni has been overwhelmingly positive; returning students are signing up in droves, anxious to learn from their favorite faculty member and reunite with acquaintances from years past, Gruber-Hine said. Parents and first-timers are excited to engage with our instructors and find out firsthand what CAU is all about.

The online offerings were made possible by an outpouring of support from Cornell faculty and students who dedicated time, energy and expertise to make the virtual program a reality, Gruber-Hine said.

The high demand for CAUs ambitious, first-ever Virtual Summer Program has resulted in full enrollment for weeklong, faculty-led courses for adults. Topics include Getting Back to Ithaca: Homers Odyssey, taught by Michael Fontaine, professor of classics; Handling the Coronavirus, at Home and Abroad, taught by David Silbey, director of Cornell in Washington; and Medical Ethnobotany, taught by plant biologist Guilia Friso, senior research associate in the School of Integrative Plant Science.

But daily live webinars are open for registration. Topics include:

For youth and teens ages 9 to 15, CAUs free virtual activities include daily online classes on topics such as veterinary science, bioengineering, Supreme Court decisions and creative writing. Webinars and social media meetups will feature virtual campus tours, Q&A sessions with Cornell students, contests, trivia and more.

See the full schedule of offerings here. All online courses and webinars are free; registration is required.

Shelley Preston is the School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions communications and marketing specialist.

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Adult University goes virtual with free 'education vacations' | Cornell Chronicle - Cornell Chronicle

Global Dehydrated Vegetables Market SHARE TO EXHIBIT STEADY GROWTH IN THE COMING DECADE – Cole of Duty

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Wearable Physical Capacity Evaluation System Market 2020; Region Wise Analysis of Top Players in Market and its Types and Application – Express…

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Native Origins Announces Launch of Novel Rejuvenation Therapy Collagen Peptides – PR Web

LA JOLLA, Calif. (PRWEB) June 03, 2020

The fountain of youth has been discovered and channeled into supplement form. Native Origins has added yet another feather to its cap with the release of a Collagen Peptides Supplement FormulaNative Origins secret to having plumper, healthier and more youthful looking skin.

Human skin is made up of 75% collagen, says Biomedical Research Laboratories CEO, Chris Jacob. But after the age of 25, collagen synthesis reduces at a rate of 1.5% a year. By the age of 45, natural collagen levels may fall by as much as 30%. Native Origins Collagen Peptides was precisely formulated for consumers searching for a holistic way to counteract the impacts of natural collagen loss. It improves the look and appearance of skin, hair and nails, while also offering joint support by reducing pain, swelling and stiffness.

As with every other Native Origins supplement, the latest proprietary formulation is sourced from the worlds highest quality ingredients and rigorously tested for purity, screening for pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals and more. The innovative formula mixes a unique collagen blendwith microencapsulated Vitamin Cto help fuel the synthesis of natural collagen in the skins dermis layer.

The product arrives in an unflavored, loose and dry powder, which dissolves easily in hot or cold beverages. It is composed solely of hydrolyzed types I, II and III collagen, to ensure maximum efficacy and bioavailability, using only top-quality ingredients from grass-fed, pasture-raised cows, antibiotic & hormone-free and non-GMO.

We use the latest technology and production capabilities available at our FDA-registered production facility to make the most effective products on the market. The team at Native Origins believes a healthy life should come naturally. With Collagen Peptides, consumers now have a game-changing natural supplement to help them look and feel their best.

About BRLBiomedical Research Laboratories (BRL) is a global nutrition company headquartered in San Diego. Founded by a bioengineering team from UCSD in 2008, the BRL team is 100% committed to developing and marketing innovative nutrition products with a focus on combining science-based, active ingredients with high-tech nutrient-delivery technologies. The company began as a human sports nutrition company focused on solutions to improve energy, stamina and athletic performance. Since then, the product offerings have expanded to include natural remedies, supplements for performance animals, and CBD.

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Chan Zuckerberg Initiative awards $1.49 million to Stanford researchers | The – Stanford University News

by Stanford Medicine on June 13, 2020 1:30 pm

The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) has awarded $1.49 million to research projects involving Stanford Medicine scientists who will investigate emerging ideas about the role of inflammationin disease. The grants will be awarded over a two-year period.

Ami Bhatt is one of the researchers on the Analyzing how inflammation affects the aging brain project that will be receiving funds from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. (Courtesy Stanford Medicine)

CZI is a philanthropic organization established byFacebookfounder Mark Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, in 2015.

Following are short descriptions of the projects, their funding amounts and the names of their investigators (lead investigators are listed first):

Analyzing how inflammation affects the aging brain ($525,000): ANNE BRUNET, professor of genetics; AMI BHATT, assistant professor of genetics and of hematology; CHRIS GARCIA, professor of structural biology and of molecular and cellular physiology.

Imaging gut immune cells and microbes to understand health and disease($300,000): LUCY ERIN OBRIEN, assistant professor of molecular and cellular and biology; KC HUANG, professor of bioengineering and of microbiology and immunology.

Studying vascular disease in black and Hispanic patients ($525,000): JOSEPH WU, professor of cardiovascular medicine and director of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute; ELSIE GYANG ROSS, assistant professor of vascular surgery and of biomedical informatics research; and PHILIP TSAO, professor of cardiovascular medicine.

Understanding how stress and social disparity affect preterm birth ($140,000): Jingjing Li, assistant professor of neurology (UCSF); GARY SHAW, professor of pediatrics; and DAVID K. STEVENSON, professor of pediatrics.

Read this article and more on the Stanford Medicine website.

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Vertical Garden Construction MARKET SIZE BY APPLICATION, TYPES, END-USER, REGIONAL ANALYSIS AND FORECAST 2020 TO 2025 – News Distinct

Research report on global Vertical Garden Construction Market 2020 with industry-primary research, secondary research, product research, size, trends, and Forecast.

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A+Lawn&Landscape, AmericanHydrotech, ANSGroupGlobal, Biotecture, FourLeafLandscape, GreenWallsBioengineering, Livewall, Sempergreen, TheGreenwallCompany, ZTCInternationalLandscapeSolutions

Table Of Content

Market Overview: Scope & Product Overview, Classification of Vertical Garden Construction by Product Category (Market Size (Sales), Market Share Comparison by Type (Product Category)), Vertical Garden Construction Market by Application/End Users (Sales (Volume) and Market Share Comparison by Application), Market by Region (Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region, Status and Prospect

Vertical Garden Construction Market by Manufacturing Cost Analysis: Key Raw Materials Analysis, Price Trend of Key Raw Materials, Key Suppliers of Raw Materials, Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials, Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure (Raw Materials, Labor Cost), Manufacturing Process Analysis

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Segment by Type:

IndoorVerticalGardenWallOutdoorVerticalGardenWall

Segment by Application:

ResidentialCommercial

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

South America

Center East and Africa

United States, Canada and Mexico

Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy

China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia

Brazil, Argentina, Colombia

Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa

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People Think Robots Are Pretty Incompetent and Not Funny, New Study Says – Research Horizons

Dang robots are crummy at so many jobs, and they tell lousy jokes to boot. In two new studies, these were common biases human participants held towardrobots.

The studies were originally intended to test for gender bias, that is, if people thought a robot believed to be female may be less competent at some jobs than a robot believed to be male and vice versa. The studies' titles even included the words "gender," "stereotypes," and "preference," but researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology discovered no significant sexism against the machines.

This did surprise us. There was only a very slight difference in a couple of jobs but not significant. There was, for example, a small preference for a male robot over a female robot as a package deliverer, said Ayanna Howard, the principal investigator in both studies. Howard is aprofessor in and the chair of Georgia Techs School of Interactive Computing.

Although robots are not sentient, as people increasingly interface with them, we begin to humanize the machines. Howard studies what goes right as we integrate robots into society and what goes wrong, and much of both has to do with how the humans feel around robots.

Surveillance robots are not socially engaging, but when we see them, we still may act like we would when we see a police officer, maybe not jaywalking and being very conscientious of our behavior, said Howard, who is alsoLinda J. and Mark C. Smith Chair and Professor in Bioengineering in Georgia Techs School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Then there are emotionally engaging robots designed to tap into our feelings and work with our behavior. If you look at these examples, they lead us to treat these robots as if they were fellow intelligent beings.

Its a good thing robots dont have feelings because what study participants lacked in gender bias they more than made up for in judgments against the humanoid robots' competence. That predisposition was so strong that Howard wondered if it may have overridden any potential gender biases against robots after all, social science studies have shown that gender biases are still prevalent with respect to human jobs, even if implicit.

In questionnaires, humanoid robots introduced themselves via video to randomly recruited online survey respondents, who ranged in age from their twenties to their seventies and were mostly college-educated. The humans ranked robots career competencies compared to human abilities, only trusting the machines to competently perform a handful of simple jobs.

The results baffled us because the things that people thought robots were less able to do were things that they do well. One was the profession of surgeon. There areDa Vinci robots that are pervasive in surgical suites, but respondents didnt think robots were competent enough, Howard said. Security guard people didnt think robots were competent at that, and there are companies that specialize in great robot security.

