International Collaboration, Cross-Disciplinary Workforce Development and Education Needed for US to Maintain Leadership in Atomic, Molecular, and…

December 11, 2019

WASHINGTON - The federal government should foster collaboration and decrease obstacles that can keep foreign atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physicists from working in the United States, if the nation is to maintain its position as leader in these fields, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. As AMO science increasingly overlaps with different science disciplines, federal agencies and academia should enable cross-disciplinary workforce and educational cooperation among scientists, according to Manipulating Quantum Systems: An Assessment of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the United States.

AMO science studies atoms, molecules, and light at the quantum level. It combines curiosity-driven research with practical applications, connecting scientific discovery and rapidly evolving technological advances, innovation, and commercialization. AMO science played a pivotal role in, for example, the discovery of gravitational waves, and currently, AMO science is vital in fostering a number of emerging scientific areas, such as quantum information, novel approaches to the control and use of light, precise probes of natures fundamental principles, and new technologies for biology and medicine.

The U.S. research community has enjoyed global leadership in AMO science, thanks to sustained, strong support from the federal government and the unique AMO culture that fosters collaboration and open research, said Jun Ye, a NIST Fellow and professor of physics at the University of Colorado and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report. Over the past decade, however, the U.S. global leadership position has begun to erode, as funding has not kept up with growth in the field, and other countries have increased investments in this field.

International collaboration has been, and will continue to be, an essential avenue for progress in AMO science, the report says. While the committee recognized the potential security concerns in open, international collaboration, it recommended that the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and other federal agencies work with the U.S. Department of State to introduce mechanisms to remove excessive visa application delays for international students, collaborators, and speakers at conferences and workshops. OSTP should also standardize mechanisms for joint funding of cooperative projects and introduce agreements for funding agencies in different countries to accept each others grant administration regulations.

Components of AMO sciences overlap with other physics disciplines, such as quantum information science, high-energy physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics, and can expand into different scientific fields. This interdisciplinary aspect of AMO physics necessitates collaboration with scientists and engineers from other disciplines. It is imperative, the committee stated, that academia encourage and enable cross-disciplinary hiring of scientists with backgrounds in fields such as computer science, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and engineering to work in AMO sciences. Likewise, federal entities such as the National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the U.S. Department of Defense should foster collaboration and coordinate research activities that span across AMO sciences and other fields. The National Quantum Initiative (NQI), a program coordinated by OSTP that supports the collaboration between federal entities and the private sector and academia, will be vital to furthering investment and engagement on important AMO topics.

As with other science disciplines, AMO science continues to have difficulty attracting women and underrepresented minorities and has not kept up with demographic shifts in the U.S., the report states. The committee endorsed previous National Academies studies that aim to address this issue, with recommendations such as academia prioritizing inclusive teaching and mentorship practices.

The U.S. is at risk of losing its global leadership in AMO science as other countries are investing heavily in this vibrant field. The U.S. can keep pace with this growth internationally through strategic investments in vital areas of AMO science, and through collaborating across both disciplinary and international lines, said Nergis Mavalvala, Curtis and Kathleen Marble Professor of Astrophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and committee co-chair. The participation of women and underrepresented minorities in AMO science is far below the demographic composition of the U.S. Not tapping this talent pool to its full potential is a continuously lost opportunity.

The AMO science enterprise requires increased federal funding in order to see continued progress with regard to quantum sciences, astronomical research and experiments, and ultrafast X-ray light source facilities, among other areas. While strong support for individual investigators is key to maintaining the health of AMO science, it is also increasingly important to have coordinated efforts to fund mid-scale to large collaborations, the report says.

The study carried out by the Committee on Decadal Assessment and Outlook Report on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science was sponsored by the Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions related to science, technology, and medicine. They operate under an 1863 congressional charter to the National Academy of Sciences, signed by President Lincoln. For more information, visithttp://nationalacademies.org.

Contacts:Dana Korsen, Media Relations ManagerAndrew Robinson, Media Associate Office of News and Public Information202-334-2138; e-mailnews@nas.edu

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International Collaboration, Cross-Disciplinary Workforce Development and Education Needed for US to Maintain Leadership in Atomic, Molecular, and...

Red lights in the Milky Way could be evidence of alien civilisations – Metro.co.uk

Mysterious transients that flare up and disappear could be produced by extraterrestrials or natural process we dont yet understand (Picture: Getty)

Mysterious red lights have been spotted way out in the Milky Way and theres a chance some may have been produced by alien civilisations.

A team of astronomers has been poring over sightings of vanishing and appearing sources of light seen since the 1950s.

These bizarre disappearing lights often resemble stars which spark brightly and are then snuffed out of existence.

But they could also be communication lasers used by extraterrestrial societies.

Researchers analysed 150,000 observations and found 100 weird red lights which have now disappeared.

Finding an actually vanishing star or a star that appears out of nowhere! would be a precious discovery and certainly would include new astrophysics beyond the one we know of today, said Beatriz Villarroel of Stockholm University and the Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Spain.

When a star dies, it can face several fates.

Sometimes it becomes a white dwarf, whilst others explode in a supernova or collapse to form a black hole.

But there are other more exotic possibilties about what happens to stars at the end of their lives.

Its possible a black hole can form without a huge explosion, whilst a vanishing star could also be caused by a rare event called a failed supernova.

Its thought the red deep space mystery lights are caused by one of these impossible phenomena.

Of course, theres always the possibility that aliens are involved.

The stargazers are now looking for evidence of red interstellar communication lasers used to beam messages between star systems or Dyson spheres theoretical giant megastructures build around stars to harvest their energy

During the study, the team found 100 red transients which flared up to become several thousand times bright in a short space of time.

Martin Lpez Corredoira of the Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Spain, said:But we are clear that none of these events has shown any direct signs of being extraterrestrial intelligence.

We believe that they are natural, if somewhat extreme, astrophysical sources.

The researchers are now hoping to arrange a citizen science project to analyse 150,000 other weird sightings captured in astronomical photographs.

We hope to get help from the community to look through the images as a part of a citizen science project. We are looking at ways to do that right now and that will be something we will be able to talk more about at a later date, said Lars Mattsson of Stockholm University.

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Red lights in the Milky Way could be evidence of alien civilisations - Metro.co.uk

Mystery of the Origins of Cosmic Rays Solved – UC San Diego Health

For more than 100 years, scientists have speculated on the origins of cosmic rays with some agreement, but without certainty. Since cosmic rays are neither cosmic nor rays, this uncertainty makes sense. Though known to be primarily fast ionized atoms, scientists have long held that any real theory about cosmic rays origins required clarity on their composition.

Self-Portrait of Cosmic Rays Acceleration in their own HE Gamma Ray. Emission from supernovae in the Cygnus Superbubble Capture by the Fermi Mission. Image courtesy of Richard Lingenfelter, UC San Diego

Thats where UC San Diegos Richard Lingenfelter comes in. The research physicist emeritus at the Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences (CASS), in a paperjust released in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, confirms the source of the universes most energetic particles known. Synthesizing new measurements and scientific insights, the physicist shows that the sources and sites of cosmic ray acceleration and the process of their generation rest in supernovaeextremely bright, super-powerful explosions of stars.

Lingenfelter asserts that the unique elemental composition of cosmic rays can result from just two basic processes: 1) the bulk turbulent mixing of products of these supernovae with their swept-up surrounding interstellar medium and 2) their injection as fully stripped ions into the accelerating supernova shocks by collisions of their mixed dust grains mostly running into hydrogen and helium atoms in the gas.

According to the CASS researcher, the combination of these supernova shocks, the blastwave pushing ahead the surrounding medium and the reverse shock that it generates pushing back against the expanding supernova ejecta, accelerate the cosmic rays to the highest known energiesto nearly the speed of light. This exponential energy comes from supernovae explosions that blast out particles in an ultra-hot gas that rushes through space and expands. As its reach grows, the gas cools, its particles stop colliding and it condenses into solid matter.

The scientific details are more complex, as Lingenfelter outlines in his paper. For example, previous research has shown that this hot gas both expands at high speed and cools in its moving frame until it reaches about 20 degrees Kelvinor -423.67 Fahrenheit. Within just a few years, most of the heavy elements condense into crystals: diamonds, graphite and other dust that continue moving at the same high velocity.

These go along until they run into and push out interstellar media, which travel ahead of them, building up shockwaves with just a fraction of the original supernova energy, said Lingenfelter. The shocks and turbulence that occur amidst this expansion continually mix up more and more mass of the material with increasing supernova remnant age. Thus the measured ratio of the swept-up interstellar medium mass to that of supernova ejecta in the accelerated cosmic rays tells us exactly when most of that acceleration occurred.

Lingenfelter said that all takes place just as the reverse shock is expected to pass through its largest extent and peak strength, and the turbulent grain sputtering injection is also expected to peak. Thus, this mixing value further supports such a cosmic ray origin and ties it strongly to the broader model calculations of supernova remnant expansions.

Theres a real boost, said Lingenfelter. Elements from the sputtered grains are the most enriched, so the unique composition of cosmic rays is mainly from this enhancement. They are the heaviest and distort the composition of cosmic rays, which has contributed to the lack of scientific consensus around cosmic ray abundance and their rates of acceleration.

