An international team of astronomers has completed a benchmark study of more than 300 galaxies, producing the largest census of dust in the local universe, the Herschel Reference Survey. Led by Dr. Luca Cortese from Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia, the team used the Herschel Space Observatory to observe galaxies at far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths and captured the light directly emitted by dust grains. The results appear in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.These dust grains are believed to be fundamental ingredients for the formation of stars and planets, but until now very little was known about their abundance and physical properties in galaxies other than our own Milky Way, said Dr. Cortese.Cosmic dust is heated by starlight to temperatures of only a few tens of degrees above absolute zero, and can thus be only seen at far-infrared/submillimeter wavelengths.The two cameras on board the Herschel satellite, SPIRE and PACS, allowed astronomers to probe different frequencies of dust emission, which bear imprints on the physical properties of the grains and therefore were critical for this study. Although the SPIRE data were obtained three years ago, the team had to wait for the completion of the PACS survey last year.The long wait was worthwhile, as the combination of the PACS and SPIRE data shows that the properties of grains vary from one galaxy to another -- more than we originally expected. As dust is heated by starlight, we knew that the frequencies at which grains emit should be related to a galaxys star formation activity. However, our results show that galaxies chemical history plays an equally important role, commented Dr. Cortese.Co-author of the work, Dr. Jacopo Fritz, from Ghent University in Belgium, said: This affects our ability to accurately estimate how much dust is in the universe. It is particularly an issue for the most distant galaxies, which have a star formation and chemical history significantly different to the one in our own Milky Way.The data obtained for the Herschel Reference Survey have been made publicly available to allow further studies of dust properties in nearby galaxies. Although the Herschel Space Telescope completed its mission in April 2013, the combination of data in the Herschel archive, with future observations from the newly commissioned Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, will help astronomers to further unveil the mystery of cosmic dust in galaxies in the years to come.Media Contacts:Lea KivivaliSwinburne University of Technology, Australia+61 3 9214 5428, cell: +61 410 569 311lkivivali@swin.edu.auMarkus BauerESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer+31 71 565 6799, cell: +31 61 594 3954markus.bauer@esa.intScience Contacts:Luca CorteseSwinburne University of Technology, Australialcortese@swin.edu.suGran PilbrattESA Herschel Project Scientist+31 71 565 3621gpilbratt@rssd.esa.intProf. Steve EalesSchool of Physics and AstronomyCardiff University+44 (0)2920 876168steve.eales@astro.cf.ac.ukThe team included researchers from Swinburne University of Technology, European Southern Observatory, Ghent University, Arcetri Observatory, Laboratory of Astrophysics of Marseille, University of Crete, Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Cambridge, Institut dAstrophysique de Paris, Padova Observatory, University of California, Heidelberg University, Cardiff University, University of Paris VII, Max-Planck-Institute for extragalactic astronomy, INAF-Roma, University of the Western Cape, Joint ALMA Observatory.The research is published in PACS photometry of the Herschel Reference Survey -- far-infrared/submillimeter colors as tracers of dust properties in nearby galaxies, L. Cortese, J. Fritz, S. Bianchi, A. Boselli, L. Ciesla, G. J. Bendo, M. Boquien, H. Roussel, M. Baes, V. Buat, M. Clemens, A. Cooray, D. Cormier, J. I. Davies, I. De Looze, S. A. Eales, C. Fuller, L. K. Hunt, S. Madden, J. Munoz-Mateos, C. Pappalardo, D. Pierini, A. Remy-Ruyer, M. Sauvage, S. di Serego Alighieri, M. W. L. Smith, L. Spinoglio, M. Vaccari and C. Vlahakis, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Oxford University Press, in press.http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/mnras/stu175Images, Captions, and Creditshttps://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/press/Herschel%20dust%201.jpgCaption: Galaxies in the Herschel Reference Survey. The images are presented in false-color to highlight different dust temperatures, with blue and red representing colder and warmer regions respectively. Credit: ESA/Herschel/HRS-SAG2 and HeViCS Key Programs/L. Cortese (Swinburne University)https://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/press/Herschel%20dust%202.jpgCaption: The Herschel Reference Survey at infrared wavelengths. Collage of galaxies in the Herschel Reference Survey, the largest census of cosmic dust in the local universe. The galaxies are presented in false-color to highlight different dust temperatures, with blue and red representing colder and warmer regions respectively. The collage is presented with dust-rich, spiral and irregular galaxies in the top left, and giant, dust-poor elliptical galaxies in the bottom-right. The images were composed from PACS and SPIRE observations at 100, 160 and 250 micron. Credit: ESA/Herschel/HRS-SAG2 and HeViCS Key Programs/L. Cortese (Swinburne University)https://www.ras.org.uk/images/stories/press/Herschel%20dust%203.jpgCaption: The Herschel Reference Survey at visible wavelengths. Collage of the 323 galaxies in the Herschel Reference Survey, shown at visible wavelengths by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The color distribution highlights different stellar ages, with red and blue indicating older and younger stars, respectively. Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey/L. Cortese (Swinburne University)The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS,http://www.ras.org.uk), founded in 1820, encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. The RAS organizes scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognizes outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 3800 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others.

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Astronomers Complete Cosmic Dust Census