The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) has named Margarita L. Dubocovich, SUNY Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB, the recipient of the 2022 Julius Axelrod Award in Pharmacology.

Dubocovich is receiving the award in recognition of her seminal work in understanding the physiological role of melatonin and its receptors on neuroendocrine function and circadian rhythms, and for her extraordinary contributions to the training of future pharmacologists, according to ASPET.

The Axelrod award was established in 1991 to honor the eminent American pharmacologist who shaped the fields of neuroscience, drug metabolism and biochemistry, and who served as a mentor for numerous world-renowned pharmacologists.

It is quite fitting that Dr. Dubocovich receives this honor, as her groundbreaking research on melatonin neuropharmacology builds upon the earlier work of Julius Axelrod, says Allison Brashear, vice president for health sciences and dean of the Jacobs School. I am pleased this award also recognizes her exceptional dedication to mentoring the next generation of pharmacologists.

Dubocovich is an international scholar on the brain hormone melatonin and its receptors. Her pioneering work has revealed melatonins impact on circadian rhythms, sleep disorders, depression, reproduction, body weight and torpor, an energy-conserving state similar to short-term hibernation.

It is a distinct privilege to receive an award honoring the memory of such an eminent Nobel laureate, pharmacologist, neuroscientist and mentor, whose scientific contributions still impact the discovery of medicines to treat psychiatric disorders today, Dubocovich says.

She first met Axelrod while she was completing her doctoral degree at the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina.

He visited a few years after hewon a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970, along with eminent pharmacologists Sir Bernard Katz and Ulf von Euler, for their discoverieson the release and reuptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters.

Our team, working on the modulation of catecholamine release by presynaptic receptors at the time, gathered for a conversation with Dr. Axelrod where we all had the opportunity to discuss our experiments and ask questions, Dubocovich recalls. This meeting shaped the course of my career and influences me to this day.

Dubocovich takes great pride in how her own work has contributed to the field of melatonin receptor pharmacology and physiology initiated by Axelrod.

Dr. Axelrods forthrightness and ability to define concise hypotheses were the foundation upon which he developed novel experimental methodologies and discoveries, she says. His philosophy of science was something which has remained with me throughout my career, and one that I hope to continue to impart onto future scientists in the legacy of Dr. Axelrod.

He emphasized the paramount importance of observation of biological effects over any complex analysis, Dubocovich adds. He used to say:If the effect is strong, then you do not need sophisticated analysisto recognize the experiment was successful to move forward with the project.

Building upon the early work of Axelrod, Dubocovich is credited with discovering and revolutionizing the field of functional melatonin receptors and pioneering the pharmacology of melatonin receptors agonists and antagonists.

Her seminal paper in the journal Nature in 1983 described the presynaptic regulation of dopamine release in the retina, and began her career-defining quest to understand melatonins role in physiological function and receptor pharmacology.

Dubocovich discovered luzindole, the first melatonin receptor antagonist, successfully demonstrating its antidepressant-like activity by blocking melatonin receptor types in mouse models.

She has continued to push the frontiers of neuropharmacology with studies of melatonin receptor-mediated effects on brain neurogenesis and drug design. Most recently, she broke new ground discovering that environmental agents impact the activity of melatonin receptors.

Dubocovich, who serves as senior associate dean for diversity and inclusion in the Jacobs School, is a passionate educator who has built culturally and intellectually diverse and academically inclusive communities of trainees, and instituted inaugural programs for trainee development at all levels.

After instituting the Collaborative Learning and Integrated Mentoring in the Biosciences (CLIMB) program at Northwestern University, she launched CLIMB programs at UB that now include professional development and mentoring programs for undergraduates, masters and doctoral students, postdoctoral fellows and junior faculty.

A National Institutes of Health (NIH) R25 grant has continuously funded her initiative for maximizing student development and has increased the number of underrepresented students in biomedical and behavioral research since 2012.

A dedicated mentor for research trainees, she has trained and provided research mentoring to 48 graduate and postdoctoral scholars. Her reputation as an outstanding research adviser is reflected in the fellowships that her trainees have received from NIH, the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and others.

Her trainees currently hold academic positions and jobs in industry as pharmacologists, neuroscientists and toxicologists. Local and national mentoring awards have honored both her teaching and mentoring.

Dubocovich has been an ASPET member since 1983 and was named a fellow of the society in 2020.She was named a fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in 2013.

Dubocovich says that over the years she had many opportunities to meet Axelrod at scientific conferences to listen to his talks and discuss their common interest in the pharmacology of melatonin receptors.

It is truly an honor to have had met him and to do what I can to carry his legacy forward, she says.

The award will be formally presented at the ASPET Business Meeting and Awards Presentation during the ASPET Annual Meeting at Experimental Biology 2022 on April 2 in Philadelphia.

The award includes invitations to deliver the Julius Axelrod Lecture and organize the Axelrod Symposium in 2023, and to deliver a less formal presentation at the 2022 annual dinner meeting of The Catecholamine Society, an international organization consisting of scientists interested in all aspects of catecholamine research, which was co-founded by Axelrod in 1969.

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Despite presenting with high-risk disease, Black patients with prostate cancer who enrolled on radiation therapy clinical trials were reported to have better rates of biochemical recurrence, distant metastases, and prostate cancerspecific mortality than White patients.

Although Black patients with prostate cancer who enrolled on radiation therapy clinical trials had more aggressive disease, they had better rates of biochemical recurrence, distant metastases, and prostate cancerspecific mortality vs White patients, suggesting that other factors such as access to care may be important in achieving equity, according to findings from a meta-analysis published in JAMA Network Open.1

Findings from the trial, which had a median follow up of 10.6 months, indicated that Black patients, although more likely to have high-risk disease features, were less likely to experience biochemical recurrence (sHR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.58-0.91), distant metastases (sHR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58-0.91), or prostate cancerspecific mortality (sHR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.97). Moreover, no significant differences in all-cause mortality were observed (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.92-1.07). Even after adjusting, investigators reported that Black race continued to be significantly associated with improvements in biochemical recurrence (adjusted sHR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72-0.88; P <.001), distant metastases (adjust sHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55-0.87; P = .002), and prostate cancerspecific mortality (adjusted sHR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50-0.93; P = .01).

These results do not suggest that there are no biological differences that might be associated with differences in prostate cancer incidence between racial groups, the study authors wrote. It is possible that the association with differential treatment response might be, at least in part, explained by differences in underlying biologic factors. Studies have reported distinct characteristics of prostate cancer in Black and White men at the genetic, epigenetic, and immunological level. These differences may have contributed to improved efficacy of multiple lines of systemic therapy in Black men compared with non-Black men with locally advanced or metastatic disease.

Investigators conducted a literature search in order to identify relevant, randomized studies that were conducted via NRG Oncology or Radiation Therapy Oncology Group from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2010; this was significant as both groups have historically included a significant population of Black patients within its clinical research. The trial's primary end points were biochemical recurrence, distant metastases, and prostate cancerspecific mortality, with the key secondary end point being all-cause mortality.

Investigators included a total of 8814 patients, 18.5% of whom were Black and 81.5% of whom were White. The mean patient age was 69.1 years in the overall study cohort and most patients were considered to be low- (19.8%) and intermediate-risk (48.4%) with a smaller group of high-risk patients (31.8%).

Investigators observed that Black patients presented at a significantly lower median age compared with White patients (68 years vs 71 years). Additionally, the population was more likely to present with high-risk prostate cancer (38.2% vs 30.4%; P <.001), higher prostate-specific antigen levels (10.3 vs 8.4; P <.001), and Gleason scores ranging between 8 and 10 (16.3% vs 14.1%; P = .03) vs White patients.

The 10-year cumulative incidences of biochemical recurrence, distant metastases, and prostatecancer specific mortality in White and Black patients, respectively were 40.5% and 44.6% (P = .006), 8.4% and 11.6% (P = .005), and 4.5% and 6.4% (P = .03). The 10-year rate of all-cause mortality was comparable between White and Black patients (37.2% vs 36.6%; P = .50). Investigators clarified that prostate cancerspecific mortality rather than other cause mortality was responsible for the low rate of mortality events overall (6.5% vs 10.2%), in patients who were under 65 years of age (7.6% vs 14.9%), and older than 65 years (6.0% vs 9.2%). The same could be applied to patients with high-risk disease (6.4% vs 12.7%).

These results provide high-level evidence challenging the common belief that Black men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer will necessarily have a worse prognosis than White men, co-senior author Amar Kishan, MD, an associate professor and vice chair of clinical and translational research in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and a researcher at the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, said in a press release.2 This is especially important because an unfounded belief can inadvertently contribute to cancer injustice, leading to the use of more aggressive treatments than might be necessarypotentially reducing quality of lifeand diverting attention away from other important factors that can influence outcome, including access to more comprehensive healthcare.

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Meta-Analysis Indicates Black Individuals With Prostate Cancer May Have Better Outcomes in Radiation Therapy Clinical Trials vs White Patients -...

Thu, 04/29/2021 - 14:45pm | By: David Tisdale

Stay focused, but also find joy in the quest for knowledge and your degree.