According to Lingenfelter, with the ever-improving measurements of the elemental composition of cosmic rays, scientists have collectively provided details to clearly reveal the sources, sites and timing of cosmic ray acceleration and the processes of their generation in long-suspected supernovae.

With all these new observations and insights, we can now define and test the conditions of cosmic ray acceleration and explore even more detailed models, he said.

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Mystery of the Origins of Cosmic Rays Solved - UC San Diego Health

Sundar Pichai Applauds Astrophysicist who Once Scored a Zero in her Physics Exam – News18

Sundar Pichai is attracting attention on Twitter for all the right reasons. The Google CEO recently retweeted an inspiring post shared by an astrophysics student. Sarafina Nance tweeted about her experience four years ago when she scored a zero in her quantum physics exam which made her want to change her major and 'quit physics'. However, she persisted, instead of quitting physics, and her hard work certainly paid off because she is currently enrolled in a top-tier Astrophysics PhD program and has published two papers.

Her motivational anecdote created quite the stir online and earned her appreciation from not just Pichai, but several other Twitter users as well, who shared their own stories as well.

Although the tweet was shared just a day ago, it is apparent from over 57,000 likes and close to 10,000 retweets that it has garnered till now, that Sarafina's story struck a chord with many people. Here's what some Twitter users had to say:

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Sundar Pichai Applauds Astrophysicist who Once Scored a Zero in her Physics Exam - News18

Hubble Studies Gamma-Ray Burst with the Highest Energy Ever Seen – Hubble Space Telescope at ESA

heic1921 Science Release

20 November 2019

New observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have investigated the nature of the gamma-ray burst GRB 190114C.

Gamma-ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in the Universe. They emit most of their energy in gamma rays, light which is much more energetic than the visible light we can see with our eyes.

In January 2019, an extremely bright and long gamma-ray burst (GRB) was detected by a suite of telescopes, including NASAs Swift and Fermi telescopes, as well as by the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. Known as GRB 190114C, some of the light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1Tera electron volt (TeV) about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light. Scientists have been trying to observe such very high energy emission from GRBs for a long time, so this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics.

Previous observations revealed that to achieve this energy, material must be emitted from a collapsing star at 99.999% the speed of light. This material is then forced through the gas that surrounds the star, causing a shock that creates the gamma-ray burst itself. For the first time, scientists have observed extremely energetic gamma rays from this particular burst.

Several ground- and space-based observatories have set out to study GRB 190114C. European astronomers were provided observing time with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to observe the gamma-ray burst, to study its environment and find out how this extreme emission is produced[1].

Hubbles observations suggest that this particular burst was sitting in a very dense environment, right in the middle of a bright galaxy 5 billion light years away, explained one of the lead authors, Andrew Levan of the Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics & Particle Physics Department of Astrophysics at Radboud University in the Netherlands. This is really unusual, and suggests that might be why it produced this exceptionally powerful light.

Astronomers used the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Teleescope, together with the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and the Atacama Large Milimeter/submilimeter Array to study the host galaxy of this GRB. Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 was instrumental in studying whether the environmental properties of the host system, which is composed of a close pair of interacting galaxies, might have contributed to the production of these very-high-energy photons. The GRB occurred within the nuclear region of a massive galaxy, a location that is rather unique. This is indicative of a denser environment than that in which GRBs are typically observed and could have been crucial for the generation of the very-high-energy photons that were observed.

Scientists have been trying to observe very-high-energy emission from gamma-ray bursts for a long time, explained lead author Antonio de Ugarte Postigo of the Instituto de Astrofsica de Andaluca in Spain. This new observation is a vital step forward in our understanding of gamma-ray bursts, their immediate surroundings, and just how matter behaves when it is moving at 99.999% of the speed of light.

[1] The Hubble Space Telescope observations involved in this result were obtained from the Director's Discretionary Time programmes 15684 and 15708 (P.I.: Levan). The paper outlining these observations will appear in the journalNatureon 20 November 2019. An additional paper that details an analysis of the galaxy hosting the GRB will appear in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.

The international team of astronomers in this study consists of A de Ugarte Postigo, C. C. Thne, S. Martin, J. Japelj, A. J. Levan, M. J. Michalowski, J. Selsing, D. A. Kann, S. Schulze, J. T. Palmerio, S. D. Vergani, N. R. Tanvir, K. Bensch, S. Covino, V. D'Elia, M. De Pasquale, A. S. Fruchter, J. P. U. Fynbo, D. Hartmann, K. E. Heintz, A. J. van der Horst, L. Izzo, P. Jakobsson, K. C. Y. Ng, D. A. Perley, A. Rossi, B. Sbarufatti, R. Salvaterra, R. Sanchez-Ramirez, D. Watson, and D. Xu.

Image credit: ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

Andrew LevanInstitute for Mathematics, Astrophysics & Particle PhysicsRadboud University, The NetherlandsTel: +44 7714250373Email: a.levan@astro.ru.nl

Bethany DownerESA/Hubble, Public Information OfficerGarching, GermanyEmail: bethany.downer@partner.eso.org

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Hubble Studies Gamma-Ray Burst with the Highest Energy Ever Seen - Hubble Space Telescope at ESA

How Einstein came to influence smartphones – The Hindu

Albert Einstein came up with his general theory of relativity in a November over 100 years ago.

His hypothesis has an application in our daily lives even now, says Bala Iyer, faculty member, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bengaluru, explaining the functioning of the global positioning system (GPS) in smartphones.

Mr. Iyer was here on Monday to open a six-day short-term course in gravitation and cosmology organised by the Teaching Learning Center under the Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, and the department of physics, Providence Womens College, Kozhikode. He leads the activities of the Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations (IndIGO) Consortium and is a member of The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Scientific Collaborations.

How does the GPS in our smartphones work? The United States has put above us 24 satellites, each of which carries atomic clocks, which are synchronised. They run at well calibrated rates, Mr. Iyer said.

If you really want to know your location or time, you essentially compare a satellite above with a local clock which is there in your GPS. The satellite is moving, and the satellite and you are at different gravitational fields.

The GPS works because of the corrections it makes. If the corrections are not made, the GPS would fail, he added. Mr. Iyer said the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was trying to put together its own system of GPS because the American satellites might not be that accurate.

Mr. Iyer explained how Einstein came up with a radically new vision on space and time in which they too get affected by the kinematics, the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without reference to the forces which cause the motion.

The main focus of the short-term course is to address the need for a short but rapid training in general relativity, cosmology, and gravitation with emphasis on current research themes in astrophysics.

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Contrary to recent reports, Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is not in danger of disappearing – Westport News

Philip Marcus, University of California, Berkeley

(The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.)

Philip Marcus, University of California, Berkeley

(THE CONVERSATION) In the last 10 years, but in the last five months in particular, the press has reported dire warnings that the Great Red Spot of Jupiter is dying. However, some astronomers believe, to paraphrase Mark Twain, that the reports of its death are greatly exaggerated, or at least premature.

Robert Hooke, an early British physicist who discovered cells, first described the Great Red Spot in 1665. In 1979, when two Voyager spacecraft flew close by Jupiter, images showed that the spot was a red cloud that rotated as part of a huge vortex several times larger than the Earth.

Concerns for the Great Red Spots health arose when astronomers realized that the clouds area in 1979 was only half of its size in the 1800s, as determined from old photographic plates. Recent images showed more cloud shrinkage, leading to headlines that the spot could die within 20 years. In spring 2019, astronomers reported that it was unraveling, and shedding large blades and flakes of red clouds.

I have been intrigued by the Great Red Spot since 1979, when I viewed the Voyager images only days after NASA processed them. The beautiful structure of this extraordinary atmospheric intrigued me since my career was evolving from astrophysics to fluid dynamics the study of how liquids and gases move. What better way to begin exploring the fundamental physics and math of fluid dynamics than to study the Great Red Spot?

Jupiters clouds and vortices

I believe that the Great Red Spot is in no danger of disappearing. By analyzing the cloud images with computer models that incorporate the physics of how fluids move, my research group at Berkeley was able to determine the area of the spot. We discovered that the area of the spot cloud is larger than its underlying vortex, the swirling gas that defines it. The question then becomes: Does a decrease in the area of the cloud mean that the vortex itself is shrinking?

It is difficult to determine the relationship between the clouds size and the vortexs size or even how Jovian clouds form and dissipate. Therefore, to understand the health of the spot, planetary scientists need to study the health of its vortex and not its cloud; the clouds shrinkage is not a harbinger of death. Based on the spots interactions with other vortices my Berkeley group found there is no evidence that that vortex itself has changed its size or intensity.

Jupiters atmosphere contains vortices besides the Great Red Spot, some of which are useful for monitoring its health. Some, like this spot, are anticyclones that rotate in the opposite direction of the planets spin; others are cyclones that rotate in the same direction as the planets spin. Anticyclones appear as bright clouds and so are easily detectable, but cyclones (except at the poles) often have filamentary clouds or no clouds at all.

