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Newswise SAN DIEGO, March 26, 2012 The traditional way of making medicines from ingredients mixed together in a factory may be joined by a new approach in which doctors administer the ingredients for a medicine separately to patients, and the ingredients combine to produce the medicine inside patients bodies.

Thats one promise from an emerging new field of chemistry, according to the scientist who founded it barely a decade ago. Carolyn Bertozzi, Ph.D., spoke on the topic bioorthogonal chemistry here today in delivering the latest Kavli Foundation Innovations in Chemistry Lecture at the 243rd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS). More than 15,000 scientists and others are expected to attend the meeting, being held here through Thursday and featuring almost 12,000 reports on new developments in chemistry and related sciences.

Bertozzi explained that the techniques of bioorthogonal chemistry may fundamentally change the nature of drug development and diagnosis of disease, so that the active ingredients for medicines and substances to image diseased tissue are produced inside patients.

Suppose a drug doesnt reach diseased tissue in concentrations high enough to work, Bertozzi said, citing one example of the potential of the new chemistry. Maybe it is an oral drug that doesnt get absorbed very well into the blood through the stomach. You can imagine a scenario in which doctors administer two parts of the molecule that makes up the drug. The two units reach diseased tissue in large amounts or get absorbed through the stomach just fine. Then they recombine, producing the actual drug in the patients body. Bioorthogonal chemistry is chemistry for lifeliterally!

Bertozzi explained that bioorthogonal chemistry opens the door to creating new proteins, fats and sugars directly inside living cells without harming them. The field emerged from her frustration in the late 1990s with the lack of tools available to see sugars on the surfaces of living cells. Chains of these sugars, called glycans, sit on the surfaces of cells in the body and control the doorways through which different molecules enter. When a disease-causing virus enters and infects a cell, for instance, proteins on the virus's surface attach to certain glycans.

To do that, we had to come up with a chemical reaction that would be really selective, only targeting the sugar of interest and the fluorescent probes that we delivered to it, said Bertozzi. The chemicals also couldnt stick to other biomolecules that the researchers didnt want to see.

That turned out to be a tall order, indeed. We pulled all of our big textbooks off the shelves and flipped through them to see if there was something out there that fit our criteria, she said. Those criteria were essentially the conditions inside a living cell or living organism such as a mouse a reaction that could occur in water at pH 7 and at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The reaction also couldnt interfere with all the other biomolecules in a cell or organism that keep it alive.

It was a pretty restrictive set of conditions that a traditionally trained organic chemist like me never had to work within, she explained. Thats because these types of reactions are usually performed in very clean, dry test tubes and flasks under conditions that the chemist can control. A living cell or organism, with all its water, proteins, fats, sugars and metabolites is very messy and uncontrollable by comparison.

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New Field of Chemistry Has Potential for Making Drugs Inside Patients -- and More