Thats the advice graduating senior Camryn Siler has for those students coming behind her, as she plots her next moves after graduating from The University of Southern Mississippi (USM) next week. The university is preparing to hold multiple commencement ceremonies May 3-8, the first in-person graduation events since the Covid-19 pandemic.

You generally walk into your classes with the mindset of focusing on what you have to learn in order to pass, but take the time to really get into what your professor is teaching, said Siler, a native of Crestview, Florida. Any time youre enjoying something, it comes easier to you, so learn to make the best of what youre given.

And Siler has done just that during her time in Hattiesburg. A biological sciences major with an emphasis in biomedicine and minors in chemistry and biochemistry, she aspires to attend medical school. An Academic Excellence Scholar and a Jump Scholar, Siler earned the Scholastic Excellence Award on multiple occasions, Presidents List status and is a member of USMs National Society of Leadership Success.

Her USM roots run deep, as both of her parents and siblings attended the university, so I grew up around the campus, she said. Her father, Kenny Siler, helped lead the Golden Eagles mens basketball team to the 1987 National Invitation Tournament (NIT) championship.

Siler said being a student employee with USM Campus Recreation since she first started at USM was one of the first ways I became exposed to the USM culture, and it helped me get to know lots of people and make so many good friends. Other highlights of her USM experience include those where she learned something while having fun, too, including her job shadowing experience with Dr. Melissa Roberts, director of the USM Moffitt Student Health Center.

I learned [from Dr. Roberts] that being a doctor is more than poking and prodding people and filling out the paperwork to go with it, she said. It constitutes using your personality to make someone comfortable enough to even continue with their appointment, and gaining their trust in order for them to follow doctors orders.

She also praised her academic advisor, Dr. Janet Donaldson, for helping guide her through some challenges along the way, and also being there to help celebrate the high points.

Dr. D has been nothing but a blessing to me, Siler said.

Silers plans following graduation include pursuing a masters degree in biomedical sciences at the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth, Texas, and then later applying to medical school; after medical school and residency, shed like to work in an outpatient center or hospital as an anesthesiologist.

Camryn was an absolute delight to have as one of my advisees, Dr. Donaldson said. She was always diligent about her work and such a pleasure to just talk to about school and her career ambitions. She is so sweet and so smart; I have no doubt she will be successful in whichever path life takes her.

In reflecting on the last year and the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on her academic experience and in all other aspects of life, Siler says the experience taught her to look within for motivation.

Im so used to having a huge support system that I forgot I have to want these things in life just as much as they want them for me, Siler said. So now Im very excited about the opportunity to be walking across that stage, and really couldnt imagine the ceremony being strictly virtual. We have all worked hard to make this happen and I think we all deserve a big congratulations for that.

Im also excited to be sharing this moment with last semesters graduates. The more the merrier!

For details about the USMs spring 2021 commencement ceremonies, visit https://www.usm.edu/registrar/commencement.php.

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Siler Ready to Meet Future as USM Readies for In-Person Graduation Ceremonies - Southern Miss Now

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems.

Biochemistry focuses on processes happening at a molecular level. It focuses on whats happening inside our cells, studying components like proteins, lipids and organelles. It also looks at how cells communicate with each other, for example during growth or fighting illness. Biochemists need to understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its function, allowing them to predict how molecules will interact.

Biochemistry covers a range of scientific disciplines, including genetics, microbiology, forensics, plant science and medicine. Because of its breadth, biochemistry is very important and advances in this field of science over the past 100 years have been staggering. Its a very exciting time to be part of this fascinating area of study.

To find out more about careers in biochemistry read our bookletsBiochemistry: the careers guideandNext Steps.

The life science community is a fast-paced, interactive network with global career opportunities at all levels. The Government recognizes the potential that developments in biochemistry and the life sciences have for contributing to national prosperity and for improving the quality of life of the population. Funding for research in these areas has been increasing dramatically in most countries, and the biotechnology industry is expanding rapidly.

The Biochemical Societyaims to inspire and engage people in the molecular biosciences. We offer study and careers advice toschool students,higher education studentsandteachersas well as carrying outpublic engagementevents.

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What is biochemistry? - Biochemistry

Kara Murphy| For the Erie Times-News

Ashley Russell was stuck in traffic on Interstate 295 outsideBaltimore on a November day in 2019. She had finished her day as a post-doctoral research fellow at John Hopkins University and was talking to her parents in Erie on the phone to pass the time during the long drive home.

"It was just a soul-sucking hour-long commute each day," she said. "So I'd usually call my parents, and we'd talk."

2020: Behrend to serve as research partner

That day, her father had news he couldn't wait to share: A $26 million medical research center was coming to Erie. It meant up to 200 good jobs for the region, including two new faculty positions at Penn State Behrend. As Magee-WomenResearch Institute-Erie academic partner for the project, Behrend would create biomedical engineering and biochemistry/molecular biology academic programs.

Russell wanted to return to her hometown but didn't think her career would ever allow it.

"There was nowhere to do biomedical research in Erie," she said. "So I thought there was no way I'd ever live in Erie again."

Now there was not only an opportunity, but it was at Behrend, where she'd earned her undergraduate degree.

2019: $26 million medical research facility coming to Erie

She applied at her alma materand, in August, Russell returned, this timeto stay. Her title at Behrend is now assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biology.

"Dr. Russell's research is a perfect fit for MWRI-Erie, and for Behrend's increased focus on biochemistry and molecular biology," said Ivor Knight, associate dean for research and graduate studies at Behrend.

Along with teaching, Russell and Jeremiah Keyes the other faculty member brought on at Behrend will lead studies in Behrend's new microbiology labs. Their work will support imaging and cell-growth testing related to MWRI-Erie research.

The larger of the two labs, a $1 million, 2,700-square-foot space in the Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation Center, will become the heart of an advanced imaging facility at Behrend and a resource for start-up companies and products that further Magee Women Research Institute-Erie's studies.

A second, smaller lab will be located in the Otto Behrend Science Building.

The pandemic delayed the new labs' completion, but Russell is hoping to start her first study at Behrend by mid-March. Her first study is looking for biomarkers of chronic stress during pregnancy that might indicate adverse pregnancy outcomes.

"A lot of this work will be done in collaboration with students, which is exciting because undergrad students bring a lot of energy and excitement to the table," she said. "We'll be training them to conduct experiments and how to collect and interpret data."

Knight said he believes Russell's studies will reach beyond Behrend's labs.

"Her study of chronic stress during pregnancy and the properties and behaviors of extracellular vesicles, particularly during the body's immune response, could, over the long term, influence the direction of research for MWRI-Erie, including clinical trials," he said.

Russell is excited about being part of the team building the program from the ground up at Behrend and what MWRI-Erie means for the future of scientific research in Erie.

Community leaders are hopeful as well.

Officials estimated in 2019 when announcing the project that $15 million in new federal research money will flow into Erie during the first five years and that research spending could reach $50 million by the tenth year.

"I believe this is just the beginning that this will open up a lot of opportunities to promote Erie as a biomedical hub for companies," Russell said.

And her commute now? It's 8 minutes.

Kara Murphy is a freelance writer in Erie and publisher of Macaroni Kid Erie. Contact her at murphy_kara@yahoo.com.

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Brain gain: Medical researcher finds her way back to Erie thanks to new research facility - GoErie.com

The Global Semi-Automated Biochemical Urine Analyzer Market Report includes a complete analysis of various aspects of the market, including market size, major marketing regions, major players, major companies, market structure, segmentation, revenue generation, demand, R & D, and top marketing strategy. The Semi-Automated Biochemical Urine Analyzer Market report provides comprehensive data on the latest market trends, global market size and forecast, global and regional market size, market opportunities, potential, government policies and influence factors.

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Global Semi-Automated Biochemical Urine Analyzer Market 2020-2025 Industry Status and Trends Outlook By Type and Application Global Marketers - Clark...

Feb. 12 (UPI) -- The hormones that encourage monogamy among rodent pairs don't appear to work the same way in the brains of lemurs, according to a new study.

The research, published Friday in the journal Scientific Reports, suggest there are multiple biochemical recipes of monogamous love.

The vast majority of bird species, approximately 90 percent, are monogamous, but lifelong devotion is rare among mammals -- fewer than 5 percent of mammal species practice monogamy.

For decades, scientists have been trying to figure out why some species commit themselves to a single partner and others play the field. The results from a number of rodent studies suggested a pair of hormones were responsible.

Experiments showed the so-called "cuddle chemicals" oxytocin and vasopressin are released in the brains of monogamous rodents during mating. Scientists found the brains of monogamous prairie voles featured more docking sites, or receptors, for oxytocin and vasopressin than their more promiscuous peers.

For the new study, researchers at Duke University wanted to see if cuddle chemicals worked similar magic on lemurs, which spent more than a third of their lives with a single partner.

When they're not caring for their young or looking for food, lemur pairs can often be found side-by-side, cuddling with their tails wrapped around one another.

The team of scientists used autoradiography, an X-ray imaging technique, to study the distribution of docking sites for cuddle chemicals in the brains of 12 lemurs that had died of natural causes.