How do we know that Jovian cyclones exist when clouds are not visible? For more than a century astronomers documented the motions of cloud-covered anticyclones as they slowly drifted across Jupiter. Changes in their speeds were often abrupt and seemed to occur for no reason. However, by assuming that these observable vortices interact with cloud-free (and unobservable) cyclones, we can explain the abrupt changes.

Two simultaneous events that led to flaking

Anticyclones merge with each other. However, anticyclones repel cyclones. In spring 2019, when the flaking was observed, the Great Red Spot was also observed to merge with a series of small clouds (likely small anticyclones) on its northwest side. Such mergers are common; Voyager 1 first observed these and they have subsequently been observed every few months. Typically, small anticyclones are not digested immediately, but produce lumps on the spots boundary that orbit around it, slowly migrating into the center.

I believe that the shedding of clouds from the spot as flakes and blades observed in 2019 was due to two simultaneous events: undigested lumps of merged anticyclones traveling along the spots boundary and a close encounter with one or more unobservable cyclones.

When a large anticyclone and smaller cyclone approach each other before repelling, they create a stagnation point near the boundary of the anticyclone where the local winds abruptly change direction, going off approximately perpendicular to their original directions. Think of two fire hoses aimed at each other so that their streams of water collide the streams momentarily halt at the point of impact (the stagnation point) and then scatter outward. Any cloud or undigested lump on the spot that encounters a stagnation point will similarly shatter and flake away in opposite directions.

The numerical calculations of my Berkeley research group show that the recent observations of cloud shedding can be explained by the collision of undigested red clouds at the edge of the Great Red Spot with stagnation points produced during a close encounter with a cyclone.

Pieces of the red cloud scatter outward from the stagnation point, appearing as flakes and blades. Neither the mergers that created the lumps nor the close encounters with cyclones are unusual by themselves, but it is not that common for them to occur at the same time. However, neither event is a sign of ill health for the Great Red Spot. My colleagues and I believe it will survive for many more years.

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This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article here: http://theconversation.com/contrary-to-recent-reports-jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-in-danger-of-disappearing-127673.

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Contrary to recent reports, Jupiter's Great Red Spot is not in danger of disappearing - Westport News

Astronomers Find a Galaxy Containing Three Supermassive Black Holes at the Center – Universe Today

NGC 6240 is a puzzle to astronomers. For a long time, astronomers thought the galaxy is a result of a merger between two galaxies, and that merger is evident in the galaxys form: It has an unsettled appearance, with two nuclei and extensions and loops.

NGC 6240 is about 400 million light years away, in the constellation Ophiuchus. Even though its been studied intensely, its a very dusty place, and certain details have been obscured. But a new study using the European Southern Observatorys (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT,) along with the advanced 3D MUSE Spectrograph, has opened up a new window into NGC 6240, and revealed a big surprise.

The galaxy is the result of not two galaxies merging, but three. And as a result, its home to not two supermassive black holes, but three.

Up until now, such a concentration of three supermassive black holes had never been discovered in the universe.

The MUSE spectrograph is a visible light spectrograph with both a wide field of view and excellent spatial resolution, thanks to adaptive optics. Its whats known as a panoramic integral-field spectrograph. It saw first light in 2014, and is optimized for studying a wide variety of objects, including supermassive black holes in nearby galaxies. Astronomers used MUSEs power to peer into NGC 6240 with more precision than ever before, revealing the three supermassive black holes.

An international team of scientists produced this new research, led by scientists from Gottingen and Potsdam. The study is published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. Their paper is titled A triple nucleus system in the advanced or final state of merging.

Through our observations with extremely high spatial resolution we were able to show that the interacting galaxy system NGC 6240 hosts not two as previously assumed but three supermassive black holes in its centre, said Professor Wolfram Kollatschny from the University of Gttingen, the lead author of the study.

Up until now, such a concentration of three supermassive black holes had never been discovered in the universe, adds Dr Peter Weilbacher of the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP). The present case provides evidence of a simultaneous merging process of three galaxies along with their central black holes.

This study could be part of a missing link in our understanding of how galaxies form. The largest, most massive galaxies in the universe are a bit of a puzzle. Our understanding of how they form cant explain the largest ones. There hasnt been enough time in the approximately 14 billion year age of the universe for the most massive galaxies to form, even taking into account the merging of two galaxies.

But if three galaxies can merge simultaneously, like NGC 6240 has, then that goes a long way towards explaining the existence of enormous galaxies.

If, however, simultaneous merging processes of several galaxies took place, then the largest galaxies with their central supermassive black holes were able to evolve much faster, said Peter Weilbacher in a press release. Our observations provide the first indication of this scenario.

The MUSE spectrographs capabilities made this discovery possible. Not only is it mounted on the 8-meter VLT with adaptive optics, which gives it a sharpness similar to the Hubble Space Telescope, but it creates a spectrum for each single pixel in the image. That power allowed it to peer into the dust and resolve the southern black hole into two separate black holes.

NGC 6240 is likely near the end of its merging process, which can take over a billion years to conclude. Each of the supermassive black holes has more mass than 90 million Suns, and eventually all three of these black holes will merge into one massive behemoth. When that happens, some time in the distant future, that merger will create powerful gravitational waves.

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Astronomers Find a Galaxy Containing Three Supermassive Black Holes at the Center - Universe Today

Three Supermassive Black Holes Discovered at the Core of One Galaxy – SciTechDaily

The irregular galaxy NGC 6240. New observations show that it harbors not two but three supermassive black holes at its core. The northern black hole (N) is active and was known before. The zoomed-in new high-spatial resolution image shows that the southern component consists of two supermassive black holes (S1 and S2). The green color indicates the distribution of gas ionized by radiation surrounding the black holes. The red lines show the contours of the starlight from the galaxy and the length of the white bar corresponds to 1000 light-years. Credit: P Weilbacher (AIP), NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

An international research team led by scientists from Gttingen and Potsdam proved for the first time that the galaxy NGC 6240 contains three supermassive black holes. The unique observations, published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, show the black holes close to each other in the core of the galaxy. The study points to simultaneous merging processes during the formation of the largest galaxies in the universe.

Massive Galaxies like the Milky Way typically consist of hundreds of billions of stars and host a black hole with a mass of several million up to several 100 million solar masses at their centers. The galaxy known as NGC 6240 is known as an irregular galaxy due to its particular shape. Until now, astronomers have assumed that it was formed by the collision of two smaller galaxies and therefore contains two black holes in its core. These galactic ancestors moved towards each other at velocities of several 100 km/s and are still in the process of merging. The galaxy system which is around 300 million light-years away from us close by cosmic standards has been studied in detail at all wavelengths, and has so far been regarded as a prototype for the interaction of galaxies.

Through our observations with extremely high spatial resolution we were able to show that the interacting galaxy system NGC 6240 hosts not two as previously assumed but three supermassive black holes in its center, reports Professor Wolfram Kollatschny from the University of Gttingen, the lead author of the study. Each of the three heavyweights has a mass of more than 90 million Suns. They are located in a region of space less than 3000 light-years across, i.e. in less than one-hundredth of the total size of the galaxy. Up until now, such a concentration of three supermassive black holes had never been discovered in the universe, adds Dr. Peter Weilbacher of the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP). The present case provides evidence of a simultaneous merging process of three galaxies along with their central black holes.

The discovery of this triple system is of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of galaxies over time. Until now it has not been possible to explain how the largest and most massive galaxies, which we know from our cosmic environment in the present time, were formed just by normal galaxy interaction and merging processes over the course of the previous 14 billion years approximately, ie the age of our universe. If, however, simultaneous merging processes of several galaxies took place, then the largest galaxies with their central supermassive black holes were able to evolve much faster, Peter Weilbacher summarizes. Our observations provide the first indication of this scenario.

For the unique high-precision observations of the galaxy NGC 6240 using the 8-meter VLT, a telescope operated by the European Southern Observatory in Chile, the 3D MUSE spectrograph was used in spatial high-resolution mode together with four artificially generated laser stars and an adaptive optics system. Thanks to the sophisticated technology, images are obtained with a sharpness similar to that of the Hubble Space Telescope but additionally contain a spectrum for each image pixel. These spectra were decisive in determining the motion and masses of the supermassive black holes in NGC 6240.

The scientists assume that the observed, imminent merging of the supermassive black holes in a few million years will also generate very strong gravitational waves. In the foreseeable future, signals of similar objects can be measured with the planned satellite-based gravitational wave detector LISA and further merging systems can be discovered.

Reference: NGC 6240: A triple nucleus system in the advanced or final state of merging by W. Kollatschny, P.M. Weilbacher, M.W. Ochmann, D. Chelouche, A. Monreal-Ibero and R. Bacon, T. Contini, Astronomy & Astrophysics 2019.DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936540(PDF)

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Three Supermassive Black Holes Discovered at the Core of One Galaxy - SciTechDaily

Of the Two Stars in Alpha Centauri, One is Probably More Habitable than the Other – Universe Today

In the past, the number of known exoplanets has exploded, with 4093 confirmed detections so far (and another 4,727 candidates awaiting confirmation). With the discovery of so many planets that are dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of light years away, a great deal of attention has understandably been directed to our nearest stellar neighbors. Could planets be right next door, with the possibility of life being there as well?