Cumulatively, the 200 participants across the two studies thought robots would also fail as nannies, therapists, nurses, firefighters, and totally bomb as comedians. But they felt confident bots would make fantastic package deliverers and receptionists, pretty good servers, and solid tour guides.

The researchers could not say where the competence biases originate. Howard could only speculate that some of the bad rap may have come from media stories of robots doing things like falling into swimming pools or injuring people.

Despite the lack of gender bias, participants readily assigned genders to the humanoid robots. For example, people accepted gender prompts by robots introducing themselves in videos.

If a robot said, Hi, my name is James, in a male-sounding voice, people mostly identified the robot as male. If it said, Hi, my name is Mary, in a female voice, people mostly said it was female.

Some robots greeted people by saying Hi in a neutral sounding voice, and still, most participants assigned the robot a gender. The most common choice was male followed by neutral then by female. For Howard, this was an important takeaway from the study for robot developers.

Developers should not force gender on robots. People are going to gender according to their own experiences. Give the user that right. Dont reinforce gender stereotypes, Howard said.

Some in Howard's field advocate for not building robots in humanoid form at all in order to discourage any kind ofhumanization, but Howard does not take it that far.

Robots can be good for social interaction. They could be very helpful in elder care facilities to keep people company. They might also make better nannies than letting the TV babysit the kids, said Howard, who also defended robots comedic talent, provided they are programmed for that.

If you ever go to an amusement park, there are animatronics that tell really good jokes.

The two studies were submitted to conferences that were canceled due to COVID-19.

Why Should We Gender? The Effect of Robot Gendering and Occupational Stereotypes on Human Trust and Perceived Competency was published inProceedings of 2020 ACM Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI20), which appeared in March 2020. Robot Gendering: Influences on Trust, Occupational Competency, and Preference of Robot Over Human appeared inCHI 2020 Extended Abstracts(computer-human interaction, DOI: 10.1145/3334480.3382930).

The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

The papers coauthors were DeAira Bryant, Kantwon Rogers, and Jason Borenstein from Georgia Tech. The National Science foundation funded via grant 1849101. The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation funded via grant G-2019-11435. Any findings, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the authors and not necessarily of the sponsors.

Also read: Surfaces that grip like gecko feet may come to an assembly line near you

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Writer & media inquiries: Ben Brumfield (404-272-2780), email:ben.brumfield@comm.gatech.edu

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New UC Technology Doubling Ventilator Capacity Could Save Thousands Of Covid-19 Patients – Scoop.co.nz

Wednesday, 20 May 2020, 3:53 pmPress Release: University of Canterbury

A simple, low-cost technology developed by University ofCanterbury (UC) engineers could save thousands ofpatients lives around the world by doubling the capacityof ventilators in hospital intensive care units, boostingtheir capacity to treat surges of Covid-19 patients duringoutbreaks.

DistinguishedProfessor Geoff Chase, from UCs College ofEngineering, has worked with Christchurch Hospital SeniorIntensive Care Specialist Geoff Shaw, Professor MerrynTawhai of the Auckland Bioengineering Institute, andengineers and senior doctors in Belgium and Malaysia toallow two patients to use one ventilator safely andeffectively, using a novel active valve concept.

Aproject to develop, test, and initially deploy the uniquesystem has just been awarded $150,000 from the Ministry ofBusiness Innovation and Employments Covid-19Innovation Fund.

A first prototype has alreadybeen made and put into action using mechanical lungsattached to a ventilator at UCs Department of MechanicalEngineering and testing will move to Christchurch Hospitalsoon.

The UC-led international research team plans totest, prove and then distribute the active breathing circuitsystem globally on an open source basis, so itssoftware and designs would be freely available.

Webelieve this can, and will, save countless livesinternationally by doubling ventilator capacity and sparingdoctors from having to make terrible end-of-life carechoices, Prof Chase says. It will provide time forhealth systems to weather the Covid-19 pandemic storm whenmajor outbreaks occur by increasing intensive care capacity.In New Zealand, a doubling would mean hospitals could, inthe short term, provide mechanical ventilation to somethinglike 460 patients instead of being limited to around 230ventilated ICU beds currently.

This is a clevertechnology. Its very simple, quickly implemented, andlow-cost, but high impact, solution. We can have the firstprototypes ready in one to three months, or faster, andpilot-trial tested quickly after that. We will develop themlocally and then make them available internationally withfreely available software and designs to be 3D printed inhospitals, Prof Chase says.

Worldwide there is ashortage of ventilators because critically ill Covid-19patients need mechanical ventilation to control breathingand allow recovery, sometimes for more than three weeks. Inseveral countries the wave of novel coronavirus patients hasoverwhelmed hospital resources.

Through strong earlyaction New Zealand has so far avoided such a feared influxof patients. However, it has one of the lowest numbers ofventilated intensive care unit beds per 100,000 populationin the first world, and both modelling and experience in therest of the world has shown this capacity could be exceededif demand increased rapidly in a major outbreak.

Thenew technology uses mechatronics and modern manufacturing such as 3D printing to create a pressure sensordriven active control valve system that lets each patientbreathe alternately one at a time. This approach is known asin series breathing.

Despite internetpopularity, using a single ventilator for more than onepatient, where they all breathe together or inparallel is seen by medical experts as too risky.However, Prof Chase and Prof Shaw and their team have shownhow this low-cost active breathing circuit concept usingin series breathing allows it to be done safely. Theirconcept was just described and published in CriticalCare, a leading intensive care medicinejournal.

This all-new approach will require verylittle change to current clinical ventilation practice,Prof Shaw says. The device and active breathing circuitweve proposed is a technology extension that enables eachpatient connected to a ventilator to be treated individuallyby the machine, instead of breathing in parallel at the sametime, which is higher risk to both patients. We believe ourtechnology could also lead to improvements in other areas ofventilation care.

His team is collaborating withICU clinicians in Christchurch, Malaysia and Belgium ontesting and proof of concept, with the research led from NewZealand. This international team shares over 15 years ofjoint research on intensive care medicine, creating novelinnovations that have significantly improved care andoutcomes for many patients.

This system is anotherexample of how clinicians and engineers can successfullywork together to create innovative products that can solveurgent international problems, Prof Chase says.

Theother members of the team are Prof Merryn Tawhai at theAuckland Bioengineering Institute, Dr Yeong-Shiong Chiew atMonash Malaysia, Dr Thomas Desaive at Liege University inBelgium, and Professor Bernard Lambermont and ProfessorPhilippe Morimont at CHU de Liege Hospital ICU.

ProfChase is Deputy Director of the New Zealand MedTech Centreof Research Excellence and the MedTech Spearhead leader forthe National Science Challenge, Science for TechnologicalInnovation (SfTI), and acknowledges their support in helpingget this concept off theground.

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Avatar IRL? Scientists have cracked the code to bioengineering plants that glow – Yahoo Tech

In Avatar, James Camerons 2009 science-fiction epic, the resource-rich world of Pandora is covered in tropical rainforests, all glowing with luscious phosphorescence like some kind of underwater paradise. According to a Wired article published at the time of the movies release, Cameron hired a plant sciences specialist from the University of California, Riverside. The specialist spent weeks writing detailed scientific explanations for the dozens of flora on Pandora, explaining exactly how their alien bioluminescence works. After all, no such thing exists on our planet. Right?

Hold that thought. Because a team of international researchers this month announced that they have created plants that produce a visible, glowing green luminescence. The results could potentially be used for everything from better studying the inner workings of plants to producing aesthetically interesting flower displays for rave-inspired weddings. Its probably too early to write to your city council to suggest swapping out street lighting for glowing trees, but its not entirely out of the question either!

There are many possible applications of this technology, Keith Wood, CEO of Light Bio, the company that could one day bring this work to market, told Digital Trends. Most notably [it could] allow scientists to observe the living processes occurring within plants, and to allow the general public to experience the internal living energy within [these same] plants. Specifically, we are referring to the possibility of house plants and flowers that glow in the dark.

The light-emitting plants were developed by inserting bioluminescent DNA from a mushroom into a tobacco plant. Tobacco plants were used because of their simple genetics and rapid growth, although other plants could be utilized in the future. Feasibility has already been shown with plants including periwinkle, petunia, and rose. Plants that contain the mushroom DNA glow continuously throughout their lifespan (not just at night), all the way from seedling through to mature plant.

The project was carried out by researchers at Moscow biotech company Planta, working with the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, and the Institute of Science and Technology Austria, and others. Light Bio is the company spun out to bring these luminescent plants to market in ornamental house plants, in partnership with Planta.

Bioluminescence is one of the most fascinating and diverse phenomena found in nature, Wood explained. Many scientists worldwide are working to better understand the underlying foundations for these living lights. They also recognize that these have many practical and aesthetic applications.