The survey featured the seven lemur species: monogamous red-bellied and mongoose lemurs, in addition to five promiscuous species from the same genus.

"They're really the only comparable natural experiment to look for biological signatures of monogamy in primates," lead study author Nicholas Grebe, a postdoctoral researcher at Duke, said in a news release.

Scientists found the density and distribution of receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin on lemur brains were distinct from the patterns found on rodent brains.

The findings suggest the cuddle chemicals work differently in the brains of primates than they do in prairie voles and other rodents.

In rodent brains, the differences between monogamous and promiscuous circuitry were apparent. Scientists found no such distinction among lemur brains.

"We don't see evidence of a pair-bond circuit," said Grebe.

In future experiments, researchers are planning to block oxytocin from binding to receptors in the brains of lemurs and watching how mates behave toward one another.

While it's likely oxytocin and vasopressin still play a role in regulating the romantic decisions of lemurs and other primates, the latest research suggests monogamy in lemurs -- and probably humans, too -- is the product of a unique combination of different brain chemicals and ecological factors.

"There are probably a number of different ways through which monogamy is instantiated within the brain, and it depends on what animals we're looking at," Grebe said. "There's more going on than we originally thought."

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Lemurs prove there's more than one biochemical recipe for monogamous love - UPI News

Introduction

In 2019, an estimate of global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) provided by the IDF stood at ~463 million. In 2010, the T2DM burden for 2025 was projected as ~438 million and it has already been surpassed by ~25 million.1 The rise in global T2DM prevalence is a complex amalgamation of development of comorbidities, most common being obesity and depression. It is important to note that prevalence of obesity, depression, and T2DM has increased in parallel at an accelerating rate suggesting interdependencies in the progression of these diseases. Numerous studies indicate the bidirectional associations between T2DM and depression, T2DM and obesity, depression and obesity and the interrelated risks.24 One of the key meta-analyses demonstrated that T2DM/obese patients have a 1.63-fold increased risk of depression in comparison to T2DM alone.5 The disease triad (T2DM, obesity, and depression) has biological pathways overlapping at the level of organs, tissues, cells, and biochemical substrates regulating peripheral and neural metabolism converging at the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is central to an individuals response to stressful conditions.68 However, other potential mediators of the obesity-depression association, such as changes in adipokines, have not yet been well explored.8

Depression and T2DM are both known to activate the HPA axis through increased sympathoadrenal system activity.9 There has been mixed evidence connecting depression in T2DM and obesity. Some studies have shown that depression and depression symptoms are commonly seen in T2DM and obese patients. In contrast, there are studies where no such link has been found. However, there is a reported evidence showing a bidirectional relationship between depression and T2DM which could be explained basis neurobiological mechanism involved and may be attributed to dysregulation in the HPA axis with elevated cortisol levels, changes in corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels and neurotrophins.5,9

A recent meta-analysis by Gonzlez-Castro et al, assessed the risk of developing substantial depressive symptoms in individuals with obesity and T2DM and found the involvement of genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors that contribute considerably in the development of T2DM, obesity and depression, however, the risks of these conditions could be different between populations.5,10

On a closer look at the etiology of the disease triad, stress has been found as one of the well-established contributors responsible. There is a prudent possibility that patients with T2DM and obesity, depending on their stress responses, may or may not develop depression. The individuals response can form a Gaussian distribution of a population ranging from stress resilience to stress susceptible population, suggesting that some individual suffer greater neuropsychiatric pathophysiology than others.1114 The relatively minor stresses associated with diabetes have been thought to be enough to trigger depressive symptoms in vulnerable individuals. Both normal stressors and T2DM related distress have been linked with increased odds of developing depressive symptoms.14

In addition to stressful conditions, the body undergoes biochemical alterations to correct the imbalances and coordinates the stress response by releasing array of stress mediators in various temporal compartments of body, thus, offering a varied degree of susceptibility and resistance patterns. This mechanism has been studied by researchers, where some individuals show differential capability to cope/adapt with stress and form a distribution in a population ranging from high degree (resilient) to low degree of resistance (susceptible). The intriguing thing about stress is that, it does not affect individuals in a population, in a similar manner.1517

Further, extensive research has established that the most probable common biochemicals that link this disease triad are cortisol and adiponectin. However, the alterations in adipokines serum level that may be a possible link between depression and obesity, has not explored completely. Lower adiponectin levels and raised cortisol levels are seen in T2DM, obesity and depression cases individually, however, how these levels are affected in cases of comorbid conditions in entirety, and the information regarding modulation of adiponectin in diabetic and obese patients that will develop or not develop depression is unknown.1820

In the present study an attempt was made to understand the behavior of T2DM subjects who exhibit two distinctive behavioral phenotypes (one showing depressive behavior/symptoms and the other showing no depressive behavior or symptoms) associated with their differential sensitivity to stress (stress resilient or susceptible), quantified by stress questionnaire response and levels of biochemical markers directly or indirectly related to stress (adiponectin and cortisol).

The study rationale is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The figure represents study rationale. The figure also depicts how biochemical parameters (cortisol and adiponectin) are associated with stress including both stress resilient and susceptible populations. ( mild increment; moderate increment; high increment; mild reduction; moderate reduction; high reduction; no change).

It is unknown whether any biochemical changes can be estimated in a population that can differentiate the population into stress-resilient and stress-susceptible individuals and further into those that will develop or not develop depression. The body coordinates the stress response by secreting multiple stress modulating mediators which includes transmitters (nor-epinephrine/epinephrine/serotonin), peptides (corticotrophin-releasing factor, dynorphins), hormones (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents, angiotensin). The complexity of an orchestrated stress response occurs at various levels, but most theories revolve around cortisol levels. The imbalance in cortisol levels is a good predictor of the over-activated stress axis. The cross-play of cortisol is also found in metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes and obesity. Besides, adiponectins recent involvement, a collagen-like plasma protein secreted by adipocytes is also suggested to play a substantial role in the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and depression. The protein has been found to be decreased in cases of insulin resistance, diabetes, and depression, but what is the degree of reduction? The answer to this question is still unknown.

Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to identify the biochemical levels that can differentiate diabetic/obese peoplewith or without depression can undoubtedly help in the diagnosis and prognosis of these comorbid conditions. The most probable biochemical parameters that link all these three comorbid conditions of T2DM, obesity, and depression, are cortisol and adiponectin. The lower adiponectin levels are also reported with increased cortisol levels in diabetes, obesity, and depression individually. However, how these levels are affected in entirety and the information regarding modulation of adiponectin in diabetic and obese patients that will develop or not develop depression is unknown.

This was a cross-sectional study.

The investigation plan of the study is depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2 The figure demonstrates investigation plan of the study.

Male and female patients, aged >18 years and <65 years, diagnosed with T2DM using the American Diabetes Association criterion of Hb1Ac 6.5% were enrolled after a written informed consent was obtained. Other inclusion criteria included, patients treated with antidiabetic treatment for at least last six months, body mass index 30.0 kg/m2, able to understand and comply with study procedures. Control group included male and female subjects aged >18 years and <65 years who provided written informed consent and had no clinically significant illness and/or disease such as absence of T2DM, no history or current depression/anxiety or any other psychiatric disorder, ability to understand and comply study procedures. Patients with a history or current smokers, drug or alcohol dependence, currently diagnosed or having history of any major psychiatric illness, uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure 180/105 mmHg or above), patient on psychotropic drugs, pregnant or breast-feeding women, patients unable or unwilling to give written informed consent were excluded from the study. Patients visiting the diabetic clinic and medicine outpatient department (OPD) were approached for participation. Healthy controls visiting for routine check-ups or along with the patients were also approached for participation.

Demographic and clinical data were collected in the standard format for height, sex, age, weight, duration of T2DM and concomitant medications. The body mass index for each subject was deducted using standard formula. For T2DM patients, HbA1c and blood glucose levels were recorded and health check-up reports and biochemical parameters relevant to the study of the healthy participants were obtained.

The blood samples were collected in the early morning hours (between 06:00 and 08:00 am), where 5 mL approximate was obtained from participants in a fasting condition. The serum was separated from the blood according to the procedures mentioned in the ELISA manual. Serum adiponectin levels were quantified for each 40 L of serum samples using a highly sensitive ELISA kit (RayBio Human Acrp30 ELISA Kit).

As levels of cortisol in serum are affected by episodic secretion of cortisol and the resulting diurnal variation, samples were collected during early morning hours (between 06:00 and 08:00 am) to have consistent and uniform cortisol measurement. A blood sample of approximately 5 mL was obtained in a fasting condition. The serum was separated from the blood according to the standard procedures of ELISA and serum cortisol levels were quantified using chemiluminescence.