While a potentially-habitable planet was recently discovered around Proxima Centauri (Proxima b), Alpha Centauri remains something of a question mark. But thanks to a recent study from the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT), we might be getting closer to determining if this neighboring system supports life. In a twist, the study revealed that one of the stars in the binary system is more likely to be habitable than the other.

The study, Obliquity Evolution of Circumstellar Planets in Sun-like Stellar Binaries, recently appeared in the Astrophysical Journal and was funded through the NASA Exobiology Program. The study was led by Billy Quarles, a research scientist with the Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, and included Prof. Gongjie Li of GITs Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and Jack Lissauer from NASAs Ames Research Center.

When it comes right down to it, individual stars that have a system of multiple planets (like our Solar System) are quite rare. Binary systems like Alpha Centauri, on the other hand, are quite common. This system is made up of Alpha Centauri A, a G-type yellow star that is slightly larger than our Sun, and Alpha Centauri B a K-type orange star that is closer in size to our Sun.

In 2012, astronomers thought they had detected a candidate exoplanet orbiting around Alpha Centauri B (designated Alpha Centauri Bb). Unfortunately, subsequent analysis led astronomers to announce by 2015 that this was a false positive that was likely just a spurious ghost in the data analysis. A possible planetary transit was noted in 2013, but it was reportedly too close to its primary to support life.

To determine if Alpha Centauri could have any habitable planets orbiting them, the team of astrophysicists modeled a theoretical twin of Earth into a binary system. This consisted of contrasting how Earths axial tilt (aka. obliquity) varies over time with the variation of Mars axial tilt. They then modeled Earth into Alpha Centauri A and Bs circumsolar habitable zones (aka. Goldilocks zones).

While both planets are similarly inclined 23.4 vs. 25.19 to their orbital plane Mars obliquity has been subject to more change over time. And whereas the stability of Earths variations in obliquity over time has ensured a stable climate, Mars more pronounced variations have been a major factor in its transition from a warmer, wetter world to the cold and inhospitable place it is today.

Basically, changes in Earths obliquity are what is responsible for Earth experiencing ice ages and warm epochs (aka. glacial and interglacial periods). However, the precession of Earths tilt is gentle and slow, varying between 22.1 and 24.5 over the course of 41,000 years. These types of long-term transitions have provided lifeforms with enough time to adapt and evolve, and have also prevented any period from being too long or extreme.

Mars axis, on the other hand, precesses between 10 and 60 every 2 million years. When tilted to 10, the atmosphere condenses at the poles and causes both water vapor and carbon dioxide to solidify, making the ice expand. At a tilt of 60, Mars would be more likely to grow an ice belt around its equator, where it is otherwise much warmer and experiences surface temperatures of up to 35C (95 F) at midday during summer.

The presence of the Moon is also a factor since its gravitational pull helps to stabilize our axis. Were it not for the Moon, Earths gravitational interactions with Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter would cause wilder changes in our tilt. If we didnt have the moon, Earths tilt could vary by about 60 degrees, Quarles said in a recent GIT news story. Wed look maybe like Mars, and the precession of its axis appears to have contributed to a loss of atmosphere.

While the study modeled variations of an exo-Earth orbiting either star, it mainly focused on an Earth-like planet orbiting in the habitable zone around B, with A being the orbiting star. While Alpha Centauri A did relatively well in this simulation, the results were not encouraging for that Alpha Centauri B showing that an Earth-like exoplanet would unlikely be able to support life.

In short, Alpha Centauri A and B orbit each other at about the same distance as Uranus and our sun, which is very close in a binary system. As highly-elliptical orbit with B causes it to pass close to B before moving far away, which generates a powerful gravitational sling. When modeled, this effect overpowered the exo-Earths own dynamics, causing its tilt and orbit to vary widely.

Even the presence of a large satellite such as our own Moon did not improve the situation for the exo-Earth. In fact, it actually made it worse since it contributed to axial instability. As Quarles explained:

The biggest effect you would see is differences in the climate cycles related to how elongated the orbit is. Instead of having ice ages every 100,000 years like on Earth, they may come every 1 million years, be worse, and last much longer.

With these results in hand, the team then expanded their study to encompass more in the way of star systems. When it comes right down to it, single-star systems with multiple planets (like the Solar System) are actually quite rare. Meanwhile, multiple-star systems are common, with roughly 50% of stars in the known Universe appearing to have binary companions.

From this, the team determined that 87% of Earth-like exoplanets located in systems were likely to have axial tilts similar to Earths which is stably inclined at 23.4. Moreover, they found that with binary systems in the more general sense, the probability that plants would experience gentle precessions in their obliquity increased considerably. Said Prof. Li:

In general, the separation between the stars is larger in binary systems, and then the second star has less of an effect on the model of Earth. The planets own motion dynamics dominate other influences, and obliquity usually has a smaller variation. So, this is quite optimistic.

Still, bad news for Alpha Centauri, especially any planets that could be orbiting B. Its also bad news for those hoping to send a mission there in the not-too-distant future to search for signs of life such as Breakthrough Starshot. However, there was a sliver of hope to be found in the study since the model showed that a planet with the right kind of orbital mechanics could support life

Planetary orbit and spin need to precess just right relative to the binary orbit. There is this tiny sweet spot, said Quarles. We simulated what it would be like around other binaries with multiple variations of the stars masses, orbital qualities, and so on. The overall message was positive but not for our nearest neighbor.

Its a sort of good news/bad news situation. While it is a little discouraging to think that Alpha Centauri may not have any habitable planets (which appears to be the case for Proxima b as well), it is good to know that 50% of stars in the known Universe have a shot at supporting life. In the end, finding extraterrestrial life (not to mention extraterrestrial intelligence) is all about numbers!

Further Reading: Georgia Tech

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Of the Two Stars in Alpha Centauri, One is Probably More Habitable than the Other - Universe Today

Jobs Boost at Innovative Gwent Insurtech Firm – Business News Wales

Leading Wales insurtech incubator Pontypool-based pH Innovate continues to expand it technical and marketing teams after winning new customers for its innovative insurance trading platform.

Success in winning new contracts, including one with an app offering an unique reverse auction insurance product, is leading to jobs growth at the Torfaen business.

pH Innovate, based at Torfaens Mamhilad Park Estate, has an unique approach to recruiting technical staff via its trainee programme. The scheme allows school leavers, who have an interest in technology but perhaps limited qualifications and experience, to start a career.

The burgeoning business recently recruited five new staff, four trainee developers and a marketing executive three of whom have now started. It has plans to recruit a further four trainee developers in the new year.

Stephen Peck, one of the owners of pH Innovate, explained:

While businesses are in dire need of technical skills very few want to help develop these skills and instead chase the limited number of experienced or well-qualified applicants or they even end up outsourcing work abroad.

In addition to the personal satisfaction in helping develop careers and building skills we find that we our employment recruitment programme gives us a competitive advantage in the market both through reduced cost of staff turnover and ability to provide a high level of technical skill to our customers.

Fellow business owner David Harlow said:

The five new recruits all come from the local area. Were extremely pleased with the calibre and quality of the local recruitment pool. One of our recruits has a degree in astro physics so were pleased to be able to say that we now have our very own rocket scientist.

David said:

All the recruits are from the local NP4 or NP44 areas. All of them have been struggling to get jobs in IT and development and have, until now, been working in fast food chains/warehouses. The recruits like the idea that they can learn and grow with the business.

pH Innovate has won several contracts over the last quarter including with a young driver insurance start up, a comparison site for a large financial organisation and with industry first insurance app Honcho.

Honcho operate a reverse auction market place that notifies a panel of brokers / Insurers when customers are looking for car insurance, providers then bid for the customers business.

Honcho have partnered with Quote The Market, part of pH Innovate also based here in Torfaen, to supply multiple insurance providers to their platform allowing them to build a competitive panel of providers swiftly and economically.

Forming a part of Quote The Markets next generation innovative comparison services, the ability to supply multiple brands in a single (API) feed frees up partners, such as Honcho, to focus on developing their front facing brand.

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Jobs Boost at Innovative Gwent Insurtech Firm - Business News Wales

UK researchers awarded 30m investment in global neutrino physics project – University of Birmingham

The UK has made a new, multi-million pound investment in the DUNE global science project, bringing together the scientific communities of the UK and 31 countries from Asia, Europe and the Americas to build the worlds most advanced neutrino observatory.

DUNE (the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is a flagship international experiment that has the potential to lead to profound changes in our understanding of the universe. It is hosted by the United States Department of Energys Fermilab, and will be designed and operated by a collaboration of over 1,000 physicists across 32 countries.

The investment from UK Research and Innovations Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) is a four-year construction grant to 13 educational institutions and to STFCs Rutherford Appleton and Daresbury Laboratories. The grant represents the first of two stages to support the DUNE construction project in the UK which will run until 2026 and represent a total investment of 45M.