The work was led by Dr. Ilia Yampolsky, who discovered the biochemical basis for bioluminescence in mushrooms. The unique insight was not just discovering the natural bioluminescence found in some mushrooms, but also that it was unexpectedly compatible with the basic metabolism common to all plants. Through collaboration, the researchers formulated their hypothesis that glowing plants may be a real feasible possibility.

This is not the first time that researchers have explored bioluminescence in plants. In 1985, Light Bios founder Wood was harnessing the underlying chemistry and molecular biology responsible for the fireflys glow to create glowing plants (again, of the tobacco variety) by inserting the relevant DNA. Since then, researchers have continued to explore the concept every few years. In 2017, for instance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers were able to get an otherwise ordinary watercress plant to emit a dim light for a period of 3.5 hours by embedding specialized nanoparticles into its leaves.

Story continues

The problem with all of these attempts? That the resulting plants simply were not that bright. This is what the new work, published in a recent paper in the journal Nature Biotechnology corrects. As its authors write:

Autoluminescent plants engineered to express a bacterial bioluminescence gene cluster in plastids have not been widely adopted because of low light output. We engineered tobacco plants with a fungal bioluminescence system that converts caffeic acid (present in all plants) into luciferin and report self-sustained luminescence that is visible to the naked eye. Our findings could underpin development of a suite of imaging tools for plants.

According to the researchers, the plants can reportedly produce more than a billion photons per minute. Thats enough that the results should be clearly visible. And it should be entirely possible to use the same technique to make future plants glow even brighter. It might even be feasible to integrate features like changing levels of brightness as a direct response to a plants surroundings. Or for the colors to cycle accordingly.

Smart home lights that change their brightness or hue depending on what youre doing are commonplace now. But a plant that does the same thing? Thats sure to start a conversation or two at your next house party. (When such things are once again possible.) Where do we place our pre-orders?

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Avatar IRL? Scientists have cracked the code to bioengineering plants that glow - Yahoo Tech

Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Ready To Use Polylcatic Acid Market Global Industry Analysis, size, share and Forecast 2019-2031 – 3rd Watch News

In 2018, the market size of Polylcatic Acid Market is million US$ and it will reach million US$ in 2025, growing at a CAGR of from 2018; while in China, the market size is valued at xx million US$ and will increase to xx million US$ in 2025, with a CAGR of xx% during forecast period.

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For top companies in United States, European Union and China, this report investigates and analyzes the production, value, price, market share and growth rate for the top manufacturers, key data from 2014 to 2018.

In global Polylcatic Acid market, the following companies are covered:

The following manufacturers are covered:Natureworks LlcBasfDow ChemicalsZhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd.FuterroSynbraTeijinHenan Jindan Lactic Acid Company LimitedMusashino Chemical (China) Co., LtdNingxia Hypow Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.ThyssenkruppBioapply PolymerSulzerXiaogan Kaifeng Bioengineering CoYun Chi Plastics Fabrication Co. LtdPla FibersInnovia FilmsBiosphere Plastic

Segment by RegionsNorth AmericaEuropeChinaJapanSoutheast AsiaIndia

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Segment by ApplicationMedical CareAgricultureOthers

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The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe Polylcatic Acid product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Polylcatic Acid , with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Polylcatic Acid in 2017 and 2018.

Chapter 3, the Polylcatic Acid competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the Polylcatic Acid breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2018.

Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2014 to 2018.

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Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2014 to 2018.

Chapter 12, Polylcatic Acid market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2018 to 2024.

Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Polylcatic Acid sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

The rest is here:
Potential Impact of COVID-19 on Ready To Use Polylcatic Acid Market Global Industry Analysis, size, share and Forecast 2019-2031 - 3rd Watch News

Did the COVID-19 virus originate from a lab or nature? Examining the evidence for different hypotheses of the novel coronavirus’ origins – Health…

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2019, many hypotheses have been advanced to explain where the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) actually came from. Initial reports pointed to the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, China, as the source of infection, however later studies called this into question. Given the uncertainty, many have suggested that a laboratory in Wuhan may be the actual source of the novel coronavirus. In this Insight article, we examine the three most widespread origin stories for the novel coronavirus, and examine the evidence for or against each proposed hypothesis. The hypotheses are listed in order from least likely to most likely, based on currently available evidence.

Although none of the individual pieces of evidence described below definitively identify the virus origin, the preponderance of evidence when taken together currently points to a natural origin with a subsequent zoonotic transmission from animals to humans, rather than a bioengineering or lab leak origin.

Hypothesis 1: The novel coronavirus is manmade, genetically engineered as bioweaponry or for health applications This hypothesis began circulating in February 2020. To date, it has been largely rejected by the scientific community. Some of the early claims have their roots in a preprint (a study in progress which has not been peer-reviewed or formally published) uploaded to ResearchGate by Chinese scientists Botao Xiao and Lei Xiao, who claimed that somebody was entangled with the evolution of 2019-nCoV coronavirus. In addition to origins of natural recombination and intermediate host, the killer coronavirus probably originated from a laboratory in Wuhan.

However, the only piece of evidence the authors provided to support their conclusion was the proximity of both the Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention and the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) to the seafood market. The authors later withdrew their article, saying that their speculation about the possible origins was not supported by direct proofs. Copies of the original article can still be found online.

The withdrawal of the preprint did not stop this hypothesis from spreadinginstead it continued to grow in complexity, with some claiming that the virus showed signs of genetic engineering. Some of these claims were based on a preprint uploaded to BioRxiv, purporting to show that genetic material from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had been inserted into the novel coronavirus.

This study was found to have significant flaws in design and execution and was also later withdrawn, as reported in our review explaining that No, HIV insertions were not identified in the 2019 coronavirus. However, the poor quality of the preprint did not prevent this baseless speculation from being promoted by blogs such as Zero Hedge, Infowars, Natural News, and even some scientists like Luc Montagnier, a French virologist who co-discovered HIV, but has recently become a promoter of numerous unsupported theories.

Indeed, scientists who examined the preprint highlighted that these so-called insertions are very short genetic sequences which are also present in many other life forms, such as the bacterium Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, the spider Araneus ventricosus, and the parasites Cryptosporidium and Plasmodium malariae, which cause cryptosporidiosis and malaria, respectively[1,2]. Trevor Bedford, virologist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and professor at the University of Washington, explained on Twitter that a simple BLAST of such short sequences shows [a] match to a huge variety of organisms. No reason to conclude HIV. [] These inserts are nothing of the sort proposed by the paper and instead arose naturally in the ancestral bat virus.

In other words, the sequences analyzed by the study authors were so short that it is easy to find similarities to a wide variety of organisms, including HIV. An analogy would be to search for a short and commonly-used word, like sky, in a search engine and claim that the search results show content that is identical or similar to each other solely because of that one word.

Another version of the engineered-virus story stated that a pShuttle-SN sequence is present in the novel coronavirus. The pShuttle-SN vector was used during efforts to develop candidates for a SARS vaccine[3] and was therefore used to support claims of human engineering. These claims appeared in blogs such as Infowars, Natural News, and The Epoch Times. However, analysis of the genomic sequence of the novel coronavirus showed that no such man-made sequence was present, as reported in our review.

Other claims regarding the purported manmade origins of the virus have linked it to bioweapons research. These have appeared in articles such as a 22 February 2020 story by the New York Post, which we also reviewed and scientists found to be of low scientific credibility. The article provided no evidence that the novel coronavirus is linked to bioweapons research.

On 17 March 2020, a group of scientists published findings from a genomic analysis of the novel coronavirus in Nature Medicine[4], which established that SARS-CoV-2 is of natural origin, likely originating in pangolins or bats (or both) and later developing the ability to infect humans. Their investigation focused mainly on the so-called spike (S) protein, which is located on the surface of the enveloping membrane of SARS-CoV-2. The S protein allows the virus to bind to and infect animal cells. After the 2003-2005 SARS outbreak, researchers identified a set of key amino acids within the S protein which give SARS-CoV-1 a super-affinity for the ACE2 target receptor located on the surface of human cells[5,6].

Surprisingly, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 does not contain this optimal set of amino acids[4], yet is nonetheless able to bind ACE2 with a greater affinity than SARS-CoV-1[7]. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that SARS-CoV-2 evolved independently of human intervention and undermine the claim that it was manmade[1]. This is because if scientists had attempted to engineer improved ACE2 binding in a coronavirus, the best strategy would have been to harness the already-known and efficient amino acid sequences described in SARS-CoV-1 in order to produce a more optimal molecular design for SARS-CoV-2. The authors of the Nature Medicine study[4] concluded that Our analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus.

In summary, the hypothesis that the virus is manmade or engineered in any way is unsupported and inconsistent with available evidence, leading Bedford to assess the probability of this hypothesis being correct as extremely unlikely. Kristian Andersen, professor at the Scripps in San Diego declared during an online seminar, I know there has been a lot of talk about Chinese bioweapons, bioengineering, and engineering in general. All of that, I can say, is fully inconsistent with the data.