Stress Coping Resources Inventory questionnaire (SCQ) was used to assess the stress in patients. As people differ remarkably in their responses to potentially stressful events, about one in ten persons come out of captivity as mentally healthier. In contrast, others may face extreme emotional difficulty and find it difficult to cope with stress conditions. SCQ helps in the assessment of the factors that are associated with managing success. With high test-retest reliabilities and internal consistency, the SCQ helps anticipate personality type, emotional distress, occupational choice, life satisfaction, illness, and drug dependency.21

The state of depression/depressive symptoms was assessed using the well-accepted Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). PHQ-9 is a self-administered version of the diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. It constitutes depression module, which scores nine DSM-IV domains. Each PHQ-9 domain is recorded using scores ranging from 03, depicting (not at all) or (nearly every day), respectively.22

Two clusters among the diabetic population were identified using the biochemical parameters (cortisol and adiponectin). The questionnaire-based scores (PHQ-9 and SCQ) and variables independently identified two other clusters among the T2DM population using K-means cluster analysis. After identification of clusters, ANOVA was performed on the control group (A) and diabetic group (B), and the two identified clusters from the diabetic group: diabetes/obese without depression (C1) and diabetes/obese with depression (C2). If p0.05 was detected in Tukeys test-based comparisons, the individual group results were considered significantly different. The clusters identified based only on biochemical parameters and those identified by the questionnaire-based scores (PHQ-9 and SCQ) were then compared to evaluate the accuracy of the identified clusters (meaning the same subjects were identified in two clusters from the diabetic groups C1 and C2). Cluster analysis was performed using R-project; R version 3.5.3.

The study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the subjects with T2DM demonstrates two phenotypes that can be identified based on (1) patients response to stress, estimated by questionnaire responses (PHQ-9 and SCQ), and; (2) the levels of biochemical markers directly or indirectly related to stress (adiponectin and cortisol). Assuming a typical SD of 40% (using a two-tailed t-test of difference between means) for adiponectin and cortisol levels, a sample size of 42 subjects per group (depression and no depression) and control (nondiseased) was considered sufficient to detect a significant difference of 20% between groups for cortisol and adiponectin levels (separately) with coverage probability of 95%, (=0.05, power=0.8, =0.2) giving a total population of 126 subjects. Considering a dropout rate of 20%, the sample size required was 153 (51 per group).23,24

The demographic characteristics are presented in Table 1. All study participants were administered PHQ-9 and SCQ questionnaires. Basis participants responses to PHQ-9, two clusters were identified (a) depressive and, (b) nondepressive phenotype. SCQ scores were then used to identify two independent clusters, (a) stress susceptible and, (b) stress-resilient. The literature evidence also suggests the indirect possibilities of two phenotypes (a) diabetic/obese with depression and (b) diabetic/obese without depression. The strength of these questionnaires in identifying the same clusters from the diabetic population in the study alludes to the possibility of differential responses to stress and further risk(s) of developing depression. Central to the hypothesis of these identified clusters different from each other and yet similar in HbA1c and BMI values indicates the homogeneity of diabetes population in the background, but when looking closely at the level of stress responses sheds light on the two phenotypes (Tables 2 and 3). As a result, shown in Figure 3A, 83% similarity of clusters (C1 and C2) and no clusters identified in control population further strengthens that there is one subset of the diabetic population which is at higher propensity to develop depression (stress vulnerable) compared to another subset which is resilient to the effects of stress.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics

Table 2 Independent Cluster Analysis Based on Scores from PHQ-9 and SCQ Questionnaires

Table 3 K-means Cluster Analysis: Identify Two Clusters Based on Scores from PHQ-9 and SCQ Questionnaires

Figure 3 The figure demonstrates cluster similarity across study population of diabetes. (C1: diabetic/obese patients without depression; C2: diabetic/obese patients with depression). (A) Similarity of clusters based on questionnaire scores: two clusters were identified by independently using SCQ and PHQ-9 questionnaire score as variables employing K-means cluster analysis. The independent clusters (C1 and C2) identified by SCQ scores and (C1 and C2) of PHQ-9 scores were matched subject to subject for accuracy estimations. (B) Similarity of clusters based on biochemical evaluations: two clusters were identified by independently using adiponectin and cortisol levels as variables employing K-means cluster analysis. The independent clusters (C1 and C2) identified by adiponectin levels and (C1 and C2) of cortisol levels were matched subject to subject for accuracy estimations. (C) Similarity of clusters based on questionnaire scores vs biochemical evaluations: two clusters were identified by independently using (1) SCQ and PHQ-9 questionnaire score as two variables together and (2) adiponectin and cortisol levels as two variables together. The independent clusters (C1 and C2) identified by questionnaire scores and of (C1 and C2) of biochemical evaluations were matched subject to subject for accuracy estimations.

Similar clusters from the diabetic population were identified based on biochemical estimations of adiponectin and cortisol (Tables 4 and 5). First, individual cluster analysis was conducted where subjects were categorized into clusters based on cortisol (p-value <0.001) and adiponectin levels (p-value=0.001) followed by combined cluster analysis using both biochemical parameters (Table 5). Cluster similarity was found in 71% of subjects (Figure 3A and B).

Table 4 Independent Cluster Analysis Based on Cortisol and Adiponectin Levels

Table 5 K-means Cluster Analysis: Identify Two Clusters Based on Cortisol and Adiponectin Levels

Further, the cluster symmetry/similarity was assessed based on biochemical parameter analysis and was compared with questionnaire responses where, the accuracy of similar cluster formation by these two independent analyses was found as 85% (Figure 3C). Considering the same clusters (C1 and C2) identified, final clustersdiabetic obese without depression (diabetic/obese-C1) and diabetic obese with depression (diabetic/obese-C2)were identified utilizing questionnaire response and biochemical parameter estimations together. Of 105 diabetic subjects, 61 (58%) belong to C1 and 44 (42%) to the C2 group.

The next question addressed in the study was how much these identified clusters in a diabetic population are (1) different from each other; (2) different from parent diabetic pool (2) and different from the control population in the study. The diabetic population group was different from control. When these clusters were tested for the percentage change in comparison to the control population and their parent diabetic population, for BMI, HbA1C, the clusters and parent diabetic pool were similar to each other; however, both the clusters and diabetic pool have significantly higher BMI, HbA1C values compared to control (Figure 4; Table 6). BMI values of diabetic parent pool (27%), diabetic/obese: C1 (26%), and diabetic/obese: C2 (27%) were significantly higher in comparison to control and (2) HbA1c values of diabetic parent pool (87%), diabetic/obese: C1 (87%), and diabetic/obese: C2 (87%) significantly higher in comparison to control. The similarity of BMI values and HbA1c values of the diabetic pool and the two clusters reinforces the homogeneity of the diabetic population across the standard markers of a diabetes diagnosis.

Figure 4 Percent change from control of total diabetes populations and two identified clusters among diabetes population (C1: diabetic/obese patients without depression; C2: diabetic/obese patients with depression).

Table 6 Variations of Different Variables

When these clusters were tested for percentage compared to control the population and their parent diabetic population, for cortisol and adiponectin levels, the clusters were different from each other and from the parent diabetic pool (Figure 4; Tables 6 and 7). Serum level of cortisol in the diabetic parent pool (7%) showed no change, diabetic/obese: C1 (20%) showed significantly lower, and diabetes: C2 (45%) showed significantly higher values in comparison to control and serum level of adiponectin of diabetes parent pool (61%), diabetic/obese-C1 (56%), and diabetic/obese: C2 (71%), all showed significantly lower values in comparison to control. A point to note for both clusters, and these changes were statistically different irrespective of the direction of change. Though serum cortisol levels of the diabetic pool were not different from the control population, in identified clusters, the marked differentiation of diabetic/obese: C1 showed lower values of cortisol and diabetic/obese: C2, showing higher values of cortisol, suggesting that diabetic/obese: C1 can be considered stress-resilient. The group diabetic/obese: C2 can be regarded as stress vulnerable owing to high values of cortisol linked to a higher degree of stress perception. The argument is further strengthened with adiponectin levels showing a lower reduction in diabetic/obese: C1 (56%) compared to diabetic/obese: C2 (71%) with an absolute 15% more reduction in diabetic/obese: C2 (stress vulnerable based on cortisol values) goes well with the literature wherein lower values of adiponectin are associated with stress perception. A point to note is that diabetes, being the background disease, is shown to have lower adiponectin values than control, which aligns with the available literature. The diabetic pools clusters reinforce that the stress vulnerable (diabetic/obese: C2) based on cortisol values have much lower adiponectin values than the stress-resilient group (diabetic/obese: C1).

Table 7 ANOVA Variance Analysis Results for Different Variables

When these clusters were tested for percent change compared to the control population and their parent diabetic population, for PHQ-9 and SCQ scores, the clusters were different from each other and the parent diabetic pool (Figure 4; Tables 6 and 7). PHQ-9 scores of the diabetic parent pool (50%) showed significantly higher, diabetic/obese: C1 (3%) showed no change, and diabetic/obese: C2 (123%) showed significantly higher values in comparison to control and SCQ scores of the diabetic parent pool (4%) showed no change, diabetic/obese: C1 (15%) showed significantly higher, and diabetic/obese: C2 (33%) showed significantly lower values in comparison to control. A point to note for both clusters, is that the changes were statistically different irrespective of the direction of change. Though SCQ scores of the diabetic pool were not different from the control population, however, in identified clusters, the marked differentiation of diabetic/obese: C1 showing higher scores (representative of stress coping capacity) and diabetic/obese: C2 showing lower scores (suggestive of stress no-copers). This further highlights that diabetic/obese: C1 is a stress-resilient population which is in line with the observed cortisol (lower values than C2) and adiponectin response (higher values than C2) in this study. The differentiation of cluster is further strengthened with PHQ-9 scores showing the propensity of stress vulnerable population (diabetic/obese: C2) of the absolute average score of 13.4 (123% higher score than control) and stress-resilient population (diabetic/obese: C1) of the absolute average score of 5.8 (no change from control). The data further suggests that the diabetic population has a significantly higher PHQ-9 score (9.0; 50% higher score than control), which apparently is coming from the diabetes/obese-C2 cluster. The higher scores of diabetic/obese: C2 cluster are suggestive of moderately depressed phenotype, which goes well with complete data wherein this group has high cortisol values, comparatively lower adiponectin values, lower SCQ scores, and high PHQ-9 scores and diabetic/obese: C1 cluster with no markers (biochemical or questionnaire-based) indicating depression conferring to their strong stress-resilient mechanisms.