Various elements of the experiment are under construction across the world, with the UK taking a major role in contributing essential expertise and components to the experiment and facility. UK scientists and engineers will design and produce the principle detector components at the core of the DUNE detector, which will comprise four large tanks each containing 17,000 kg of liquid argon. The UK groups are also developing a state-of-the art, high speed data acquisition system to record the signals from the detector, together with the sophisticated software needed to interpret the data and provide the answers to the scientific questions.

Professor Alfons Weber from the University of Oxford, who is leading the project in the UK, says: DUNE will be an exciting experiment and it is fantastic to see how the UK is supporting fundamental science. This announcement has allowed us to take a lead in many aspects of the experiment as the biggest contributor outside the USA. We have a significant task ahead of us in the coming years and we are looking forward to delivering our contributions.

The Birmingham team received 252,805 to provide essential contributions to the experiment. They are bringing their experience in data acquisition from experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and Super Proton Synchrotron to the challenges of selecting and recording data from the DUNE detectors.

Dr Alan Watson, the Birmingham team leader, says: DUNE is an exciting new direction for us, and offers a unique opportunity to answer fundamental questions in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.

The DUNE project aims to advance our understanding of the origin and structure of the universe. It will study the behaviour of particles called neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts, antineutrinos. This could provide insight as to why we live in a matter-dominated universe while anti-matter has largely disappeared.

DUNE will also watch for supernova neutrinos produced when a star explodes, which will allow the scientists to observe the formation of neutron stars and black holes, and will investigate whether protons live forever or eventually decay, bringing us closer to fulfilling Einsteins dream of a grand unified theory.

The UK universities involved in the project are: Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Imperial College London, Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford, Sheffield, Sussex, UCL and Warwick.

For media enquiries, please contact Beck Lockwood, Press Office, University of Birmingham, tel +44 (0)121 414 2772.

About DUNE

The international Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), hosted by the U.S. Department of Energys Fermilab, will provide insight into the origin of matter in the universe. LBNF will create the worlds most intense high-energy neutrino beam and send it 1300km from Fermilab in Illinois towards the 70,000 ton DUNE detector one mile underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota. Once constructed, LBNF and DUNE will operate for at least 15 years undertaking a broad and exciting science programme.

Fermilab is Americas premier national laboratory for particle physics and accelerator research. A U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, Fermilab is located near Chicago, Illinois, and operated under contract by the Fermi Research Alliance LLC, a joint partnership between the University of Chicago and the Universities Research Association, Inc.

UK involvement with the DUNE collaboration is through STFC and the following universities: Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Durham, Edinburgh, Imperial, Lancaster, Liverpool, UCL, Manchester, Oxford, Sheffield, Sussex and Warwick. They provide essential expertise and components to the experiment and facility. This ranges from the high-power neutrino production target, the readout planes, accelerator development associated with PIP-II and data acquisitions systems to the reconstruction software.

STFC manages the UKs investment in the international facility, giving UK scientists and engineers the chance to take a leading role in the management and development of the DUNE far detector and the LBNF beam line. The STFC Technology Department is also involved in the data acquisition system for the detector and in designing a high power neutrino production target.

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UK researchers awarded 30m investment in global neutrino physics project - University of Birmingham

West African International Summer School for Young Astronomers Completes Another Successful School – Space in Africa

On October 28, undergraduate and graduate students from across Africa gathered for one week at the National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) in Abuja, Nigeria. The course immediately followed a week-long workshop for instructors.

The goals of the program are to contribute to building a critical mass of astronomers, to build a community of future scientific leaders in West Africa, and to exchange ideas about teaching and learning across continents.

Students in the undergraduate stream learned scientific thinking via innovative teaching methods, derived from principles of education research especially inquiry. This included a project in which students designed and conducted a scientific investigation about the distance to an astronomical object. Students also participated in interactive lessons about stars, exoplanets, galaxies, radio astronomy and cosmology, and in discussions about career paths in STEM. Another highlight was the group teaching project, where student teams designed an astronomy outreach activity to bring back to their home communities.

Students in the graduate stream learned the basics of UNIX and Python, allowing them to inspect, process and visualize astronomical data. They were also introduced to the practical implementation of both Frequentist and Bayesian modelling for astronomy. In addition, they learned to schedule optical observations on the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network. They were able to obtain time-series data on variable stars, process it using Python and then determine the type of variable stars they observed.

Additional highlights from this year included a Women in Science lunch, a project on how to communicate astronomy ideas to the public, night-sky observing, and discussion of the future of astronomy in Africa with Director of the Office of Astronomy for Development, Kevin Govender.

The time Ive spent at WAISSYA 2019 has been one of the best moments of my life words cannot express how I feel, says Iheanacho Prince James (from Imo State University in Owerri, Nigeria.) Personally Ive gotten a better understanding of teamwork and brainstorming, academically Ive learnt a lot about cosmology, stars, galaxies, the solar system etc., opportunity-wise Im [now] aware of the various job opportunities available for students in science (most especially Physics) departments. Ive never experienced this kind of learning before.

Many students have also shared that WAISSYA helped them to appreciate that they themselves can think as scientists: they can ask their own scientific questions, break those down into smaller questions, and figure out the answers to these questions by using their own ideas.

Instructors came from Africa, North America, and Europe to collaborate on designing interactive teaching activities for students. The instructor team held discussions about what makes effective teaching and what teaching challenges and strengths they face in their different contexts. Each teaching activity at WAISSYA is co-taught by two or more instructors, to facilitate the exchange of teaching strategies, and build a community around teaching. Research in other contexts, including work by WAISSYA Co-Director, Dr Linda Strubbe, has shown that co-teaching can support newer instructors in learning and incorporating interactive teaching methods into their future courses. The Instructor Workshop week included a visit to the University of Abuja for an astronomy symposium and a morning of astronomy outreach to three schools in the area.

Instructors were pleased with the results of this years school. Seeing our students develop their scientific thinking over the course of the week has been so inspiring, says Co-Director Linda Strubbe, a Postdoctoral Research Associate from Kansas State University. Im so grateful to be here working with our students, and am sure that their futures as scientists are bright! WAISSYA Instructor Esaenwi Sudum, a Research Scientist at the Centre for Basic Space Science in Nsukka, Nigeria, adds, The students energy and drive, their willingness to learn and their dedication, inspired us as instructors to bring our best.

WAISSYA is sponsored by the Dunlap Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, NASRDA Center for Basic Space Science Nsukka Nigeria, the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT), the Development in Africa with Radio Astronomy (DARA) Project, Open Astronomy Schools initiative of the International Astronomical Union, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, European Research Council, and personal donations from Dr. Duy Nguyen.

New to WAISSYA 2019 is an educational partnership with Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO). As a Global Sky Partner to the LCO, WAISSYA postgraduate students were able to use the LCO global telescope network to obtain data on variable stars for scientific analysis.

For more information, please contact:

Primary contact:

Dr. Linda StrubbeWAISSYA Co-Director; Postdoctoral Research Associate, Kansas State University and American Association of Physics Teachers+1 647 783 4096lstrubbe@phys.ksu.edu

Additional contacts:

Dr Bonaventure OkereWAISSYA Co-Director; Director of Centre for Basic Space Science, Nsukka, Nigeria+234 806 466 2538bona.okere@gmail.com

Dr Jielai ZhangWAISSYA Co-Director; Schmidt Science Fellows in Partnership with the Rhodes Trust; OzGrav Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Swinburne University of Technology+44 7835296079 (via Whatsapp)jzhang@schmidtsciencefellows.org

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West African International Summer School for Young Astronomers Completes Another Successful School - Space in Africa

A galactic train wreck with three supermassive black holes – Astronomy Now Online

NGC 6240 is an ongoing collision between three galaxies. Hard X-rays from two sources near the center of the merging galaxies indicated the presence of two supermassive black holes. Astronomers have now found a third. Image: P Weilbacher (AIP), NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University) Image: P Weilbacher (AIP), NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

NGC 6240 is an irregular, chaotic-looking triple galaxy system 300 million light years from Earth where three galaxies are in the process of merging. Extensive observations indicated the presence of two supermassive black holes and now, researchers have found a third.

Through our observations with extremely high spatial resolution we were able to show that the interacting galaxy system NGC 6240 hosts not two, as previously assumed, but three supermassive black holes in its centre, said Wolfram Kollatschny of the University of Gttingen.

Each of the black holes has a mass of more than 90 million times that of the Sun, and all three are located within a region spanning just 3,000 light years.

Up until now, such a concentration of three supermassive black holes had never been discovered in the universe, said Peter Weilbacher of the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam. The present case provides evidence of a simultaneous merging process of three galaxies along with their central black holes.

The discovery of such a triple system sheds light on how galaxies grow over time and how massive galaxies seen in the present-day universe managed to evolve as rapidly as they did in the 14 billion years since the Big Bang.

If simultaneous merging processes of several galaxies took place, then the largest galaxies with their central supermassive black holes were able to evolve much faster, said Weilbacher. Our observations provide the first indication of this scenario.

To identify the third supermassive black hole, researchers used the European Southern Observatorys Very Large Telescope, the 3D MUSE spectrograph and adaptive optics to collect high-resolution spectra.

