Background:
Enzymes for plant cell wall deconstruction are a major cost in the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. The goal of this research was to develop optimized synthetic mixtures of enzymes for multiple pretreatment/substrate combinations using our high-throughput biomass digestion platform, GENPLAT, which combines robotic liquid handling, statistical experimental design, and automated Glc and Xyl assays. Proportions of six core fungal enzymes (CBH1, CBH2, EG1, beta-glucosidase, a GH10 endo-beta-1,4-xylanase, and beta-xylosidase) were optimized at a fixed enzyme loading of 15 mg/g glucan for release of Glc and Xyl from all combinations of five biomass feedstocks (corn stover, switchgrass, Miscanthus, dried distillers' grains plus solubles [DDGS], and poplar) subjected to three alkaline pretreatments (AFEX, dilute base [0.25% NaOH], and alkaline peroxide [AP]). A 16-component mixture, comprising the core set plus 10 accessory enzymes, was optimized for three pretreatment/substrate combinations. Results were compared to the performance of two commercial enzymes (Accellerase 1000 and Spezyme CP) at the same protein loadings.
Results:
When analyzed with GENPLAT, corn stover gave the highest yields of Glc with commercial enzymes and with the core set with all pretreatments, whereas corn stover, switchgrass, and Miscanthus gave comparable Xyl yields. With commercial enzymes and with the core set, yields of Glc and Xyl were highest for grass stovers pretreated by AP compared to AFEX or dilute base. Corn stover, switchgrass, and DDGS pretreated with AFEX and digested with the core set required a higher proportion of endo-beta1,4-xylanase (EX3) and a lower proportion of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (EG1) compared to the same materials pretreated with dilute base or AP. An optimized enzyme mixture containing 16 components (by addition of alpha-glucuronidase, a GH11 endo-xylanase [EX2], Cel5A, Cel61A, Cip1, Cip2, beta-mannanase, amyloglucosidase, alpha-arabinosidase, and Cel12A to the core set) was determined for AFEX-pretreated corn stover, DDGS, and AP-pretreated corn stover. The optimized mixture for AP-corn stover contained more exo-beta-1,4-glucanase (i.e., the sum of CBH1 + CBH2) and less endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (EG1 + Cel5A) than the optimal mixture for AFEX-corn stover. Amyloglucosidase and beta-mannanase were the two most important enzymes for release of Glc from DDGS but were not required (i.e., 0% optimum) for corn stover subjected to AP or AFEX. As a function of enzyme loading over the range 0 to 30 mg/g glucan, Glc release from AP-corn stover reached a plateau of 60-70% Glc yield at a lower enzyme loading (5-10 mg/g glucan) than AFEX-corn stover. Accellerase 1000 was superior to Spezyme CP, the core set, or the 16-component mixture for Glc yield at 6 h, but the 16-component set was as effective as the commercial enzyme mixtures at 48 h.
Conclusion:
The results in this paper demonstrate that GENPLAT can be used to rapidly produce enzyme cocktails for specific pretreatment/biomass combinations. Pretreatment conditions and feedstock source both influence the Glc and Xyl yields as well as optimal enzyme proportions. It is predicted that it will be possible to improve synthetic enzyme mixtures further by the addition of additional accessory enzymes.