Reduced levels of adiponectin in T2DM patients were seen in comparison to control group, which supports the fact that higher adiponectin levels are associated with a lower risk of T2DM. Adiponectin is one of the consistent biochemical predictors of T2DM which is under investigation worldwide. However, the studies have not yet established the scientific basis of the causality, the consistency of this association across large and diverse populations, any possible dose-response relationship, and the supportive findings in studies that may indicate that adiponectin might be a promising target for the reduction of risk of T2DM.15 A similar cross-sectional study demonstrated significantly lower adiponectin levels in diabetics than in nondiabetic participants.25 Similar findings were seen in a community-based research and a prospective longitudinal study with a follow-up of three years.26,27 Adiponectin has been suggested to activate the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, resulting in reduced serum level of glucose. It also has anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. Insulin resistance and obesity have been linked to metabolic inflammation believed to trigger T2DM development.28

Multiple cross-sectional clinical studies have demonstrated high depression prevalence in T2DM patients.26,29 In similarity, the present study also observed that T2DM obese patients with depression had a lower adiponectin levels compared to T2DM obese patients without depression. Various meta-analyses and clinical studies have indicated that depressive patients have a decreased adiponectin level compared to healthy subjects.3032 These findings are supported by preclinical evidence. In an animal study, activation of depressive-like behavior induced by stress was seen when neutralizing antibodies of adiponectin were injected. The depressive behavior was reversed once the exogenous adiponectin was injected in diabetic mice and it resulted in antidepressant-like behavioral changes.33

The present study also showed increased serum cortisol levels in T2DM obese patients with comorbid depression compared to the group without depression, which is in concurrence with the reported findings.3436 Dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and release of cortisol plays a pivotal role in depression pathophysiology.37 Hypothalamus further secretes arginine, vasopressin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone in response to various stressors, both psychological and physical.38

It is extensively suggested that raised secretion of cortisol during chronic stress leads to depression.39

Metabolic disorder is linked with the fluctuating plasma level of cortisol, a key player that triggers a higher risk of insulin resistance, hyperglycemic state, upsurge in hypertension cases, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triglycerides, and abdominal obesity.40 T2DM also triggers differential cortisol levels during stress and depression, further increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome. It was also reported that adiponectin is involved in various physiological events including regulating deposition of visceral fats, triglyceride levels and acts as an anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory.41 Presence of T2DM also alters the plasma level of adiponectin and affects associated functions that might increase the likelihood of developing metabolic disorders. Stress and depression also have a distinct impact on adiponectins plasma level which triggers the risk of metabolic disease via a parallel mechanism.

The cross-sectional design of this study did not allow (1) longitudinal follow-up to assess the changes in adiponectin and cortisol along with glycemic control over a period of time. (2) The interference of concurrent medications on the questionnaire responses and biochemical levels cannot be ruled out. (3) Clinical studies involving the use of antidiabetics and antidepressants that may have effects on the other disease symptoms can add benefit to validate the data produced.

Evidence suggests that depression is present in about one-third of T2DM patients.42

Our study demonstrates that presence of depression increases from one-third to one-half in T2DM patients, if patient have additional comorbidity of obesity. Glycemic control in T2DM patients having obesity and depression is difficult to maintain by reaching their HbA1c goals. Factors including patient adherence to medication as a lever of good self-care practices is limited in depressive conditions, and they have twofold risk of missing doses compared with those without depression. Frequent monitoring of glycaemic control is considerably more important to T2DM/obese patients exhibiting clinical signs of depression.

The results accumulated in the study may not reflect the true burden of depression in T2DM/obese pool. The patients were screened and selected from a specialized tertiary hospital in a metropolitan area of Delhi. Doing dynamic real-world evidence studies in primary/secondary health care setting will be reflective of true the burden of depressive phenotype in the T2DM/obese pool. Our study did not include non-T2DM/obese controls having depression for comparison, limiting the inferences linking the triad of diabetes, obesity, depression and possible role of diabetes/obesity in depression and reciprocated effects on durability of glycemic control. Cross-sectional study by design only allowed to bring the associations between diabetes/obesity and depression, however, a longitudinal study design will be best suited to investigate the interdependencies of comorbidities.

The study protocol and informed consent were approved by the Jamia Hamdard Institutional Ethics Committee.

The authors would like to thank Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi and Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, HAH Centenary Hospital for facilitating study conduct. The authors convey gratitude to various departments/centers for research support in this study.

The study was not sponsored by any grant.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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[Full text] Evaluation of Stress and Associated Biochemical Changes in Patients wi | DMSO - Dove Medical Press

Laura Van Dorn is a professor at the University of Arizona. She currently teaches chemistry 101A and 101B. CHEM 101A is a general chemistry course and CHEM 101B is an introductory course to organic chemistry and biochemistry. Due to the pandemic, both classes have been switched to a live-online format.

Van Dorn has developed a new, challenging chemistry course: CHEM 130. It is designed to have a year's worth of general chemistry completed in a single semester. CHEM 130 is for students who need the foundations of chemistry and biochemistry, but given their career focus in different areas, will not necessarily go on to take additional chemistry classes. The Daily Wildcat sat down with Van Dorn via email to find out more about the process of starting a new course.

Daily Wildcat: Can you provide a brief description of CHEM 130?

Laura Van Dorn: CHEM 130 will introduce students in nursing and public health majors to the fundamental principles of general and organic chemistry and elements of biochemistry, with a focus on medical, nutritional, and environmental aspects of the discipline.

Current topics in health sciences will be used to guide students in developing a solid background in chemistry that may be applied in their future careers. Critical thinking and pattern recognition will be utilized with the goal of developing skills in problem-solving, applying the foundations of chemistry to new concepts.

Students will be taught to integrate their conceptual and modeling skills with quantitative data to make predictions regarding the behavior of molecules in different environments.

DW: What makes CHEM 130 different from other entry-level chemistry courses?

Van Dorn: CHEM 130 is a one-semester overview of the material, which other chemistry and biochemistry courses typically take several semesters to cover. It is the only course of this kind at UArizona.

It is designed for students who need a fundamental understanding of chemistry and biochemistry, but do not have room in their degree programs for the traditional 2 semesters of General chemistry, two semesters of Organic Chemistry, and two semesters of Biochemistry (which is what Chemistry or Biochemistry majors would normally take).

CHEM 130 will emphasize the elements of chemistry and biochemistry important to public health and nursing fields. It will introduce students to recognizing patterns and making predictions. Demonstrations and activities will be a large part of the course. It can be difficult to visualize some of the concepts in chemistry, thus being able to see the effects of chemicals on different types of matter has the tendency to help students.

DW: Do you recommend those only in the pre-health route to take CHEM 130?

Van Dorn: No, this course is for anyone with an interest in how chemistry applies to every aspect of our lives. Our bodies, our environment, all of it is chemistry.

DW: How would you describe the rigor of this course?

Van Dorn: CHEM 130 will be a challenging class, preparing students for careers in health-related fields. Although no extensive background in math or science will be required before taking the class, students should expect to invest considerable effort in mastering the material. Readings will be assigned before class, and students will complete weekly homework as well as unit assessments.

As the course will be offered in-person and through Arizona Online, students will be able to complete much of the course at their own pace. A three-unit science course does require time outside class, and motivation on the part of the students, but theyll learn some really interesting things.

DW: Is CHEM 130 going to be offered as an alternative for CHEM 151?

Van Dorn: CHEM 130 will be very different from CHEM 151 or its equivalent CHEM 141. CHEM 141 or 151 covers only the first half of General Chemistry. CHEM 130 will encompass all of General Chemistry (i.e. CHEM 141/151 plus CHEM 142/152), in addition to important elements of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry.

The depths of coverage will, of course, be different, given the course objectives, its target audience, and time constraints, but it is important to stress that CHEM 130 is a much broader class than either CHEM 141 or CHEM 151. CHEM 141 or 151 are suitable for students that need chemistry as a prerequisite for higher-level chemistry classes and have a foundation in math.

DW: Is there anyone else you made and/or designed the class with?

Van Dorn: The course content is my own. I will be working with Celeste Atkins at Arizona Online in order to offer the class online as well as in-person for Fall 2021. Colleen Kelly will be developing the separate lab course, CHEM 130L.