All three supermassive black holes likely will merge in a few million years, generating powerful gravitational waves. Similar signatures may be detected in the more foreseeable future by Earth- or space-based gravity wave detectors.

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A galactic train wreck with three supermassive black holes - Astronomy Now Online

This huge radio telescope is out to solve an epic astrophysics mystery – Wired.co.uk

The radio-quiet zone begins about a half an hour drive away from this remote, desolate place in the Karoo desert, in South Africas Northern Cape. The use of mobile phones and laptops is strictly forbidden. A few trees and shrubs dot the ochre landscape; occasionally, a tiny scorpion scurries away in the blazing sun. What holds your eye, though, are the giant dishes.

This is MeerKAT 64 radio dishes spread across eight square kilometres, each 13.5 metres in diameter and on their supports as tall as a five-storey building. Together they form a single radio telescope. MeerKAT means "more KAT" (the Karoo Array Telescope was its seven-dish forerunner), and astronomers use it to study the radio waves emitted by strange but little-understood objects in distant space. Because phones and other gadgets also emit radio waves, they are strictly off limits, to make sure these antennae pick up only signals of cosmic origin.

Big as it is, MeerKAT is just a start, the precursor to what will become the worlds largest radio telescope: the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Over the next decade, SKA will add another 133 dishes, and the Karoo antennae will work in tandem with as many as 133,000 smaller antennae to be installed in Australia.

SKAs aim is to help scientists understand how our universe works: to observe how hydrogen gas is assembled into galaxies and gives birth to new stars, and to track down the sources of radio waves arriving on Earth. Many come from pulsars the dead, rapidly spinning, ultra-dense leftover cores of massive stars. Then there are the mysterious Fast Radio Bursts brief flashes in the sky with the power of 500 million suns that have puzzled scientists since their discovery just over a decade ago.

One of MeerKATs first tasks when it opened in June 2018 was to snap the closest-ever image of our Milky Ways galactic centre, home to the super-massive black hole Sagittarius A. Located some 25,000 light years away, its a region in space full of interstellar gas and dust. Optical telescopes are of little use here, as visible light is blocked. Radio waves, however, glide right through.

MeerKATs picture shows the black hole like a sweltering oven. The red and orange colours of the image are misleading, however, because humans cant see radio waves. The picture has nothing to do with fire, and the visualisation of the radio waves could have been done in any colour, says Fernando Camilo, the chief scientist at the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory.

The round area just to the right of the centre of the image is Sagittarius A. Elsewhere are areas of star formation (the bright spot to the right, and the hourglass shape to the left), and the remnants of supernovas stars that have exploded and died (far left). The thin lines snaking away in all directions, known as "fine filamentary threads" remain a mystery, however. They have not been found anywhere else in our galaxy, though, so they may have some connection to the black hole.

When SKA is fully operational which is expected to happen by 2030 it will be able to peer 14 billion years back to the moments after the Big Bang, and provide new insights about supernovas, black holes and the infant universe.

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This huge radio telescope is out to solve an epic astrophysics mystery - Wired.co.uk

Astrophysics, Genetic Engineering, and ASMR: Architecture Like You’ve Never Heard It Before | Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc)…

The Arc Podcast Launches at SCI-Arc

Los Angeles, CA (November 12, 2019) SCI-Arc is very pleased to announce the launch of its podcast The Arc, a forum that builds connections between architecture and other worlds.

Recorded and produced at SCI-Arc in Los Angeles, The Arc is led by SCI-Arc faculty and History + Theory Coordinator Marrikka Trotter. Each episode juxtaposes a contemporary architectural idea or concern with related concepts from other disciplines, ranging from science to sports, in casual, unscripted, and intimate conversations. The idea is to create fresh approaches to the canon of architectural thought through lively, engaged dialogue with experts in other fields.

The Arc presents an incredibly dynamic platform which prompts architects to engage and communicate with the world at large, says SCI-Arc Director Hernan Diaz Alonso. It is yet another way of expanding upon our mission of promoting architectural thinking and redefining the edges of architecture, so that when put in conversation with other fields, it is illuminated and shifted in a way that produces new global perspectives and novel windows into humanity.

Listeners can expect to hear a diversity of thoughts and voices ranging from SCI-Arc Undergraduate Program Chair Tom Wiscombe, to neuroscientist Dr. Yawende Pearse, to Nightmare Before Christmas production designer Bill Boes, to dominatrix Mistress Lucy Kahn. Episodes will be released monthly, beginning with Episode 1: Scale, available November 20.

Architecture is culturally curious, says Trotter. We actively seek analogues and connections to other fields of knowledge and other kinds of practiceand of course cultivating this kind of open engagement with the world around us is critical for creative education. For me each conversation is like a portal into another world. Im learning so much from the people I get the opportunity to engage with, both about their field and, in a kind of disciplinary ricochet, about my own. Theres a mutual contaminationa transfer of excitement that moves in both directions.

Subscribe toThe Arcon iTunes and Spotify.

About SCI-Arc Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc) is dedicated to educating architects who will imagine and shape the future. It is an independent, accredited degree-granting institution offering undergraduate and graduate programs in architecture. Located in a quarter-mile-long former freight depot in the Arts District in Downtown Los Angeles, the school is distinguished by its vibrant studio culture and emphasis on process. SCI-Arcs approximately 500 students and 80 faculty members, most of whom arepracticing architects, work together to reexamine assumptions, create, explore, and test the limits of architecture. SCI-Arc faculty and leadership have garnered more than 500 national and international design awards and recognitions, including Progressive Architecture awards, American Institute of Architects (AIA) awards, and the prestigious Jencks and Pritzker architecture prizes. In DesignIntelligences 2019 US survey, SCI-Arc ranked #2 in Design Technologies, #3 Most Hired From, and was top ten among the nations Most Admired Undergraduate Programs in Architecture. SCI-Arc is located at 960 E. 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA 90013. http://www.sciarc.edu

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Astrophysics, Genetic Engineering, and ASMR: Architecture Like You've Never Heard It Before | Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc)...

These are just some of the incredible women to watch in science – Women’s Agenda

Its 2019 and women have come a long way in terms of workplace equality.

But things have been a little slower when it comes to recognising the contribution of women in science.

Just one in every four sources quoted in science stories in Australia are female, and just 18 per cent of biographies on Wikipedia are women.

Thats despite the fact there is absolutely no shortage of talented female scientists available and change is happening when it comes to shifting the number of women going into science and ultimately rising up the leadership ranks.

Below, Jessie Tu shares a list of women to watch in this space. Its not a definitive list and its one that were keeping alive to grow further. If you know more women who should be included, please get in contact.

And dont forget to subscribe to The STEM Wrap, our weekly newsletter for Women in STEM here.

Karlie Noon, astronomer, CSIRO State: ACTField: AstronomyAlinta Noon is a Kamilaroi woman from the Tamworth region and was nominated for the Young Australian of the Year in her state last year. She completed a double major in pure maths and physics and became the first in her family to attend university at the University of Newcastle. She landed a job with CSIROs Indigenous STEM Education Project and is mentoring girls in STEM and advocating for Indigenous astronomy. Jazmeen Payne profiled Alinta Noon earlier this year for Womens Agenda, as a finalist for the 2019 Womens Agenda Leadership Awards.

Lindell Bromham, evolutionary biologist, ANU State: ACTField: BiologyLindell founded the Network for Women in Biology at ANU in Canberra. Shes worked in macroevolution (the study of evolution of groups larger than an individual species) and macroecology (the study of relationships between organisms and their environment) and is creating new ways of using molecular data to uncover new theories of evolution.

Cleo Loi, astrophysicist, University of CambridgeState: NSWField: AstrophysicsAt 23, Cleo was a physics student at the University of Sydney when she proved the existence of plasma tubes inside our planets magnetosphere. This extraordinarily talented astrophysicist is now completing her PhD at the University of Cambridge, where she is a member of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics research group.

Madeleine Schultz, lecturer in chemistry, Deakin University State: VICField: ChemistryMadeleine is a lecturer in chemistry at Deakin University and has focused her research on how tertiary chemistry teachers can aptly transfer skills and knowledge in their field through the evaluation of current practices. In Australia, male science teachers continue to outnumber female science teachers, but Madeleines contributions are changing things for the better.

Marzi Barghamadi, experimental scientist, CSIRO State: VICField: Energy TechnologyAfter completing her PhD on lithium sulfur batteries at Swinburne University of Technology, Marzi began work at CSIRO developing new energy storage devices. When shes not in the lab testing out new materials, she supervises postgraduate students studying advanced lithium batteries.

Emma Johnston, marine biologist, UNSW State: NSWField: Marine BiologyEmma is a world-leading marine ecologist and Dean of Science at the University of NSW. She has travelled widely to conduct experiments in diverse environments, combining the disciplines of ecology and biology to determine the impact of marine biological invasions and strategies for improving global estuarine heath.