Like Andersen, other scientists have repeatedly explained that there is no evidence to support the claim that the virus was human engineered. In a statement published on 19 February in The Lancet, 27 eminent public health scientists in the U.S., Europe, the U.K., Australia, and Asia cited numerous studies from multiple countries which overwhelmingly conclude that this coronavirus originated in wildlife[8-15] as have so many other emerging pathogens.

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Hypothesis 2: The novel coronavirus is a natural virus that was being studied in the lab, from which it was accidentally or deliberately released Many have pointed out that even though the virus was unlikely engineered, it still might have been purposely or accidentally released from a lab. Claims about a possible laboratory release often point to a laboratory in China as the source, more specifically the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), given that one of its laboratories studies bat coronaviruses. Similarly speculative claims have also implicated laboratories in the U.S. and Canada.

However, there is no evidence in either scientific publications or public announcements indicating that a virus resembling SARS-CoV-2 had been studied or cultured in any lab prior to the outbreak. While this of course does not rule out the possibility that scientists were working on it in secret, as of today, this claim is speculative and unsupported by evidence.

A January 2020 study in The Lancet, which found that about one-third of the initial round of infections had no connection to the Huanan seafood market[15], has been suggested as evidence that the virus may have leaked from a nearby lab. Richard Ebright, a professor of chemical biology at Rutgers, said in this CNN article:

It is absolutely clear the market had no connection with the origin of the outbreak virus, and, instead, only was involved in amplification of an outbreak that had started elsewhere in Wuhan almost a full month earlier.

Ebright also told CNN that The possibility that the virus entered humans through a laboratory accident cannot and should not be dismissed.

Nikolai Petrovsky, a professor at Flinders University who specializes in vaccine development, also supported the hypothesis that the virus could have escaped from a lab. In this article, he stated that no corresponding virus has been found to exist in nature and cited as-yet unpublished work, saying that the hypothesis is absolutely plausible. Petrovsky suggested that the virus could have escaped [the biosecure facility in Wuhan] either through accidental infection of a staff member who then visited the fish market several blocks away and there infected others, or by inappropriate disposal of waste from the facility that either infected humans outside the facility directly or via a susceptible vector such as a stray cat that then frequented the market and resulted in transmission there to humans.

Some have argued that instead of originating in nature, the virus could have been generated through simulated evolution in the lab. Christian Stevens, from the Benhur Lee lab at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, explained in this article the extreme unlikelihood of this scenario.

Briefly, the mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 resembles that of some pangolin coronaviruses. These mutations are also what make SARS-CoV-2 much better at infecting humans compared to SARS-CoV-1. Such mutations could be evolved in the lab through simulated evolution, however the likelihood of simulated natural selection stumbling on the near exact RBD from a previously unknown pangolin coronavirus is mathematically unlikely, said Stevens.

Furthermore, scientists would have had to know about these mutations in the S protein of some pangolin coronaviruses before the outbreak, and then tried to evolve a bat coronavirus with the same characteristics through animal experiments. As these mutations in pangolin coronaviruses were not identified until after the outbreak[16], it does not make sense for scientists to have performed such experiments in the lab, as there would have been little to no scientific justification for doing so.

Other considerations are the polybasic cleavage site and the O-linked glycan additions to the S protein, which have not been identified in bat betacoronaviruses nor the pangolin betacoronaviruses sampled so far. However, evidence indicates that these features are much more likely to have arisen in the presence of an immune system, suggesting that this is a natural adaptation by the virus to a live host, either an animal or a human. Because lab-based cell cultures do not have immune systems, Stevens explained that it is extremely unlikely that the virus would have developed such features using cell culture approaches, thereby undermining the lab-generated claims that some have proposed.

What about using animal models for evolution, which would provide selective pressure from an immune system? Stevens also examined this possibility and explained that there is no known animal model that would allow for selection of human-like ACE2 binding and avoidance of immune recognition. This strongly suggests that SARS-CoV-2 could not have been developed in a lab, even by a system of simulated natural selection.

In other words, the overall combination of features observed in SARS-CoV-2 is extremely unlikely to have arisen through experiments, even simulated evolution, because the experimental tools are not available at the moment.

Zhengli Shi, the head of the laboratory studying bat coronaviruses at the WIV, clarified in a Scientific American report published on 11 March, that during the early days of the outbreak, she had her team check the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 against the bat coronavirus strains being studied in her lab to ensure that the outbreak had not resulted from any mishandling of experimental materials, especially during disposal. They found that none of the sequences matched those of the viruses her team had sampled from bat caves.

However, this testimony has not satisfied those who allege a cover-up of a lab accident due to inadequate biosecurity, intentional release, or plain carelessness. Recent opinion pieces published by the Washington Postone on 2 April 2020 and another on 14 April 2020have also fueled speculation that the virus was accidentally released from a laboratory at the WIV due to biosafety lapses reportedly documented in diplomatic cables from 2018. The authors of these opinion pieces were careful to distance themselves from earlier claims that the coronavirus was bioengineered or resulted from deliberate wrongdoing, as one author stated. In any event, the accidental release scenario is currently being considered by scientists and U.S. intelligence and national security officials.

Indeed, despite safeguards, laboratory accidents can and do occur, and some have even caused outbreaks. In 2007, an outbreak of hand-foot-mouth (HFM) disease among livestock in the U.K. was linked to a faulty gas valve connected to labs involved in researching and producing HFM vaccines. And in 2004, a re-emergence of SARS occurred in Beijing, China, as a result of two lab accidents.

In an article published on 6 April, experts expressed skepticism at the lab leak hypothesis. Vincent Racaniello, a professor of virology at Columbia University, said I think it has no credibility. And Simon Anthony, an assistant professor at Columbia who studies the ecology and evolution of viruses, stated, it all feels far-fetched [] Lab accidents do happen, we know that, but [] theres certainly no evidence to support that theory.

In an April 10th article, Amesh Adalja from Johns Hopkins University Center for Health Security stated that he thought the lab leak hypothesis had a lower probability than the pure zoonotic theory. I think as we get a better understanding of where the origin of this virus was, and get closer to patient zero, that will explain some of the mystery. Bill Hanage, associate professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, said If there is evidence to really support this theory beyond the coincidence of the location of the lab, then I havent seen it, and I dont make decisions on the basis of coincidence.

Several scientists have taken to Twitter to ponder the lab leak hypothesis made by the Washington Post opinion articles:

Overall, we have virus group, molecular features, market association, and environmental samples all pointing strongly towards zoonosis. The location in Wuhan is the only thing at all suggestive of lab escape. I see strength of evidence entirely for zoonosis.

Trevor Bedford

We dont know how this virus emerged, but all evidence points to spillover from its natural reservoir, whether that be a bat or some other intermediate species, pangolins or otherwise. Pushing this unsupported accident theory hinders efforts to actually determine virus origin.

Angela Rasmussen

The bottom line is that those vague diplomatic cables do not provide any specific information suggesting that [SARS-CoV-2] emerged from incompetence or poor biosafety protocols or anything else.

Angela Rasmussen [referencing the 14 April Washington Post opinion piece]

Most likely either 1) virus evolved to its current pathogenic state via a non-human host and then jumped to humans, or 2) a non-pathogenic version of the virus jumped from an animal into humans then evolved to a pathogenic state.

Josh Michaud

All current data supports that the ancestral station strain of the virus is in batsthey serve as the zoonotic reservoir. Then a spillover event occured into humans, perhaps aided by another mammal, although thats debatable.

Ryan McNamara

There is strong evidence that the #SARSCoV2 #coronavirus is NOT an engineered bioweapon.

That said, its important to be upfront that we do not have sufficient evidence to exclude entirely the possibility that it escaped from a research lab doing gain of function experiments.

Carl T. Bergstrom

In summary, the hypothesis that the virus escaped from a lab is supported largely by circumstantial evidence and is not supported by genomic analyses and publicly available information. In the absence of evidence for or against an accidental lab leak, one cannot rule it out as the actual source of the outbreak. I dont think we have real data to say when these things began, in large part because the data are being held back from inspection, said Gerald Keusch, associate director of the Boston University National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, in this LiveScience article.

Given allegations of a cover-up, it appears that only an open and transparent review of the laboratory activities at WIV can allow us to confirm or reject this unlikely hypothesis.

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Hypothesis 3: The novel coronavirus evolved naturally and the outbreak began through zoonotic infection Virologists explain that the most likely hypothesis is that the outbreak started with a naturally-occurring zoonotic infectionone that is transmitted from animals to humansrather than a lab breach. This is largely due to what we know of the virus genomic features, which strongly indicate a natural origin. For example, if a virus had escaped from a laboratory, its genome would likely be most similar to those of the viral strains cultured in that lab. However, as shown in this phylogenetic tree by Bedford (see figure below), SARS-CoV-2 does not cluster in the same branch as the SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (WIV1) and SARS-CoV-1, which are commonly cultured lab strains with the closest similarity to SARS-CoV-2 at the WIV facility, which is the lab that some have suggested might be a potential source of a lab leak. Instead, SARS-CoV-2 aligns most closely with coronaviruses isolated in the wild from bats and pangolins, indicating that it is more likely to have come from a natural source than from a lab:

FigurePhylogenetic tree showing evolutionary relationships between different coronavirusesmostly bat coronaviruses and some pangolin coronaviruses (by Trevor Bedford). Different lab strains of SARS-CoV-1 (referred to as SARS-CoV here) are represented by yellow dots. WIV1, another common lab strain, is indicated with a black arrow.

Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 displays evolutionary features which suggest that the virus originated in animals and jumped to humans. The closest sequenced ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 is RaTG13, a bat coronavirus with about 96% genome sequence identity[8]. But SARS-CoV-2 also has features that distinguish it from RaTG13 and other SARS-like coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1. As mentioned in the previous section, these features are: mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein, a polybasic cleavage site, and a nearby O-linked glycan addition site in the S protein[4]. The mutations in the RBD of the S protein resemble those of some pangolin coronaviruses, suggesting that the virus made a jump from bats to an intermediate (perhaps pangolins), and then later to humans.

To briefly re-cap from the previous section discussing the hypothesis of a lab origin, Christian Stevens explained in this article that the polybasic cleavage site and the O-linked glycan additions to the S protein have not been identified in bat betacoronaviruses nor the pangolin betacoronaviruses sampled so far. However, evidence indicates that these features are much more likely to have arisen in the presence of an immune system, suggesting that this is a natural adaptation by the virus to a live host, either an animal or a human.

And again, there is no known animal model that would allow for selection of human-like ACE2 binding and avoidance of immune recognition, Stevens explained. This strongly suggests that SARS-CoV-2 could not have been developed in a lab, even by a system of simulated natural selection. In other words, the overall combination of features observed in SARS-CoV-2 is extremely unlikely to have arisen through experiments, even simulated evolution, because the experimental tools are not available at the moment.

Finally, Christian Stevens highlighted that the Ka/Ks ratio of the virus strongly indicates that the virus did not come from lab-simulated evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio calculates the level of synonymous mutations (which do not produce any functional change in proteins) and non-synonymous mutations (which produce functional changes in proteins). Non-synonymous mutations are more likely to occur in the presence of selective pressure, such as a need to adapt to a new environment:

Because synonymous mutations should have no effect, we expect them to happen at a relatively consistent rate. That makes them a good baseline that we can compare the number of non-synonymous mutations to. By calculating the ratio between these two numbers we can differentiate between three different types of selection:

We would expect a virus that is learning to exist in a new context would be undergoing Darwinian selection and we would see a high rate of non-synonymous changes in some part of the genome. This would be the case if the virus were being designed via simulated natural selection, we would expect at least some part of the genome to show Darwinian selection.

An analysis by Bedford demonstrates that the level of non-synonymous mutations between SARS-CoV-2 and the naturally occurring RaTG13 are highly similar, standing at 14.3% and 14.2%, respectively.

Both of these numbers indicate a purifying selection, with very few non-synonymous changes. This holds true across the entire genome with no part of it showing Darwinian selection. This is a very strong indicator that SARS-CoV-2 was not designed using forced selection in a lab, Stevens concluded.

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Conclusions Taken together, the information presented here suggests that it is much more likely that SARS-CoV-2 was generated naturally and transmitted zoonotically, without any engineering or lab growth. Especially given the fact that the prior probability for the zoonotic hypothesis is high. Indeed, zoonotic infections (transmission of pathogens from animals/insects to humans) are not only plausible but common throughout the world, and have also caused outbreaks in the past. For example, the SARS outbreak, which began in 2002, was linked to civet cats. Outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome have been linked to contact with camels. Nipah virus infection has been linked to fruit bats and caused outbreaks in Asia. Mosquitoes transmit viruses such as Zika, dengue, and chikungunya, while ticks also carry a range of pathogens, such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In fact, according to the World Health Organization, about 60% of emerging diseases are zoonotic infections.

In summary, the hypothesis that the virus escaped from a lab is supported largely by circumstantial evidence and is not supported by publicly available information. In the case of the hypothesis that the outbreak began with zoonotic infection, at the moment genomic analyses are consistent with a natural origin for the virus and support the idea that the outbreak began zoonotically. Unlike the manmade virus and lab escape hypotheses, there is no compelling evidence against the hypothesis for natural zoonosis. As Stevens concluded, the hypothesis for natural zoonosis is the one that fits all available evidence, is most parsimonious, and best satisfies the concept of Occams Razorthat the simplest solution is most likely the right one.

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Christian Stevens from the Benhur Lee lab at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine has provided a comprehensive explanation of the multiple scientific studies examining the origin of the coronavirus.

Scientists explained in this 23 April NPR article why they found the lab accident hypothesis unlikely. In fact, the article states that there is virtually no chance that the new coronavirus was released as result of a laboratory accident in China or anywhere else.

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Did the COVID-19 virus originate from a lab or nature? Examining the evidence for different hypotheses of the novel coronavirus' origins - Health...

AgeX Therapeutics Announces Reduction in Projected Cash Expenditures – Yahoo Finance

AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. ("AgeX"; NYSE American: AGE), a biotechnology company developing therapeutics for human aging and regeneration, announced that based on a strategic review of its operations, giving consideration to the status of its product development programs, human resources, capital needs and resources, and current conditions in the capital markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is initiating staff layoffs, anticipated to affect 12 employees, primarily research and development personnel. The layoffs are expected to be completed on or around May 1, 2020. AgeX expects to pay approximately $105,000 in accrued payroll and unused paid time off and other benefits and expects to recognize approximately $194,800 in restructuring charges in connection with the reduction in staffing, consisting of contractual severance and other employee termination benefits, substantially all of which are expected to be settled in cash.

AgeX plans to continue to pursue its licensing and collaboration strategy for its two primary technology platforms, UniverCyte immunotolerance technology, and PureStem cell derivation and manufacturing technology. Since the launch of its licensing and collaboration strategy in January 2020, AgeX delivered a research collaboration in Japan focused on developing universally transplantable cells for therapeutic use based on UniverCyte, and entered into a neural stem cell therapy research collaboration for neurological disorders utilizing PureStem at a California state university. AgeXs budgetary and personnel adjustments will result in the deferral of in-house work on the development of AgeX therapy product candidates, including AGEX-VASC1 and AGEX-BAT1, and its induced tissue regeneration (iTR) technology, and may also lead to outsourcing of some of that work, until further funding can be obtained to rebuild a research and development staff for one or more of those programs. Development of AgeXs iTR technology may be done at AgeXs subsidiary Reverse Bioengineering, Inc. subject to successful financing of the subsidiary.

About AgeX Therapeutics

AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. (NYSE American: AGE) is focused on developing and commercializing innovative therapeutics for human aging. Its PureStem and UniverCyte manufacturing and immunotolerance technologies are designed to work together to generate highly defined, universal, allogeneic, off-the-shelf pluripotent stem cell-derived young cells of any type for application in a variety of diseases with a high unmet medical need. AgeX has two preclinical cell therapy programs: AGEX-VASC1 (vascular progenitor cells) for tissue ischemia and AGEX-BAT1 (brown fat cells) for Type II diabetes. AgeXs revolutionary longevity platform induced Tissue Regeneration (iTR) aims to unlock cellular immortality and regenerative capacity to reverse age-related changes within tissues. AGEX-iTR1547 is an iTR-based formulation in preclinical development. HyStem is AgeXs delivery technology to stably engraft PureStem cell therapies in the body. AgeX is developing its core product pipeline for use in the clinic to extend human healthspan, and is seeking opportunities to establish licensing and collaboration arrangements around its broad IP estate and proprietary technology platforms.

For more information, please visit http://www.agexinc.com or connect with the company on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and YouTube.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements contained in this release are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any statements that are not historical fact including, but not limited to statements that contain words such as "will," "believes," "plans," "anticipates," "expects," "estimates" should also be considered forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements and as such should be evaluated together with the many uncertainties that affect the business of AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiaries, particularly those mentioned in the cautionary statements found in more detail in the "Risk Factors" section of AgeXs most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commissions (copies of which may be obtained at http://www.sec.gov). Subsequent events and developments may cause these forward-looking statements to change. AgeX specifically disclaims any obligation or intention to update or revise these forward-looking statements as a result of changed events or circumstances that occur after the date of this release, except as required by applicable law.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200501005295/en/

Contacts

Media Contact for AgeX:

Russell Skibstedrskibsted@agexinc.com (510) 671-8370

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AgeX Therapeutics Announces Reduction in Projected Cash Expenditures - Yahoo Finance

Researchers respond to urgent call for COVID-19 testing – Greenville

(Above:Sarah Harcum making proteins with bioreactors in her lab)

By Paul Alongi

Clemson University researchers arevolunteering their time and resources as part of a statewide effort to developserologic tests that could play a key role in reigniting South Carolinaseconomy and protecting healthcare professionals on the frontlines of theCOVID-19 pandemic.

A test on track to be ready this week would beaimed at detecting antibodies that form in the bloodstream when someone hasbeen exposed to the novel coronavirus and is therefore thought to have alowered chance of re-infection.