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The future of science education: Q&A with the creator of a new chemistry course - Arizona Daily Wildcat

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The countries covered in the Chitosan Market report are U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Israel, Egypt, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America as part of South America.

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Leading Chitosan manufacturers/companies operating at both regional and global levels:Panvo Organics Pvt Ltd, Qingdao Yunzhou Biochemistry co., ltd., , Advanced Biopolymers AS, meron, Heppe Medical Chitosan GmbH, Kitozyme, LLC, Kraeber & Co. GmbH, Foodchem International Corporation, FMC Corporation, Golden-Shell Pharmaceutical, Primex EHF, Nano3Bio, KOYO CHEMICAL CO.,LTD., Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg. Co., Ltd., Biothera Pharmaceuticals among others.

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Table Of Contents: Chitosan MarketPart 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope Of The Report

Part 03: Research Methodology

Part 04: Market Landscape

Part 05: Pipeline Analysis

Part 06: Market Sizing

Part 07: Five Forces Analysis

Part 08: Market Segmentation

Part 09: Customer Landscape

Part 10: Regional Landscape

Part 11: Decision Framework

Part 12: Drivers And Challenges

Part 13: Market Trends

Part 14: Vendor Landscape

Part 15: Vendor Analysis

Part 16: Appendix

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Chitosan Market Is Expected To Register A Healthy CAGR Of 14.8% In The Forecast Period Of 2019-2026 | Major Giants Panvo Organics Pvt Ltd, Qingdao...

(UroToday.com)Androgen receptor-targeted agents represent one of the main treatment options for men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The addition of stereotactic radiation therapy to ablate metastatic foci may improve clinical outcomes in oligometastatic setting. The ARTO trial (NCT03449719) is a randomized phase II trial testing the benefit of upfront stereotactic body radiation therapy on all sites of metastatic disease in oligometastatic-mCRPC patients undergoing first-line therapy with abiraterone acetate. At the 2021 American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers annual meeting (ASCO GU), Dr. Giulio Francolini and colleagues presented a preliminary analysis, reporting results after six months of follow up, together with an exploratory analysis of androgen receptor splice variants (ARV7/ARFL) PSA and PSMA expression on circulating tumor cells detected in this cohort of patients.

This trial enrolled31 patients with oligometastatic-mCRPC (defined as < 3 non-visceral metastatic lesions) that were randomized to receive first-line abiraterone therapy with or without stereotactic body radiation therapy on all metastatic sites. Baseline blood samples to detect circulating tumor cells and evaluate their ARV7, ARFL, PSA and PSMA expression were taken before the start of treatment with abiraterone acetate. Assessments comprehensive of clinical examination and serum PSA were performed every three months. Toxicity was assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events toxicity scale (CTCAE v.4.03). The trial design for the ARTO trial is as follows:

There were13 patients enrolled in the treatment arm and 18 in the control arm. Overall, 19 metastatic lesions were treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy in the treatment arm. At 6 months, complete response (defined as a serum PSA level < 0.2 ng/dl) was achieved in 6 patients in the treatment arm versus 4 in the control arm, and biochemical response (defined as a PSA reduction > 50% if compared to baseline) was achieved in 10 patients in the treatment arm versus 8 in the control arm. One patient in the treatment arm died from other causes, and one biochemical progression occurred in the control arm. No adverse events occurred in both arms of treatment.

Circulating tumor cell analysis was available for 10 patients, out of whom 4 were found positive for circulating tumor cells (one and three from the treatment and control arm, respectively). ARV7 and ARFL were expressed in one patient from the control arm, and PSMA was expressed in all circulating tumor cell positive patients; PSA was expressed in two patients from the control and one from the treatment arm.

Dr. Fancolini concluded this talk describing preliminary results of the ARTO trial, with the following summary points:

Presented by:Giulio Francolini, MD, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Radiotherapy Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Co-Authors:Pietro Garlatti, Mauro Loi, Beatrice Detti, Michele Aquilano, Andrea Allegra, Barbara Guerrieri, Viola Salvestrini, Pamela Pinzani, Chiara Bellini, Francesca Salvianti, Giulia Stocchi, Lucia Pia Ciccone, Giulia Salvatore, Mariangela Sottili, Vanessa Di Cataldo, Isacco Desideri, Monica Mangoni, Icro Meattini, Lorenzo Livi; University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Radiotherapy Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; AOU Careggi, Firenze, Italy; Radiotherapy Unit, A.O.U. Careggi, Florence, Italy; University of Florence, Firenze, Italy; Radiotherapy Department, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy; Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Radiotherapy Department, Universit di Firenze, Firenze, Italy; Radiotherapy Department, Florence, Italy; Department of a Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Radiation Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Cyberknife Center, Istituto Fiorentino di Cura e Assistenza (IFCA), Firenze, Italy; Radiation Oncology Unit-Oncology Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Written by:Zachary Klaassen, MD, MSc Urologic Oncologist, Assistant Professor of Urology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University/Medical College of Georgia,Twitter:@zklaassen_md during the2021 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium (ASCO GU), February 11th to 13th, 2021

Related Content:The Oligometastatic-Directed Therapy Trend in Prostate Cancer: Are We Being Precocious or Premature?

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ASCO GU 2021: ARTO Trial: A Randomized Phase II Trial Enrolling Oligometastatic CRPC Patients Treated with ... - UroToday

The global Itaconic Acid Market research report insight provides the crucial projections of the market. It also serves a correct calculation regarding the futuristic development depending on the past data and present situation of Itaconic Acid industry status. The report analyses principals, participants, geological areas, product type, and end-users applications. The worldwide Itaconic Acid industry report provides necessary and auxiliary data which is represents as pie-charts, tables, systematic overview, and product diagrams. This report is introduced adequately, that includes fundamental patois, vital review, understandings, and its certain aspects according to commiseration and cognizance.

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Itaconic acid market is expected to reach USD 127.04 million by 2027 growing at a growth rate of 4.20% in the forecast period 2020 to 2027. Increasing usage in agricultural applications and advancement in the bio- based PMMA are the factor for the market growth.

Itaconic acid is colorless crystalline carboxylic acid which usually develops naturally. They are usually non-toxic in nature and are biodegradable. They are widely used in application such as synthetic latex, cheland dispersant agent, unstable polyester resin, detergent builder, methyl methacrylate and SBR latex.

This report contains the top companies such as: Itaconix Corporation, Qingdao Kehai Biochemistry Co., LTD., Zhejiang Guoguang Biochemistry Co.,Ltd., Alpha Chemika, AEKYUNG PETROCHEMICAL Co., Ltd, Ronas Chemicals Ind. Co., Ltd., Ultimate Chem India Pvt. Ltd, Choice Organochem Llp., FUSO CHEMICAL CO., LTD., Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific., Merck KGaA, Henan Haofei Chemical Co.,Ltd., Haihang Industry Co., Ltd, Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd., Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, among other players domestic and global..

*Note: Additional companies can be included on request.

The study conducts SWOT analysis to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the key players engaged in the Itaconic Acid market. Moreover, the report undertakes an elaborate examination of drivers and constraints operating in the market. The report also evaluated the trends observed in the parent market, along with the macro-economic indicators, prevailing factors, and market appeal according to different segments. The report also predicts the influence of different industry aspects on the Itaconic Acid market segments and regions.

What is the SCOPE of Itaconic Acid Market?

The Global Itaconic Acid Market Analysis is a specialized and in-depth study with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview of the Itaconic Acid market with detailed market segmentation by deployment model, solution, end user industry, and geography. The global Itaconic Acid market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading Itaconic Acid market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.

Effect of COVID-19:

Itaconic Acid Market report investigate the effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Since December 2020, the COVID-19 infection spread to practically 180+ nations around the world with the World Health Organization pronouncing it a general wellbeing crisis. The worldwide effects of the Covid infection 2020 (COVID-19) are now beginning to be felt, and will essentially influence the Itaconic Acid market in 2020.

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Itaconic Acid Market: Drivers and Restraints

This report explains the more than a few drivers and controls that experience formed the worldwide market. The detailed evaluation of many market drivers allows readers to get a transparent evaluate of the market, together with the market atmosphere, executive coverage, product innovation, construction and market dangers.

The analysis additionally identifies the inventive alternatives, demanding situations, and demanding situations of the Itaconic Acid market. The framework of the ideas will lend a hand the reader determine and plan methods for the prospective. Our hindrances, demanding situations and market demanding situations additionally lend a hand readers know how the corporate can save you this.

Regional Analysis for Itaconic Acid Market (Customizable):

This phase of the report comprises detailed knowledge available on the market in numerous areas. Every area provides a unique market length as a result of every state has other executive insurance policies and different elements.

Influence of the Itaconic Acid market report:

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Global Itaconic Acid Market Rising Trends, Latest Technologies Research And Future Scope 2027 | Itaconix Corporation, Qingdao Kehai Biochemistry Co.,...

DataIntelo offers a detailed report on Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market. The report is a comprehensive research study that provides the scope of Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market size, industry growth opportunities and challenges, current market trends, potential players, and expected performance of the market in regions for the forecast period from 2020 to 2027. This report highlights key insights on the market focusing on the possible requirements of the clients and assisting them to make right decision about their business investment plans and strategies.

The Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market report also covers an overview of the segments and sub-segmentations including the product types, applications, companies and regions. This report further includes the impact of COVID-19 on the market and explains dynamics of the market, future business impact, competition landscape of the companies, and the flow of the global supply and consumption. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the overall market structure of Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer and assesses the possible changes in the current as well as future competitive scenarios of the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market.

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Key companies that are covered in this report:

Biochemical Systems InternationalBPC BioSedCarolina Liquid ChemistriesAbaxis EuropeAMS AllianceRandox LaboratoriesRayto Life and Analytical SciencesScil Animal CareCrony InstrumentsDiaSys Diagnostic SystemsEurolyser DiagnosticaGesan ProductionHeskaIdexx LaboratoriesLITEON IT CorporationShenzhen Icubio Biomedical TechnologyURIT Medical Electronic

*Note: Additional companies can be included on request

The report covers a detailed performance of some of the key players and analysis of major players in the industry, segments, application, and regions. Moreover, the report also considers the governments policies in different regions which illustrates the key opportunities as well as challenges of the market in each region.

By Application:

Pet HospitalVeterinary StationOther

By Type:

Bench-Top Veterinary Biochemistry AnalyzerPortable Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer

As per the report, the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market is projected to reach a value of USDXX by the end of 2027 and grow at a CAGR of XX% through the forecast period (2020-2027). The report describes the current market trend of the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer in regions, covering North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa by focusing the market performance by the key countries in the respective regions. According to the need of the clients, this report can be customized and available in a separate report for the specific region.

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The following is the TOC of the report:

Executive Summary

Assumptions and Acronyms Used

Research Methodology

Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Overview

Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Supply Chain Analysis

Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Pricing Analysis

Global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast by Type

Global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast by Application

Global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel

Global Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast by Region

North America Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast

Latin America Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast

Europe Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast

Asia Pacific Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast

Middle East & Africa Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Market Analysis and Forecast

Competition Landscape

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Which end-user is likely to play a crucial role in the development of the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market?

Which regional market is expected to dominate the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market in 2020-2027?

How is consumer consumption behavior impacting the business operations of market players in the current scenario of the Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer market?

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Automatic Veterinary Biochemistry Analyzer Industry 2020 Includes The Major Application Segments And Size In The Global Market To 2027 NeighborWebSJ...

Biochemical Analyzer Market Research Study provides an all-inclusive assessment of the market while propounding historical intelligence, actionable insights, and industry-validated & statistically upheld market forecast. A verified and suitable set of assumptions and methodology has been leveraged for developing this comprehensive study. Information and analysis of key market segments incorporated in the report have been delivered in weighted chapters.Biochemical Analyzer Marketreport (2021-2026)enhanced on worldwide competition by topmost prime manufacturers which providing information such ascompany profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenueand contact information.

Stakeholder Benefits:

The stakeholders garner immense benefits from this report on the Biochemical Analyzer Market. This report is a blend of expert analysis and extensive research done by the analysts at ResearchMoz. The report offers expansive insights into the Market form all aspects.

The Major Key Players Profiled In This Report Include:

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Biochemical Analyzer Market Segmentation

The report contains the market size with 2020 as the base year and an annual forecast up to 2027 in terms of sales (in million USD). For the forecast period mentioned above, estimates for all segments including type and application have been presented on a regional basis. We implemented a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to market size and analyzed key regional markets, dynamics and trends for different applications.

Biochemical Analyzer Market Segment by Type:

Biochemical Analyzer Market Segment by Application:

Accurate Geographical Dimensions

This report explores the different regions and the trends associated with a particular region. The report has all the information required for a perfect geographical information landscape. The prominent regions covered in this report are:

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Biochemical Analyzer Market impact Factors Analysis:

Technology Progress/Risk, Substitutes Threat, Economic/Political Environmental modification.Technology Progressin connected trade,shopper Needs/Customer Preferencemodification.

Some important questions that this report answers are as follows:

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Biochemical Analyzer Market Report-Development Trends, Threats, Opportunities and Competitive Landscape In 2020 KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper - KSU |...

Itaconic Acid Market research analysis is one of the best ways that answers business challenges more quickly and also saves your lot of time. The study of this market research report covers a market attractiveness analysis, wherein each segment is targeted based on its market size, growth rate, and general attractiveness. This market research report is generated by taking into account a range of objectives of market research that are vital for the clients success. Moreover, big sample sizes are used for the data collection which suits the need of small, medium as well as large size of businesses.

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The top key players profiled in this report include:Itaconix Corporation, Qingdao Kehai Biochemistry Co., LTD., Zhejiang Guoguang Biochemistry Co.,Ltd., Alpha Chemika, AEKYUNG PETROCHEMICAL Co., Ltd, Ronas Chemicals Ind. Co., Ltd., Ultimate Chem India Pvt. Ltd, Choice Organochem Llp., FUSO CHEMICAL CO., LTD., Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific., Merck KGaA, Henan Haofei Chemical Co.,Ltd., Haihang Industry Co., Ltd, Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd., Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, among other.

Global Itaconic Acid Market Scenario

Itaconic acid market is expected to reach USD 127.04 million by 2027 growing at a growth rate of 4.20% in the forecast period 2020 to 2027. Increasing usage in agricultural applications and advancement in the bio- based PMMA are the factor for the market growth.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected every aspect of life worldwide. The pandemic has affected every segment of the market, along with bringing disruption in the supply chain, demands & trends, and financial difficulties. The report covers the initial and future assessment of the COVID-19 impact on the market.

Global Itaconic Acid Market Outlook:

Itaconic acid is colorless crystalline carboxylic acid which usually develops naturally. They are usually non-toxic in nature and are biodegradable. They are widely used in application such as synthetic latex, cheland dispersant agent, unstable polyester resin, detergent builder, methyl methacrylate and SBR latex.

Growing prevalence for bio-based unsaturated polyester resin and rising awareness about the benefits of itaconic acid are the factor which is positively affecting the market growth. Increasing popularity of sustainable products will also propel the market growth. Itaconic acid is an organic compound that can be easily degraded and does not pose a threat to the environment; which is another factor contributing to drive its growth in the market. Increasing R& D investment to produce more innovative product will further create new opportunities for this market to grow in the forecast period of 2020- 2027.

Which Important Market Factors Are Explained In The Report?

This market report has been mainly designed by keeping in mind the customer requirements which will ultimately assist them in boosting their return on investment (ROI). Furthermore, this research report takes into consideration several industry verticals such as company profile, contact details of manufacturer, product specifications, geographical scope, production value, market structures, recent developments, revenue analysis, market shares and possible sales volume of the company. The data, information, statistics, facts and figures covered in the Itaconic Acid report lends a hand to industry in maximizing or minimizing the production of goods depending on the conditions of demand.

The Itaconic Acid Market segments and Market Data Break Down are illuminated below:

By Derivative (Styrene Butadiene Itaconic Acid, Methyl Methacrylate, Polyitaconic Acid, Others)

Application (SBR Latex, Synthetic Latex, Chillant Dispersant Agent, Superabsorbent Polymer, Unsaturated Polyester Resins, Methyl Methacrylate, Detergent Builder, Others)

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Focal Points of the Report:

Market Coverage: This section of the report gives a detailed account of the key manufacturers, market segments, product scope, product range, forecast period, and application landscape.

Executive Summary: This chapter focuses on the market growth rate, significant market drivers and restraints, current market trends, and competitive outlook.

Regional Analysis: This section delves into the latest import and export trends of the market, production and consumption ratio, the leading market players in each region, and revenue generation.

Manufacturers Portfolio: Complete portfolios of all the local and global manufacturers, along with the SWOT analysis, production value and capacity, product catalogue, and other important details of their businesses, constitute this section of the report.

Table of Content: Global Itaconic Acid Market

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope of The Report

Part 03: Global Itaconic Acid Market Landscape

Part 04: Global Itaconic Acid Market Sizing

Part 05: Global Itaconic Acid Market Segmentation By Product

Part 06: Five Forces Analysis

Part 07: Customer Landscape

Part 08: Geographic Landscape

Part 09: Decision Framework

Part 10: Drivers and Challenges

Part 11: Market Trends

Part 12: Vendor Landscape

Part 13: Vendor Analysis

For More Insights Get Detailed TOC @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-itaconic-acid-market

Key Regions and Countries Studied in this report:

North America (The US, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, the UK, and Rest of the World)

Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia Pacific)

Latin America (Brazil and Rest of Latin America.)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, the UAE, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)

The research provides answers to the following key questions:

The 2020 Annual Itaconic Acid Market offers:

100+ charts exploring and analysing the Itaconic Acid Market from critical angles including retail forecasts, consumer demand, production and more

10+ profiles of top Itaconic Acid Market producing states, with highlights of market conditions and retail trends

Regulatory outlook, best practices, and future considerations for manufacturers and industry players seeking to meet consumer demand

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Itaconic Acid Market Will Create New Growth Outlook In The Next Coming Years | Itaconix Corporation, Alpha Chemika, Thermo Fisher Scientific., Merck...