Debra Bernhardt, biomechanic and professor, University of Queensland State: QLDField: BiomechanicsDebra is a lecturer and professor in biomechanics and nanotechnology at the University of Queensland. She combines computational methods with theory to develop ways of understanding molecular matter and hopes to discover new materials to help our understanding of devices, fluids and materials.Jacqui Romero, physicist, University of QueenslandState: QLDField: Quantum mechanics and quantum informationJacqui completed a Masters in physics in her home country of the Philippines, and did her PhD at Uni of Glasgow. She works at the Quantum Technology Lab at the University of Queensland, as the associate investigator. Shes an advocate for more diversity in STEM and was interviewed by our journalist Madeline Hislops article here for Womens Agenda.

Krystal De Napoli, astrophysics student, Monash UniversityState: VICField: AstronomyKrystal is a Gomeroi woman and astrophysics student at Monash University. As the first in her family to attend university, Krystal combines her cultural and ancestral knowledge of the cosmos with academic studies of astronomy and mathematics. She is majoring in astrophysics and a strong advocate for Indigenous sciences, which she explores through public presentations and research.

Onisha Patel, biologist, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchState: VICField: Structural BiologyOnisha is a structural biologist at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) in Parkville, Victoria. Her cancer research has focused on creating new ways to tackle protein, cell growth and protein molecules to enable the design of alternative therapeutics for cancer treatments. She has presented her research to a diverse audience through school visits, art exhibitions, and Open House Melbourne events.

Macinley Butson, inventorState: NSWField: MedicalengineerIn 2016, Macinley was the first ever Australian to win 1stplace at the INTEL International Science and Engineering Fair in its 68year history. She was 16 years old. She was also name 2018 NSW Young Australian of the Year and Youth Ambassador at last years Sydney Science Festival. Butson has invented many incredible machineries, includinga sticker that tests when water is safe to drink, that is capable of potentially saving millions of lives from dangerous biologically contaminated water. She also produced SMART Armour, a radiation shield that has the potential to remove up to 80% of unwanted radiation exposure reaching non-treated breast during radiotherapy cancer treatment.Anything this powerhouse of a woman cant do? Oh, she also wonWoman of the Future Award this year and theStockholm Junior Water Prize in September. We profiled her this year when she was a finalist for our Womens Agenda Leadership Awards.

Adriana Verges, associate professor and ecologist, UNSW State: NSWField: Marine EcologyBarcelona-born marine ecologist and storyteller Adriana Verges has focused on projects that highlight the ecological impacts of climate change and the conservation of the worlds algal forests and meadows, which are increasingly under threat. As an associate professor at the UNSW, she is inspiring the next generation of young female scientists to experiment with new ways of communicating science to the wider public. Devika Kamath, astrophysicist, Macquarie University State: NSWField: AstrophysicsDevika is an Astrophysicist and Lecturer in Astronomy & Astrophysics at Macquarie University. After completing her postdoctoral research fellowship in Belgium, she pioneered a search strategy for rare stellar fossils and dying stars. She was recently awarded the prestigious Australian Research Council DECRA fellowship to further develop her research. She is actively involved in student training and outreach programmes which improve Australias STEM community, especially for young girls.

Hannah Brown, epigenetics expert, University of Adelaide State: SAField: Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthBased at the University of Adelaides Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Hannah is a former researcher in womens health and fertility and current Chief Science Storyteller at the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute. She has travelled to France and the United States for research and her PhD was on Reproductive biology. She is passionate about science communication and engaging new audiences with creative storytelling.

Hilary Goh, geologist, SounDelve State: WAField: GeologyHilary studied geology at Wollongong before obtaining her Honours in Tasmania. As a geoscientist, she applied robotics hardware to create 3D mapping. As a member of Women in Mining, she recently got together with some friends and founded the Perth Machine Learning Group where they help each other code for machine learning through weekly meetups and discussions.

Sharna Jamadar, biomedical researcher, Monash University State: VICField: PsychologySharna is an expert in neuroimaging and Senior Research Fellow at Monash Biomedical Imaging. She also works at the Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, where her research focuses on understanding various cognitive resilience to combat ageing process. Sharna is a member of the Gender Equity and Diversity Committees of the Australasian Neuroscience Society and co-founder of the Australasian Women in Neuroscience Network.

Anna Dean, veterinary epidemiologist, World Health OrganizationState: NSWField: EpidemiologyAfter completing her PhD in epidemiology in Switzerland, Anna conducted further research in Cte dIvoire and Togo. She now works for the World Health Organization, developing new strategies for combating drug-resistant tuberculosis and assisting governments with implementing effective treatment for citizens.

Danielle Meyrick, radiochemist and chief scientific officer, Theranostics State: WAField: OncologyDanielle was one of the first radio-chemists in Australia to produce targeted therapies in treating neuroendocrine tumour treatment and prostate cancer. In addition to her role as resident doctor at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Perth, she was lecturer in analytical and chemical sciences at Murdoch University and Councillor of The Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering.

Kelly Wong, science educator, The Science Channel State: SAField: EducationAfter studying biomedical science in Queensland, Kelly completed her PhD, researching human B cell responses to grass pollen allergy. She expanded her skills into media through social media and science communication. She works as the online producer at The Royal Institution of Australia, which includes brands such as Australias Science Channel, Cosmos Magazine, SCINEMA International Science Film Festival. She is invested in using social media to engage existing and new audiences with science.

Shyuan Ngo, motor-neuron scientist, University of QueenslandState: QLDField: Metabolic diseasesShyuans research attempts to understand the causes and consequences of metabolic dysfunction in motor neuron disease and develop new therapies for people who suffer with MND. Internationally renowned, Shyuan has collaborated with researchers and neurologists across the world and has won numerous fellowships in Australia.

Kate Charlton-Robb, Conservation geneticist and dolphin researcher, Monash UniversityState: VICField: ConservationAs a zoologist, molecular geneticist, and founding director & principal researcher of the Australian Marine Mammal Conservation Foundation, Kate has found time to write for publications like the Sydney Morning Herald, highlighting the social issues and gender disparities female scientists face in Australia. She is a sought-after commentator and expert on marine issues in the media.

Michelle Lim, clinical psychologist and researcher, Swinburne UniversityState: VICField: PsychologyMichelle researchers loneliness and its effects on young people. She works with companies to develop apps and videos that combat loneliness and advocate for further scientific research on how our lives are simultaneously compromised and improved by technology. As chairwoman of the Australian Coalition to End Loneliness, she oversees research and advocacy to combine science, government agencies and charities in the search for quality strategies to manage loneliness.

Ayesha Tulloch, conservation biologist, Sydney University State: QLDField: ConservationAyesha is passionate about the ecology of birds and mammals, beginning her career as a ranger with the National Parks and Wildlife Service in Royal National Park in NSW. Her PhD focused on strategizing processes to the management of threats against biodiversity in Queensland. She also undertook roles as research fellow across a number of universities. More recently, she travelled to Madagascar to work with the Wildlife Conservative Society to develop human subsistence conservation.

Amanda Lilleyman, ecologist, Charles Darwin UniversityState: NTField: OrnithologyAs a lifelong birdwatcher, Amandas interest has taken her to the remotest regions of Australia where she is studying the effects of climate change on migratory birds. She is the winner of numerous awards and scholarships for her research and helps increase the exposure and awareness of habitat destruction in her role as Team Leader at Conservation Volunteers Australia.

Misty Jenkins, immunologist, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research State: VICField: Medical ScienceAs well as having a background as a medical research scientist, Misty is Laboratory Head at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Victoria , a LOral Women In Science Fellowship recipient and ambassador for Poche Centre for Indigenous Health. In 2016, she was named in the Westpac/Australian Financial Review Top 100 Women of Influence in the field of Innovation.

This list is still open and growing! If you know an extraordinary woman to watch in science, let us know at [emailprotected]

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These are just some of the incredible women to watch in science - Women's Agenda

The Milky Ways black hole kicked a star out of our galaxy – WPMT FOX 43

Astronomers have spotted a star speeding through our galaxy at more than 3,728,227 mph. And in 100 million years, it will leave the Milky Way for good.CREDIT: James Josephides/Swindburne Astronomy Productions

Astronomers have spotted a star speeding through our galaxy at more than 3,728,227 mph. And in 100 million years, it will leave the Milky Way for good.

But where did it come from and why is it in such a hurry to leave? Astronomers using the 3.9-meter Anglo-Australian Telescope at the Australian National Universitys Siding Spring Observatory discovered the star and conducted follow-up measurements to track its path.

The findings about the star published Tuesday in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

We traced this stars journey back to the center of our galaxy, which is pretty exciting, said Gary Da Costa, study author and professor at the ANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. This star is traveling at record-breaking speed 10 times faster than most stars in the Milky Way, including our Sun.

The astronomers were looking for the remains of small galaxies that orbit the Milky Way. The telescope they were using can measure about 400 targets at a time. Instead, they found a star on the outskirts of the galaxy that had been kicked there by the supermassive black hole at the center. The black hole is known as Sagittarius A* or Sgr A*. The black hole is 4.2 million times more massive than our sun.

If the black hole interacted with a binary star system that got to close, the results can be tragic for the star system.

If such a binary system approaches a black hole too closely, the black hole can capture one of the stars into a close orbit and kick out the other at very high speed, said Thomas Nordlander, study co-author and professor at ANU.