Commercial labs are also developing the tests,but some South Carolinians are concerned that the tests will be in short supplyand that the lions share will go to larger states with more purchasing powerand more cases of COVID-19.

Clemson researchers are developing the SouthCarolina tests with colleagues from the University of South Carolina, PrismaHealth and the Medical University of South Carolina.

Delphine Dean is overseeing the Clemsonportion of the work as the Clemson lead for the states Serological Testing andDiagnostic Working Group.

Were all working on it together, said Dean,who is the Ron and Jane Lindsay Family Innovation Professor of bioengineering.Many of the barriers between institutions that sometimes slow downcollaboration have been removed. Everyone has been working around the clock tomake these things go much faster than typically happens.

Before any test is deployed, it would need tobe validated for effectiveness to meet Food and Drug Administrationregulations.

The test that will be available this week isaimed at checking healthcare professionals for antibodies. The idea is thatthose who test positive for the antibodies could be cleared to re-enter publiclife, allowing them to work with minimal concern they could come down withCOVID-19 or infect others.

About 500 to 1,000 tests could be ready as earlyas this week, less than a month since the project started, researchers said.

The two Clemson researchers working on thetest are Mark Blenner, the McQueen Quattlebaum Associate Professor of chemicaland biomolecular engineering, and Sarah Harcum, professor of bioengineering.

Blood samples would need to be tested in alab, which limits how many can be done. In a parallel effort, Clemsonresearchers are working to create tests that could take saliva, urine or bloodand show results with a color change in as little as 15 minutes, similar to ahome pregnancy test.

Researchers involved in developing those testsare: Blenner, Terri Bruce, research assistant professor of bioengineering anddirector of the Clemson Light Imaging Facility; Dean; Harcum; and R. KennethMarcus, University Professor of chemistry.

The tests would be an improvement on currentmethods. Antibody tests that check for immunity require a blood draw and areinaccurate and scarce, Blenner said. Testing directly for the virus itselfrequires an uncomfortable nasal swab and puts healthcare workers at aheightened risk of catching the virus, he said.

Martine LaBerge, the chair of Clemsonsbioengineering department, said all the researchers are volunteering theirtime, efforts and resources to help the state, as it faces the unprecedentedchallenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

They are working tirelessly to protect thehealth and safety of South Carolinas healthcare professionals and the generalpublic, said LaBerge, who is playing a central role in coordinating Clemsonsresearch response to the pandemic. Institutional barriers are coming down sothat we can work together as one South Carolina. I offer all those sacrificingsleep and time with family my deepest gratitude.

The process to develop the tests starts withBlenner, who is making spike proteins, which give the novel coronavirus itsdistinguishing feature and is believed to be how the viral infection ismediated.

In his lab, Blenner puts the DNA for the spikeproteins inside of human or hamster cells. When the cells grow, they producethe spike proteins, which will ultimately serve as the key reagent in theantibody tests.

Our group is going to make a stable cell linethat we can scale up, Blenner said. Right now the procedure is not meant tomake a lot of protein. Its meant for quick protein production. Im going tomake a productive cell line and work with Sarah Harcum to get that in largerbioreactors.

Harcum said she will put the cells incomputer-controlled bioreactors that can sense oxygen and pH levels. Pumpscarefully control the nutrients that feed the cells.

I grow cells to make them happier so theymake more protein, Harcum said. Normally, I look at how to makepharmaceuticals, but the pharmaceuticals I make are proteins, which makes thisCOVID-19 work a good fit for what I do.

Once she has the protein grown, Harcum willthen purify it so that it can be used in the diagnostic tests.

Meanwhile, Bruce, Marcus and Dean are startingto lay the groundwork for simple tests that could reach large numbers ofpeople.

What we really need is something simplethats a colorimetric test that can be done in under 15 minutes at the point ofcare, Bruce said.

The team is working to improve upon acommercially-developed enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, or ELISA, thatchecks blood samples for antibodies.

Antibodies are plentiful in blood but less soin saliva. One of the challenges in developing a saliva-based test is isolatingthe antibodies.

To do so, Marcus and Bruce are turning tocapillary-channeled polymer fiber-based films, a technology they have been researchingfor years.

Antibodies exist in this tremendously complexsoup, and what you would like to be able to do is pull them out of the soupselectively in a fairly high-throughput fashion, Marcus said. We can modify our fibers so that the only thingsthat stick are the antibodies.

Clemson researchers are working to make aprototype, but a manufacturer would be needed to produce large quantities ofthe test, Bruce said.

Dean, who is helping develop the opticalportion of the test, said it could also be possible to use the fibers tocapture the virus itself from urine. There is evidence that the virus comes outin urine after it is no longer detectable in blood, she said.

Patients could maybe test themselves athome, Dean said. The same principle could be used to test waste streams. Ifyou wanted to do population monitoring, you might be able to get a sense forwhat percent of the population has the virus.

Researchers said they are finding ways to payfor the development of the tests with existing funds but that eventually theywill need financial support, particularly when the semester ends next month.

We are going to need lab supplies andgraduate student salaries, and we could accelerate development by outsourcingsome of the work, Dean said. Typically, when we launch big projects, we applyfor federal funding, a process that normally takes months, if not a year ormore. But time is of the essence, and we are finding ways to quickly ramp upwork. What we need most now is the funds to help keep the work going.

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Researchers respond to urgent call for COVID-19 testing - Greenville

Global Chemical Industry and the Impact of COVID-19: Regional Analysis and Key Player Profiles – PRNewswire

DUBLIN, April 22, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Impact on Global Chemical Industry due to COVID-19 Pandemic" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The chemical industry has been noticing the adverse effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. The chemical industry plays an important role in the production of countless products such as plastic, fertilizers, medicines, packaging products and so on. With the spread of coronavirus, many production facilities of several end-user industries have been halted. With this, the demand for chemicals used in these facilities has been declined. For instance, the large butadiene derivatives such as poly-butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber are among the major components to produce auto tires and other auto parts including hoses, belts, and gaskets. With the halt in production facilities of several automobile manufacturers, a steep fall in the supply of tires in automotive industries has been witnessed. Thus, the continuing spread of COVID-19 across the globe is likely to impact the demand for chemicals.

However, with the outbreak of this pandemic, a rise in the demand for packaging materials has been increased to prevent the contamination of food, medicine, personal care, and medical products thereby creating a significant demand for chemicals involved in the packaging industry.

Based on chemical type, the industry is segmented into petrochemicals, basic inorganic, polymers, specialty chemicals, consumer chemicals, and others. Due to the downfall in crude oil prices, the market of petrochemical is expected to be most affected. Based on geography, the global chemical industry is classified into four key regions, including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World. Asia-Pacific is anticipated to be highly affected by the spread of the COVID-19 due to the effect of the pandemic in China, Japan, and India. China is a major country in terms of the chemical industry. As per the CEFIC Chemdata International, in 2018, chemical sales in China reached around $1.32 trillion. According to the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA), China is the eighth largest chemical importing nation and the twelfth largest chemical exporting nation across the globe. After China, the US is anticipated to get majorly impacted by the spread of COVID- 19.

The major companies operating in the Chemical industry being affected due to coronavirus outbreak include BASF SE, DowDuPont, China Petroleum & Chemical Corp., SABIC, Mitsubishi Chemical Corp., Wanhua Chemical Corp., Chevron Phillips Chemical, Evonik Industries, Jianshi Yuantong Bioengineering Co., Ltd., PPG Industries, The Linde Group, and others. Looking towards the alerting situation many chemical companies have halted their production facilities across the globe. Some other companies which are still working are operating at only 40-60% efficiency.

This report includes analysis of different regions and countries and the effect of COVID-19 on the chemical industry of each respective region. In addition, an expected recovery timeline of the industry is included with the best- and worst-case scenarios.

The Report Covers

Key Topics Covered:

1. Report Summary1.1. Research Methods and Tools1.2. Market Overview and Insights1.3. Scope of the Report1.4. Analyst Insight & Current Market Trends

2. Historical Market Overview2.1.1. Past Market Growth Estimation without COVID-19 pandemic2.1.2. Deviations in growth rate due to COVID-19 pandemic

3. Supply Chain Analysis3.1. Supply Chain Disruption of the chemical industry3.2. Supply Chain Disruption due to chemical industry in other industry

4. Market Segmentation4.1. Petrochemical4.2. Basic Inorganic4.3. Polymer4.4. Specialty Chemical4.5. Consumer Chemical4.6. Others

5. Regional Analysis5.1. North America5.2. Europe5.3. Asia-Pacific5.4. Rest of the World

6. Companies Studied

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/18i70w

About ResearchAndMarkets.comResearchAndMarkets.com is the world's leading source for international market research reports and market data. We provide you with the latest data on international and regional markets, key industries, the top companies, new products and the latest trends.

Research and Markets also offers Custom Research services providing focused, comprehensive and tailored research.