Biochemists use protein engineering to transfer photocaging groups to DNA.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the basis of life on earth. The function of DNA is to store all the genetic information, which an organism needs to develop, function and reproduce. It is essentially a biological instruction manual found in every cell.

Biochemists at the University of Mnster have now developed a strategy for controlling the biological functions of DNA with the aid of light. This enables researchers to better understand and control the different processes which take place in the cell for example epigenetics, the key chemical change and regulatory lever in DNA.

The results have been published in the journal Angewandte Chemie.

The cells functions depend on special molecules, the enzymes. Enzymes are proteins, which carry out chemical reactions in the cell. They help to synthesize metabolic products, make copies of the DNA molecules, convert energy for the cells activities, change DNA epigenetically and break down certain molecules.

A team of researchers headed by Prof. Andrea Rentmeister from the Institute of Biochemistry at the University of Mnster used a so-called enzymatic cascade reaction in order to understand and track these functions better. This sequence of successive reaction steps involving different enzymes makes it possible to transfer so-called photocaging groups chemical groups, which can be removed by means of irradiation with light to DNA. Previously, studies had shown that only small residues (small modifications such as methyl groups) could be transferred very selectively to DNA, RNA (ribonucleic acid) or proteins.

As a result of our work, it is now possible to transfer larger residues or modifications such as the photocaging groups just mentioned, explains Nils Klcker, one of the lead authors of the study and a PhD student at the Institute of Biochemistry. Working together with structural biologist Prof. Daniel Kmmel, who also works at the Institute of Biochemistry, it was also possible to explain the basis for the changed activity at a molecular level.

Using so-called protein engineering a method for which a Nobel prize was awarded in 2018 the Mnster researchers engineered one enzyme in the cascade, making it possible to switch DNA functions on and off by means of light. With the aid of protein design, it was possible to expand the substrate spectrum of enzymes in this case, methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs). In their work, the researchers examined two MATs. The modifications carried out offer a starting point for developing other MATs with an expanded substrate spectrum.

Combining these MATs with other enzymes has potential for future cellular applications. This is an important step for implementing in-situ generated, non-natural substances for other enzymes in epigenetic studies, says Andrea Rentmeister.

Reference: Engineered SAM Synthetases for Enzymatic Generation of AdoMet Analogs with Photocaging Groups and Reversible DNA Modification in Cascade Reactions by Dr. Freideriki Michailidou, Nils Klcker, Nicolas V. Cornelissen, Dr. Rohit K. Singh, Aileen Peters, Anna Ovcharenko, Prof.Dr. Daniel Kmmel and Prof.Dr. Andrea Rentmeister, 5 October 2020, Angewandte Chemie.DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012623

Funding: The study received financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG), the European Research Council (ERC) and the IRTG Mnster-Toronto network.

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Biochemists Switch DNA Functions on and Off Using Light - SciTechDaily

Biomedical researchers across Vanderbilt University will convene to discuss the history and impact of Black biomedical scientists on Monday, Feb. 15, at noon CT. The virtual discussion, From Inclusion to Equity: The Story of Black Biomedical Scientists, will be moderated by Dr.Andr L. Churchwell, vice chancellor for equity, diversity and inclusion and chief diversity officer.

The event is free and open to the public. Registration is required.

The discussion will cover discoveries and experiences of earlier generations of Black biomedical scientists, the impact of their discoveries, and existing disparities that the academic biomedical community still needs to overcome to reach its full potential.

Panelists areBreann Brown, assistant professor of biochemistry;Ren Robinson, associate professor of chemistry and Dorothy J. Wingfield Phillips Chancellors Faculty Fellow, andSteven Townsend, assistant professor of chemistry and Deans Faculty Fellow in the College of Arts and Science.

Participants will be able to submit questions in advance through the registration page.

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Scientists discuss inclusion and equity in biomedical research at virtual event - Vanderbilt University News

A collective analysis report titled Global Biochemical Reagents Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 analyzes the market status and outlook from the view of players, countries, product types, and end industries. The report offers an exhaustive study based on current trends influencing this vertical throughout assorted geographies. The report provides a product overview and highlights of product and application segments of the market including price, revenue, sales growth rate, and market share by product. It presents comprehensive data that enhances the understanding, scope, and application of this global Biochemical Reagents report. The report also explores the current outlook in global and key regions from the perspective of players, countries, product types, and end industries.

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Global Biochemical Reagents Market 2020 to 2025 Product, Distribution Channel, Region, Forecast and Opportunities during Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic -...

This article was originally published here

JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2020 Sep 11;4(6):pkaa081. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkaa081. eCollection 2020 Dec.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Given similarities in the mediators of medication allergy (MA) and tissue response to radiotherapy, we assessed whether outcomes following prostate radiotherapy differ in patients with MAs.

METHODS: A total 587 men with known MA history and nonmetastatic prostate cancer underwent radiotherapy from 1989 to 2006. Clinicopathologic and treatment variables were analyzed for association with freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) and late treatment-related, physician-defined Radiation Therapy Oncology Group gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity. Covariates identified on univariate analysis for toxicity and disease control were examined on multivariable analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and a P less than .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: A total of 155 of 587 men (26.4%) had 1 or more MAs, most commonly to penicillin (n = 71), sulfa (n = 35), and aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (n = 28). On univariate analysis, men with MAs had superior 10-y FFBF (71.5% vs 63.5%, P = .02) and higher incidence of late GI grade 2 or higher (G2+; 20.6% vs 13.2%, P = .04) and grade 3 or higher (G3+; 7.5% vs 3.9%, P = .08) as well as late GU G2+ (42.5% vs 33.2%, P = .04) and G3+ (7.5% vs 3.0%, P = .02) toxicity than men without MAs. On multivariable analysis, MA history remained a statistically significant predictor of FFBF (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.43 to 0.93, P = .02), late G2+ GI (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.90, P=.03), and G3+ GU (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.16 to 6.27, P = .02) toxicity after controlling for corresponding covariates in each model.

CONCLUSIONS: Men with MAs had improved FFBF and increased treatment-related toxicity following radiotherapy for prostate cancer. MA history could be a relevant consideration in the management of men with localized prostate cancer.

PMID:33409456 | PMC:PMC7771007 | DOI:10.1093/jncics/pkaa081

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Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy: Increased Biochemical Control and Late Toxicity in Men With Medication Allergies - DocWire News

Correspondence: Abdul Moiz Sahito; Govinda KhatriDow Medical College, Mission Road, New Labour Colony Nanakwara, Karachi, Sindh, PakistanEmail [emailprotected]; govindakha[emailprotected]

We read a review article entitled A Review on the Mechanism Between Different Factor and the Occurrence of Autism and ADHD Xi et al published in Psychology Research and Behavior Management.1 We appreciate the authors for this informative review article and would like to make some contributions.

In this review, the authors have specifically elaborated genetic aspects and pathogenic hypotheses of these two kinds of neurodevelopmental diseases in children, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while analyzing the relationship between different environmental toxins and these two disorders.1

Although, each disorders individual genetic profile was described the review lacked a mention of the shared genetic overlap between the two disorders and the biochemical factors affecting it. We want to highlight those aspects by mentioning that in a recent study conducted by Ma et al SHANK2 has been shown to be a potential pleiotropic gene underlying the genetic overlap between ADHD and Autism.2 It has been suggested that SHANK genes may play a crucial role in memory and executive dysfunctions found in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).3 There are also some biochemical factors that seem to affect the genes that ADHD and autism share. Recent studies have shown that Zn2+ ions are able to modulate the Postsynaptic Density (PSD) scaffold of synapses via the autism-associated proteins SHANK2 and SHANK3.4 Zinc deficiency has also been associated with ADHD. In a study conducted by El-Bakry et al Zinc was found to be significantly deficient in patients with ADHD compared with healthy controls, so it was concluded that zinc deficiency might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD.5

The shared genetic overlap between ADHD and Autism and the biochemical factors that affect that overlap makes it imperative that a thorough study is conducted in this direction to reduce the ambiguity underlying these disorders and to figure out efficient ways to prevent them.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this communication.

1. Xi T, Wu J. A review on the mechanism between different factors and the occurrence of autism and ADHD. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:393. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S304450

2. Ma SL, Chen LH, Lee CC, et al. Genetic overlap between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in SHANK2 gene. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:481. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.649588

3. Guilmatre A, Huguet G, Delorme R, Bourgeron T. The emerging role of SHANK genes in neuropsychiatric disorders. Dev Neurobiol. 2014;74(2):113122. doi:10.1002/dneu.22128

4. Jan HH, Chen IT, Tsai YY, Chang YC. Structural role of zinc ions bound to postsynaptic densities. J Neurochem. 2002;83(3):525534. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01093.x

5. El-Bakry A, El Safty AM, Abdou AA, Amin OR, Ayoub DR, Afifi DY. Zinc deficiency in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Egypt J Psychiatr. 2019;40(2):95. doi:10.4103/ejpsy.ejpsy_11_19

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Letter for the article A Review on the Mechanism Between Different Fac | PRBM - Dove Medical Press