The star is 29,000 light-years away from Earth and it was kicked away by the black hole about five million years ago.

In astronomical terms, the star will be leaving our galaxy fairly soon and it will likely travel through the emptiness of intergalactic space for an eternity, said Da Costa. Its great to be able to confirm a 30-year-old prediction that stars can be flung out of a galaxy by the supermassive black hole at its center.

The astronomers plan to keep tracking the star and gain a more precise measurement of its velocity and position, thanks to the European Space Agencys Gaia satellite, according to Dougal Mackey, study author and ARC Future Fellow at the Australian National Universitys Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Mackey said there are a number of known hyper velocity stars like this one, but special features set the newly observed star apart.

The two really special features of this star, though, are that its speed is much higher than other similar stars that were previously discovered (which all had velocity below 1000 km/s) and its the only one where we can be almost certain that it has come directly from the center of the Milky Way, he said. Together those facts provide evidence for something called the Hills mechanism which is a theorised way for the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way to eject stars with very high velocity.

The astronomers dont know how common these so-called evictions are, but they have a theory that one might occur every few hundred thousand years, he said.

Determining the orbits of these kinds of stars can also help astronomers to understand and measure other parts of the galaxy. And understanding the composition and properties of a star born in the middle of the galaxy would shed light on stars that are otherwise hard for astronomers to observe.

For this particular star, we hope to obtain better spectroscopic measurements that might let us determine its composition, Mackey said. Thats interesting because we think it was born right in the Galactic Center, which is a region thats very difficult for us to observe in detail. So with this star we might learn about the conditions of star formation in that region and the composition of the gas from which stars are being formed.

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The Milky Ways black hole kicked a star out of our galaxy - WPMT FOX 43

Physicists revive hunt for dark matter in the heart of the Milky Way – Science Magazine

NASAs Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has mapped the entire sky and found a faint, unexplained excess of gamma rays (inset) coming from around the center of our galaxy.

By Adrian ChoNov. 12, 2019 , 5:45 PM

A controversial dark matter claim may be making a comeback. Three years ago, a team of particle astrophysicists appeared to nix the idea that a faint glow of gamma rays in the heart of our Milky Way Galaxy could be emanating from dark matterthe mysterious stuff whose gravity holds the galaxy together. But the conclusion that the gamma rays come instead from more ordinary sources, such as spinning neutron stars known as pulsars, may have been too hasty, the team reports in a new study. So the dark matter hypothesis may alive and well after all.

Im sure that some people will start to think about dark matter interpretations [of the glow] again, says Dan Hooper, a theorist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois, who was not involved in either study. Others are less sure there will be such a revival.

Hooper and his Fermilab colleague Lisa Goodenough discovered the unexplained gamma ray glow in 2009 while studying data from NASAs orbiting Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Dubbed the galactic center excess, that glow enshrouds the heart of the galaxy. Draw a circle on the sky around the galactic center 30 in radius and the excess will account for 2% of all gamma rays coming from within it.

Hooper and Goodenough immediately suggested the glow could be evidence of dark matter. Physicists think the entire Milky Way Galaxy lies embedded in a vast cloud of dark matter, like the swirl of color within a marble, with the dark matter densest in the middle. And theory generally suggests that, rarely, when two dark matter particles collide they should annihilate each other to produce ordinary particles, such as the observed high energy photons, or gamma rays. The discovery of the galactic center excess touched off a frenzy of model building, in which theorists tried to concoct specific theories of dark matter that would fit the data.

However, the gamma rays could also come from less exotic sources like pulsars. In 2015, Tracy Slatyer, a particle astrophysicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, and colleagues appeared to make the case that all of the galactic center excess could come from a population of pulsars that are too faint for Fermi to resolve individually.

The argument was tricky. To see the faint gamma ray excess by itself, the researchers had to first subtract out contributions from a half-dozen other known sources. These include the bright disk of the galaxy, sources from beyond the galaxy, and the vast Fermi bubbles, lobes of gamma ray emission that the space telescope discovered on either side of the plane of our galaxy. That left a bulls-eyelike glow in the center of the galaxy. Then, to tell whether the excess was coming from dark matter or pulsars, the researchers analyzed not the spatial distribution of the light, but something far more subtle: how grainy it is.

The digital image of the glow consists of about 12,000 pixels, each containing a handful of gamma ray photons, with the number varying from pixel to pixel. If the photons come from dark matter, which should be distributed smoothly in the galaxy, those variations should have a predictable size. If they come from point sources like pulsars, the variations should be bigger and the picture should be grainier. Thats because the number of pulsars in each pixel will also vary, contributing extra pixel-to-pixel variations.

In 2015, Slatyers team reported that the picture was so grainy that it was most likely produced by pulsars. The study had a big effect. Citations to Hooper and Goodenoughs original paper fell from more than 120 in 2015 to just over 40 last year.

Now, however, Slatyer and MIT postdoc Rebecca Leane have found a problem with the different spatial patterns or templates used to subtract the other contributions to the gamma ray flux. In particular, if the templates for the different types of point sources arent right, then the analysis tends to drastically underestimate the smoother dark matter signal, tests on simulated data show. If we dont model things correctly, we seem to be removing dark matter, Leane says. In fact, when the researchers injected a simulated dark matter signal into the real Fermi data, their analysis did not necessarily find it, they report in a paper in press at Physical Review Letters. So a real dark matter signal could be in the data and they may have missed it, Leane explains.

Will particle theorists start to puzzle over the galactic center excess again? Hooper hopes they will. Whether 5% or 50% or 90% of the people who lost interest will come back, I dont know, he says. Others say the galactic center excess will likely remain too ambiguous to analyze decisively. I dont see anything so far that cant be explained with [conventional] astrophysics, says Glennys Farrar, a theorist at New York University in New York City.

The real lesson of the new work is that physicists need to better understand the ordinary but complicated astrophysics in the center of the galaxy, says Mattia Di Mauro, an astroparticle physicist at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, who works on the Fermi space telescope. But Im scared that it will revive only the interest in dark matter.

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Physicists revive hunt for dark matter in the heart of the Milky Way - Science Magazine

The Universe May Be Roundand That Would Be Bad News for Physicists – Gizmodo

Scientists analyzing data from a defunct satellite say we should all consider that our universe might be round, rather than flat. The consequences, they explain in a new paper, could be crisis-inducing.

Current theories of the universe, which describe its age, size, and how it evolves over time, are built around a flat spacetime. A new paper reiterates that data from the final Planck satellite release might be better explained by a round universe than a flat universe. Though not everyone agrees with the papers conclusions, theauthors write that the consequences of assuming a flat universe when the universe is actually round could be dire.

The point isnt really that the universe is closed, or round, the studys corresponding author Alessandro Melchiorri from Sapienza University of Rome told Gizmodo. Instead, he explained that if Planck data seems to prefer a closed universe, then the potential consequences and how they might butt up against cosmologists most popular theory of the universe must be seriously investigated, lest the theory fall apart.

The universe might come in one of three shapes: open, closed, or flat. Parallel lines in an open universe will always move farther apart; parallel lines in a closed universe will eventually meet (and single lines will eventually meet up with themselves); and parallel lines in a flat universe will stay parallel forever.

Scientists already knew from Planck satellite data that mass in the universe was warping the the cosmic microwave background radiation, the farthest radiation our telescopes can see, more than the standard theory of cosmology predicted. Perhaps this is a statistical fluctuation or something wrong with the way scientists are interpreting the databut it would be an incredibly unlikely statistical fluctuation, with less than 1 percent odds. Instead, the team led by Eleonora Di Valentino at the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom posited that the observation could be explained simply by a closed universe. This change, however, would put plenty of other measurements out of agreement with Plancks data.

This tension falls on the heels of another important issue with the Planck data, called the Hubble tension. Experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background cant seem to agree with experiments measuring closer objects when it comes to how fast the universe is expanding.

This new paper would be a *really* big deal if true, Dan Hooper, head of the Theoretical Astrophysics Group at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory told Gizmodo in an email. But he wasnt completely swayed. Overall, my view is that in order to convince me of something that is this surprising, one would have to present some very compelling evidence. At this time, the evidence that is available doesnt reach this high standard.

Others highlighted the fact that it may be too early to toss out what many scientists consider to be a core fact of the universe. There are still things we dont understand in the systematics, meaning potential sources of error from the act of making the measurement, said Rene Hloek, professor at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Toronto. She told Gizmodo that physicists need to be much surer about whether the issue arises from systematic errors or not before shell be convinced.

After all, aside from the Planck data, the lambda-CDM model, which is the standard model of the universe, seems to work really well. Using just six parameters, it seems to fit our observations of the universe, albeit a flat universe, nearly perfectly.

Melchiorri told Gizmodo that questioning prevailing theories is simply science, especially when, to his group, such a discrepancy appears to exist. The point is to have an open mind, he said. Several proposed experiments both on the ground and in space would take more measurements of the cosmic microwave background and either wipe out existing discrepancies as statistical flukes or show scientists that the universe is truly behaving in an unexpected manner.

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The Universe May Be Roundand That Would Be Bad News for Physicists - Gizmodo