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Research and Markets Laura Wood, Senior Manager [emailprotected]

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Global Chemical Industry and the Impact of COVID-19: Regional Analysis and Key Player Profiles - PRNewswire

Study Shows Sense of Touch Can Be Returned to Those with Spinal Cord Injury – Yahoo Finance

The lack of sensation that accompanies paralysis is an additional burden that has, until now, been a problem that science has not been able to remedy.

For the first time, a team of scientists, doctors and researchers led by Battelle and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center have demonstrated that a person with a clinically complete spinal cord injury (SCI) can use a brain-computer interface (BCI) to simultaneously reanimate both motor function and sense of touch by using residual touch signaling from his own hand. The findings are reported in the prestigious scientific journal Cell https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30347-0.

The breakthrough came from analysis of years of data collected from NeuroLifeTM program study participant Ian Burkhart, who suffered a spinal cord injury in 2010 when diving into the ocean, and now lives with paralysis in his hands and legs. "When the chip was placed on the surface of Ians motor cortex in 2014, it was not known that the signals related to object touch could be observed because of the paralysis," said lead author and Battelle Principal Research Scientist Patrick Ganzer. "Furthermore, Ian has a very severe SCI that should essentially block hand touch signals from even reaching the brain."

However, analysis has shown that subperceptual touch following a spinal cord injury affects Burkharts motor cortex even though there is essentially a block from the nerves in his arms and their connection back to the brain. Importantly, this subperceptual signal can be detected in the brain, rerouted via the brain-computer interface and sent back to a wearable haptic system to restore the sense of touch. "It has been amazing to see the possibilities of sensory information coming from a device that was originally created to only allow me to control my hand in a one-way direction," said Burkhart.

Medical technologies like these that provide both movement and sensation back to their users has the potential to improve independence. "Helping people to become more whole again and less dependent on caregivers is a major step in improving quality of life," said Justin Sanchez who is a Battelle Life Sciences Technical Fellow.

Battelles NeuroLife team is currently working toward a take-home BCI system for individuals with tetraplegia that addresses user needs by leveraging the knowledge gained in a five-year clinical study. The goal is to provide technology options to these individuals to improve their everyday lives.

"This work represents an important milestone in the development of BCIs for restoring hand functions after SCI," said Douglas Weber, co-investigator and Associate Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh. "Ian has demonstrated that by recovering even simple touch sensations, his ability to control his hand through BCI improves dramatically."

Dr. Keith Tansey, Professor of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology at the University of Mississippi Medical Center and Past President of the American Spinal Injury Association, said the work is important for people who have a spinal cord injury, and for those who care for them. "In this proof of principle report, the authors have leveraged on a rarely appreciated aspect of spinal cord injury to provide a novel and important advancement in neurological functioning using a brain-computer interface. The notion that clinical completeness in spinal cord injury is very often neurophysiologically discomplete acknowledges that activity in residual neural circuitry, in this study specifically ascending sensory pathway signals, can be detected and utilized to both augment motor function but also to restore sensory perception from below the level of injury."

Other important findings:

About Battelle

Every day, the people of Battelle apply science and technology to solving what matters most. At major technology centers and national laboratories around the world, Battelle conducts research and development, designs and manufactures products, and delivers critical services for government and commercial customers. Headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its founding in 1929, Battelle serves the national security, health and life sciences, and energy and environmental industries. For more information, visit http://www.battelle.org.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200423005645/en/

Contacts

For more information contact Katy Delaney at (614) 424-7208 or delaneyk@battelle.org or T.R. Massey at (614) 424-5544 or masseytr@battelle.org.

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Study Shows Sense of Touch Can Be Returned to Those with Spinal Cord Injury - Yahoo Finance

Students learn to adapt to wins and woes of online laboratory classes – Daily Bruin

Christina Gallup was excited to learn common biological lab techniques during her introductory bioengineering lab course because her past lab courses had taught chemistry lab skills.

However, Gallup, a third-year bioengineering student, dropped Bioengineering 167L: Bioengineering Laboratory and will take it in fall instead because she believed the new online format prevented her from getting the hands-on experience she needed to fully master the techniques.

Watching the TAs perform the experiments is not really the same thing as actually doing them, Gallup said. I went to the first lecture to understand what was happening in the class, and I just felt it wasnt going to be as beneficial as it could be.

UCLA moved spring quarter instruction completely online on March 13 to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus, challenging professors to restructure their spring quarter laboratory classes to compensate for the lack of in-person lab sessions.

Timothy Fisher, the chair of the mechanical and aerospace engineering department, planned to implement microcontrollers, or small compact circuits, into his laboratory course before classes were held online but had not put his idea into practice yet.

However, the transition to remote learning made this change necessary because students can use microcontrollers at home, unlike the measurement devices usually used in his course, he said.

Fisher, also reduced the number of labs in his class and added a microcontroller-based independent project. Teaching assistants for his class now generate mock lab data based on previous years and students perform analysis in Zoom breakout rooms during lab sessions.

The videos students watch during the required lectures that depict the experiments cannot replace the in-person lab experience, Fisher added.

Obviously were never going to replace the on-campus experience because touching and seeing something in three-dimension is fundamentally different than watching someone else do it on a computer screen, Fisher said.

Amanda Freise, a lecturer in the microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics department, teaches a two quarter long laboratory class about viruses that infect bacteria, with the first half starting in spring quarter.

Freise moved fall quarters content, where students analyze genomes, to spring, since students can access the necessary bioinformatics tools from their computers at home. She also adjusted the labs so students could complete them individually instead of in the usual teams of four.

Freise said she did not realize how much she relied on in-person teaching to deliver important information to students.

We have slides and readings, but there were so many little sticking points or things that would need troubleshooting in class, Freise said. Im not working with everybody in person or at the same time, (so) I have to really think about what the problems could be and then incorporate them into the materials.

Freise said the majority of her students watch the lectures live but have their audio and video off. Students are also hesitant to participate when she asks for questions or in-class discussion, she added.

I worry that the format of the course may prevent (students) from feeling excited about the work, Freise said. If I had to guess, I think that they are not enjoying the remote learning as much as they would doing this work in a classroom.

However, online learning allowed Fisher to increase the breadth and complexity of error analysis taught in the course because he can work directly with students during the scheduled lab sessions, he added.

I dont love Zoom but being able to just kind of pop around from breakout room to breakout room really helps, Fisher said. Were able to engage with (students) in a different and less distracted way.

Some students embraced the move to online learning, while others sat it out.

Aly Ung, a third-year bioengineering student, said she thinks how much students enjoy their lab courses depends on what they hoped to get out of them in the first place. Ung is currently enrolled in Bioengineering 167L.

Teaching assistants talk through laboratory procedures during lab sections and students complete post-lab assignments using provided data, Ung said. She added students are also required to analyze research articles related to the assignments.

Ung said she still enjoys the course because the research lab she works in already familiarized her with many of the protocols taught in Bioengineering 167L, allowing her to focus on gaining a deeper understanding of the techniques.

What Im learning now is basically hyperfocusing on what I want to learn, which is the motivations behind the experimental design, Ung said.

Kenji Miura, a second-year chemistry and material science student, said he prefers the online version of his chemistry lab because he can focus on the science without having to perform the labs.

I actually hate chem lab with a burning passion, so the fact that its not in-person is great, Miura said. (The labs) are just very stressful.

Miura said he also enjoys the online lab lectures more flexible time constraints because his professor can spend more time on the material.

He added he chose to stay in his two lab courses because dropping them would force him to graduate late.

Tejas Patel, a second-year biochemistry student, said he enjoys the flexibility of his online lab but misses the troubleshooting aspect of performing labs in person. His lab course requires students to complete virtual labs through the online application Labster.

Because (the experiments) are in the virtual lab, I dont think you have the opportunity to like mess up and learn where you messed up, Patel said. If you realize you messed up its a learning experience, and I think thats very valuable for students.

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Students learn to adapt to wins and woes of online laboratory classes - Daily Bruin

University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez Student Participates in Exchange To Stay on Track With Her MBA – WNMU News

Diana Velez Cartaya is a masters of business administration student from the University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez (UPRM). She is taking an online business statistics course this spring and was the first student who enrolled in a WNMU course since our universities entered a memorandum of understanding last fall.

The past biology student had begun a bioengineering program at UPRM but soon realized it was not for her. Thinking about other options, I figured having a degree as flexible as an MBA would still allow me to work in the health field but taking a more administrative role, she says. With science its black and white but business offers you the gray part of the spectrum.

In her third semester, shes hoping to graduate in spring 2021, but due to having started in a different field, shes behind her classmates. Courses are offered only every other semester at UPRM, so the option to take statistics online through WNMU helps Diana catch up. This works with my schedule, she says.

Diana says she prefers how WNMU evaluates students in the MBA program. In my current classes, we have tests with bigger weights. With this course, we have lots of smaller opportunities to make sure our grades are doing well and to learn in smaller chunks. I think the pace of this course is helpful for the learners.

The format of this course offers a fresh way for Diana and her peers to contribute to the class as well. Instead of it having to be based on quizzes or face to face, you can still interact and help other peers through online platforms. The way I see it is communication is slowly becoming more online, and its time most institutions had these options that are more student-centered, she says.

Diana feels a sense of gratitude for the chance to be a WNMU student. I just think that its a good option for us to have here at our university, she says.

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University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez Student Participates in Exchange To Stay on Track With Her MBA - WNMU News

Trans-Butenedioic Acid Market Overview and Segmentation 2020: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Trend & Forecast to 2029 Cole Reports – Cole…

In Global Trans-Butenedioic Acid Market Research Report, the study analysis was given on a worldwide scale, for instance, present and traditional Trans-Butenedioic Acid growth analysis, competitive analysis, and also the growth prospects of the central regions. The report gives an exhaustive investigation of this market provides an analysis of the industry trends in each of the sub-segments, from sales, revenue and consumption. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the main players in Global and country level is introduced, from the perspective of sales, revenue and price.

Snapshot:The global Trans-Butenedioic Acid market size is estimated at xxx million USD with a CAGR xx% from 2015-2019 and is expected to reach xxx Million USD in 2020 with a CAGR xx% from 2020 to 2025. The report begins from overview of Industry Chain structure, and describes industry environment, then analyses market size and forecast of Trans-Butenedioic Acid by product, region and application, in addition, this report introduces market competition situation among the vendors and company profile, besides, market price analysis and value chain features are covered in this report.

Product Type Coverage(Market Size & Forecast, Major Company of Product Type etc.):

Food GradeIndustrial GradeFeed Grade

Company Coverage(Company Profile, Sales Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Main Products etc.):

Bartek IngredientsPolynt GroupThirumalai ChemicalIsegenFuso ChemicalsNippon ShokubaiYantai Hengyuan BioengineeringJiangsu Jiecheng BioengineeringChangzhou Yabang ChemicalAnhui Sealong BiotechnologyChangmao Biochemical EngineeringSuzhou Youhe Science and TechnologyZhejiang Dongda Biological TechnologyChina Blue Star Harbin PetrochemicalJiangsu Suhua GroupJiaoda Rising Weinan ChemicalChina BBCA GroupJiangsu Sanmu Group

Application Coverage(Market Size & Forecast, Different Demand Market by Region, Main Consumer Profile etc.):

Unsaturated ResinFood and BeveragesFeed IndustryOthers

Region Coverage(Regional Production, Demand & Forecast by Countries etc.):

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)

At the upcoming section, this report discusses industrial policy, economic environment, in addition cost structures of the industry. And this report encompasses the fundamental dynamics of the market which include drivers, opportunities, and challenges faced by the industry. Additionally, this report showed a keen market study of the main consumers, raw material manufacturers and distributors, etc.

Buy The Report @https://martresearch.com/paymentform/1/90407/Single_User

Major Point of TOC:

Table of Content1 Industry Overview2 Industry Environment (PEST Analysis)3 Trans-Butenedioic Acid Market by Type4 Major Companies List5 Market Competition6 Demand by End Market7 Region Operation8 Marketing & Price9 Research Conclusion

Request a sample of Trans-Butenedioic Acid Market report @https://martresearch.com/contact/request-sample/1/90407

About us:Research is and will always be the key to success and growth for any industry. Most organizations invest a major chunk of their resources viz. time, money and manpower in research to achieve new breakthroughs in their businesses. The outcome might not always be as expected thereby arising the need for precise, factual and high-quality data backing your research. This is where MART RESEARCH steps in and caters its expertise in the domain of market research reports to industries across varied sectors.

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Trans-Butenedioic Acid Market Overview and Segmentation 2020: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Trend & Forecast to 2029 Cole Reports - Cole...

Bioengineering repairs uterus resulting in live births in rabbits – BioNews

6 July 2020

Researchers looking for an alternative to uterus transplants successfully restored uterine structure and function in rabbits using bioengineered uterine tissue.

The research, published in Nature Biotechnology, showed that the engineered tissue developed native tissue-like structures and was able to support pregnancies leading to live births.

'The study shows that engineered uterine tissue is able to support normal pregnancies, and fetal development was normal,' said author Professor Anthony Atala from theWake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in North Carolina. 'With further development, this approach may provide a pathway to pregnancy for women with an abnormal uterus'.

In the study, 78 rabbits were randomly assigned to four different groups: groups one to three had most of their uterine tissue removed. Group four was a normal control group, where animals underwent a sham surgery but no tissue was removed.

In group one the excision was repaired with a synthetic polymer scaffold containing cells collected from the tissue that was removed; group two underwent repair with the polymer scaffold only; in group three no extra material was added and the remaining edges were stitched together.

The polymer scaffolds degraded after three months. At six months the group that had repair with the scaffold only developed a thin uterine wall, but the group that received the scaffold seeded with cellshad developed native tissue-like structures including distinct endometrium and myometrium tissue layers, and were expressing progesterone and oestrogen hormone receptors. The excision-only group formed scar tissue.

The rabbits were mated naturally with fertile males six months after the procedures. Four out of ten rabbits from the tissue-engineered group had normal pregnancies and gave birth to healthy offspring with normal body weights. No fetal development occurred in the scaffold-only or excision-only groups.

'This is a highly significant finding with great potential for future human application. For women who suffer infertility due to a severely damaged uterus or because of a hysterectomy then adaptations of this approach may well find clinical application,' saidProfessor Darren Griffin from the University of Kent, who was not involved in the study.

Uterus transplantation became a viable treatment following the first successful transplant which led to a live birth in 2014. However, this treatment is associated with a range of issues including lack of donors, transplant rejection and the risk of disease transmission. Bioengineered uteri could be an alternative treatment method for women with uterine infertility; however, more preclinical studies need to be carried out before clinical trials can be performed in humans.

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Bioengineering repairs uterus resulting in live births in rabbits - BioNews

Radioimmunoassays Market Insights by Industry Volume, Size, Business Opportunities, Types, Product Analysis and Applications: Immunoshop India Pvt…

The Global Radioimmunoassays Market Research Report provides customers with a complete analytical study that provides all the details of key players such as company profile, product portfolio, capacity, price, cost, and revenue during the forecast period from 2020 to 2027. The report provides a full assessment. Radioimmunoassays market with future trends, current growth factors, meticulous opinions, facts, historical data and statistically supported and industry-validated market data.

This Radioimmunoassays market research provides a clear explanation of how this market will impress growth during the mentioned period. This study report scanned specific data for specific characteristics such as Type, Size, Application and End User. There are basic segments included in the segmentation analysis that are the result of SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis.

To Learn More About This Report, Request a Sample Copy:https://www.worldwidemarketreports.com/sample/52648* The sample copy includes: Report Summary, Table of Contents, Segmentation, Competitive Landscape, Report Structure, Methodology.

Immunoshop India Pvt Ltd., Institute Of Isotopes Co. Ltd, Instrumentation Laboratory Co., Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics Inc., Sysmex, Trinity Biotech Plc, Weifang 3v Bioengineering Group Co. Ltd., Weifang Kanghua Biotech Co. Ltd., Abbott Diagnostics, Acon Laboratories Inc., Amar Immunodiagnostics, Bayer Ag, Beckman Coulter Inc., Xiamen Boson Biotech Co. Ltd., Jei Daniel Biotech Corp., Labor Diagnostika Nord Gmbh & Co. Kg are some of the major organizations dominating the global market.(*Note: Other Players Can be Added per Request)

Key players in the Radioimmunoassays market were identified through a second survey, and their market share was determined through a primary and second survey. All measurement sharing, splitting, and analysis were solved using a secondary source and a validated primary source. The Radioimmunoassays market report starts with a basic overview of the Industry Life Cycle, Definitions, Classifications, Applications, and Industry Chain Structure, and when used together, how key players can meet market coverage, offered characteristics, and customer needs It helps to understand.

The report also makes some important suggestions for new Radioimmunoassays market projects before evaluating their feasibility. Overall, this report covers Radioimmunoassays market Sales, Price, Sales, Gross Profit, Historical Growth,and Future Prospects. It provides facts related to the widespread merger, acquisition, partnership, and joint venture activities on the market.

This report includes market size estimates of value (million US $) and trading volume (K MT). The top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to estimate and validate the market size of the Radioimmunoassays market, estimating the size of various other subordinate markets in the overall market. All ratio sharing, splitting, and analysis were determined using the secondary source and the identified primary source.

What Radioimmunoassays Market report offers:

Remarkable Attributes of Radioimmunoassays Market Report:

About WMR

Worldwide Market Reports is your one-stop repository of detailed and in-depth market research reports compiled by an extensive list of publishers from across the globe. We offer reports across virtually all domains and an exhaustive list of sub-domains under the sun. The in-depth market analysis by some of the most vastly experienced analysts provide our diverse range of clients from across all industries with vital decision making insights to plan and align their market strategies in line with current market trends.

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Radioimmunoassays Market Insights by Industry Volume, Size, Business Opportunities, Types, Product Analysis and Applications: Immunoshop India Pvt...